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parasite---------------------host*parasitologyparasitosisectoparasiteendoparasitedefinitivehostintermediatehostParasitologyprotozoaEntamoebahistalyticaTrichomonasvaginalismalariaparasiteToxoplasmagondiinematodatrematodacestodeParasitologyhelminthAscarislumbricideshookwormClonorchissinensisTaenia

soliumLung

flukescockroachmosquitoParasitologyarthropodflyflealouseLessonEightLaboratoryDiagnosisofMalariaPlasmodiumvivax

Pv

間日瘧Plasmodiumovale

Po

卵形瘧Plasmodiumfalciparum

Pf

惡性瘧Plasmodiummalariae

Pm

三日瘧LessonEightLaboratoryDiagnosisofMalariaringformschizontgametocytesporozoiteLessonEightLaboratoryDiagnosisofMalariaparoxysm(tachysporozoite)

瘧疾發(fā)作relapse(bradysporozoite)

復(fù)發(fā)recrudescence再燃incubationperiod潛伏期LessonEightLaboratoryDiagnosisofMalariamalaria*瘧疾debility虛弱；衰弱tertian隔日熱macrocytosis*大紅細(xì)胞癥reticulocyte*網(wǎng)織紅細(xì)胞enlargement變大，擴(kuò)大sedimentation沉降prothrombin凝血酶原fragility脆性methemalbuminemia高鐵血紅素白蛋白血癥hemosiderinuria含鐵血黃素尿癥chill寒戰(zhàn)spleen脾peripheral周圍的endemic地方性流行的incubator培育箱；孵卵器methylene亞甲基；甲烯基azure天藍(lán)LessonEightLaboratoryDiagnosisofMalariaanhydrous無水的scummy有浮渣的Coplinjar玻片染色缸rinse涮；漱SGOT(SerumGlutamicOxaloaceticTransaminase)

血清谷-草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶SGPT(SerumGlutamicPyruvicTransaminase)

血清谷-丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶LessonEightLaboratoryDiagnosisofMalariaLessonEightLaboratoryDiagnosisofMalariaMalariaproducechronicdebilityandchronicanemia;themoresevereform(malignanttertian)posesamoreimmediateandgravethreattolife.Themanifestationsofmalariaarevaried,andthediseaseshouldalwaysbesuspectedandlookedforinpatientsin(orfrom)malariousregions.Usuallyredcellsandhemoglobinareequallyreduced.MacrocytosismaybeevidentbecauseoftheincreasednumberofreticulocytesandbecauseofenlargementofparasitizedredcellsinthecaseofP.vivaxandP.ovale.Generally,sedimentationratesareincreased,whereasprothrombintimesaredecreased.Otherabnormallaboratorydataincludeincreasedosmoticfragility,reversedalbumintoglobulin(A/G)ratios,decreasedplasmaproteinlevels,andfluctuationsinthelevelofcholesterolandglucose.LessonEightLaboratoryDiagnosisofMalariaLessonEightLaboratoryDiagnosisofMalariaTP60-80g/LALB35-55g/LG20-30g/Lalbumintoglobulin(A/G)ratios：ALT(SGPT):0-40U/LAST(SGOT):0-45U/LASTtoALT(AST/ALT)ratios：TBIL：DBIL:0-6uml/LAlsoalkalinephosphatase,SGOTandSGPTenzymelevelsmaybeslightlyelevated.Inactivephasessignsofhemolyticactivityareevident(increasedindirect-reactingserumbilirubin,methemalbuminemia,andhemosiderinuria).Inthechronicformstheleukocytescountisgenerallyreduced,butthereisveryoftenanincreaseinmonocytes.LessonEightLaboratoryDiagnosisofMalariaLeukocytosisoccursfollowingchills.Theorganshowabundantmalarialpigment.Liverandspleenareenlarged,andmaterialobtainedbysplenicpunctureshowsparasitesandpigment.LessonEightLaboratoryDiagnosisofMalariaTheclinicaldiagnosisissubstantiatedbyfindingtheparasitesintheperipheralblood.OrdinaryRomanovsky-stainedsmearsarequitesatisfactoryforthis,butinendemicareasamorerapidandefficientmeansofdiagnosisisprovidedbythethickfilmmethods.Someexperienceisrequiredintheuseofthismethod,whichgiveshigherpercentagesofpositivediagnosisinmuchlesstime.LessonEightLaboratoryDiagnosisofMalariaGenerally,thebloodfilmmustbemadeabout10timesthethicknessofnormalsmears.Ideally,oneshouldbejustabletoseethehandsofanaverage-sizedwatchthroughthickfilms.Theseareeasilymadebyplacingagood-sizeddropofbloodonacleanslideandspreadingitwithslideofaglassroduntilitcoversanareaofapproximately2cmdiameter.Itisthenallowedtodry(inairorinanincubatorat37℃).Field’srapidstainmethod(thickfilms)willbedescribed.LessonEightLaboratoryDiagnosisofMalariaField’srapidstainmethod(thickfilms)

Solution1:Methyleneblue0.8gAzureB(orAzure1)0.5gAnhydrouspotassiumdihydrogenphosphate6.25gDistilledwater500mlAnhydrousdisodiumhydrogenphosphate5.0gLessonEightLaboratoryDiagnosisofMalaria

Solution2:Eosin(watery)1.0g

Anhydrousdisodiumhydrogenphosphate5.0gAnhydrouspotassiumdihydrogenphosphate6.25gDistilledwater500mlLessonEightLaboratoryDiagnosisofMalaria

Note:Dissolvedthephosphatesaltsinthedistilledwaterfirstandthenthedyes.InthecaseofazureBisadvantageoustogrinditintosolutioninamortarwithsomeofthephosphatesolution.Leteachsolutionstandovernightandthenfilter.Thesolutionmayberefilterediftheybecome“scummy”.StainingiseffectedinCoplinjars;ifthejarsarecovered,thestainwillkeepforupto1to2months.Whensolution2becomesgreenishitshouldbediscarded.LessonEightLaboratoryDiagnosisofMalaria

Procedure:1.Immersedried,unfixedfilmfor1to3mininSolution1.2.Removeandrinseimmediatelyforabout5secondsincleantapwateruntilnomorestaincomesfromthefilm.3.ImmerseinSolution2for2seconds.4.Rinsefor2or3secondsincleantapwater.Letstandtodrainanddry.LessonEightLaboratoryDiagnosisofMalaria

3:ExpParasitol.2009Feb;121(2):144-50.Epub2008Nov5.

Plasmodiumfalciparum:developmentandvalidationofameasureofintraerythrocyticgrowthusingSYBRGreenIinaflowcytometer.

IzumiyamaS,OmuraM,TakasakiT,OhmaeH,AsahiH.DepartmentofParasitology,NationalInstituteofInfectiousDiseases,Shinjuku-ku,Tokyo,Japan.AnabstractReliableanalyticaltechniquestotestgrowth-promotingandantimalarialefficacyonplasmodiaareveryimportant.Flowcytometry(FCM)offersthepossibilitytostudydevelopmentalstagesofintraerythrocyticgrowthofmalariaparasitesusingnucleicacidstaining.ToanalyzethegrowthofPlasmodiumfalciparumSYBRGreenIwasintroducedasanintercalating(插入)dyewithFCMforthe488nmlineofanargon（氬）laser.ProceduresemployingFCM,includingfixatives,dyeconcentrations,dilutionAnabstractbuffer,andstainingperiod,wereoptimizedtosimplifythemethod.

FCMasdescribedhereallowsparasitemiaandparasitesofdifferentstagestobequantifiedaccordingtotheDNAcontent.TheproportionofparasitizederythrocytesestimatedbyFCMandtheGiemsamethodagreedwithdeterminationbyparasitelactatedehydrogenase.Theprotocolwasextendedtomerozoitecounting