英國(guó)文學(xué)8.2講解Sonnet18

WilliamShakespeare(1564—1616)“Alltheworld'sastage,/Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.”——WilliamShakespeareWilliamShakespeare(1564—1616)1.Hislife2.Hisliterarycareer3.Featuresofhisdrama4.TextStudy:Hamlet5.HisPoems6.TextStudy:Sonnet18

5.HisPoems

1)Shakespearewrote2narrativepoemsand154sonnetswhichwereaddressedtoahandsomeyoungmanandadarklady.

2)Hisplaysarepoeticaldramas,manyimportantdialoguesandsoliloquiesintheplaysassumetheformofpoetry.

SonnetApoemconsistingof14lineswithrhymesarrangedaccordingtooneorotherofcertaindefiniteschemes,ofwhichthePetrarchanandtheElizabethanaretheprincipal,namely:(1)abba

abba,followedbytwo,orthree,otherrhymesintheremainingsixlines;(2)abab

cdcd

efef

gg.ThesonnetsofShakespeareareinthelatterform.(seeP118-119)IambicPentameter抑揚(yáng)格(iambic):

如果一個(gè)音步中有兩個(gè)音節(jié)，前者為輕，后者為重，則這種音步叫抑揚(yáng)格音步，其專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)是（iamb,iambic.）。輕讀是“抑”，重讀是“揚(yáng)”，一輕一重，故稱(chēng)抑揚(yáng)格。IambicPentameter英語(yǔ)中有大量的單詞，其發(fā)音都是一輕一重，如adore,excite,above,around,appear,besides,attack,supply,believe,return等，所以用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)詩(shī)，用抑揚(yáng)格就很便利。也就是說(shuō)，抑揚(yáng)格很符合英語(yǔ)的發(fā)音規(guī)律。因此，在英文詩(shī)歌中用得最多的便是抑揚(yáng)格，百分之九十的英文詩(shī)都是用抑揚(yáng)格寫(xiě)成的。

詩(shī)行的長(zhǎng)短以音步數(shù)目計(jì)算：

英文詩(shī)行的長(zhǎng)度范圍一般是一音步——五音步。六、七、八音步的詩(shī)行也有，但不多。最多的是四音步、五音步的詩(shī)。

（各種長(zhǎng)短詩(shī)行的專(zhuān)門(mén)術(shù)語(yǔ)：一音步詩(shī)：monometer二音步詩(shī)：dimeter三音步詩(shī)：trimeter四音步詩(shī)：tetrameter五音步詩(shī)：pentameter六音步詩(shī)：hexameter七音步詩(shī)：heptameter八音步詩(shī)：octameter.）

音步：我們知道凡是有兩個(gè)以上音節(jié)的英文單詞，都有重讀音節(jié)與輕讀音節(jié)之分，在一句話(huà)中，根據(jù)語(yǔ)法、語(yǔ)調(diào)、語(yǔ)意的要求，有些詞也要重讀，有些要輕讀。如Hewenttotowntobuyabook.I’mgladtohearthenews.英文中有重讀和輕讀之分，重讀的音節(jié)和輕讀的音節(jié)，按一定模式配合起來(lái)，反復(fù)再現(xiàn)，組成詩(shī)句，聽(tīng)起來(lái)起伏跌宕，抑揚(yáng)頓挫，就形成了詩(shī)歌的節(jié)奏。多音節(jié)單詞有重音和次重音，次重音根據(jù)節(jié)奏既可視為重讀，也可視為輕讀。讀下面這兩句詩(shī)：Alone│shecuts│andbinds│thegrain,Andsings│ame│lancho│lystrain.這兩行詩(shī)的重讀與輕讀的固定搭配模式是：輕——重。在每行中再現(xiàn)四次，這樣就形成了這兩行詩(shī)的節(jié)奏。某種固定的輕重搭配叫“音步”（foot），相當(dāng)與樂(lè)譜中的“小節(jié)”。一輕一重，就是這兩行詩(shī)的音步。一行詩(shī)中輕重搭配出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)叫音步數(shù)，這兩行詩(shī)的音步數(shù)都是四，所以就稱(chēng)其為四音步詩(shī)。

在分析一首詩(shī)的格律時(shí)，既要考慮此詩(shī)的基本音步類(lèi)型，也要考慮此詩(shī)中詩(shī)行的音步數(shù)目。看下面的一首短詩(shī)：

AnEMPTYHOUSE

AlexanderPope

Youbeat│yourpate,│andfan│cywit│willcome:

Knockas│youplease,│there’sno│body│athome.

（你拍拍腦袋，以為靈感馬上就來(lái)?？扇文阍趺辞么?，也無(wú)人把門(mén)打開(kāi)。pate，腦袋。

fancy，動(dòng)詞：以為，想象。）在此詩(shī)的基本音步類(lèi)型是抑揚(yáng)格，每行五音步。因此稱(chēng)此詩(shī)的格律是“抑揚(yáng)格五音步”（iambicpentameter）。一首詩(shī)的音步類(lèi)型和詩(shī)行所含的音步數(shù)目構(gòu)成此詩(shī)的格律（meter）。Hamlet

Oldwords:Thee,obj.,thou,sub.,thy=your,thine=yours,oryour(beforevowel).“You”tostrangersanduppers;“thou”intimateorfamiliarsandtoinferiorpeopleHamlet

Oldwords:Dost/doest=do(2ndsing),doth/doeth=doesHast=have(2ndsing),hath=has,hadst=had(past)

layst,mak’st,canst,whilstHamlet

Oldwords:Ere=beforestill=alwaysoft=oftenHappily=haply=perhapseven=eveningmorn=morning6.TextStudy:Sonnet18ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,AndSummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate;

ShallIcompareyoutoasummer'sday?

Youaremorelovelyandmoreconstant:

RoughwindsshakethebelovedbudsofMay

Andsummerisfartooshort:

可否把你比作美麗的夏天？

可你比夏天更加可愛(ài)如繡：

狂風(fēng)搖曳著五月里的花冠，

夏天的租期不肯太長(zhǎng)逗留，Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimm’d；Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychance,ornature’schangingcourse,untrimm’d;

Attimesthesunistoohot,

Oroftengoesbehindtheclouds;Andeverythingbeautifulsometimewillloseitsbeauty,

Bymisfortuneorbynature'splannedoutcourse.

有時(shí)候蒼之巨眼未免焦灼，

他金色的臉也會(huì)經(jīng)常暗退。

所有的美麗總會(huì)不免衰落，

偶然或永恒總將美麗殘催。Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st;NorshallDeathbragthouwander’stinhisshade,Whenineternallinestotimethougrow’st;Butyouryouthshallnotfade,

Norwillyoulosethebeautythatyoupossess;

Norwilldeathclaimyouforhisown,

Becauseinmyeternalverseyouwillliveforever.但是你的妖艷會(huì)永不退萎。

你不會(huì)失去你擁有的美麗，

死神也懼把你送陰間吹擂；

這時(shí)你將于詩(shī)中永存與日。

Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.Speakers’CornerSolongastherearepeopleonthisearth,

Solongwillthispoemliveon,makingyouimmortal.只要人類(lèi)呼吸，目放光芒，

詩(shī)行也會(huì)同長(zhǎng)，使你命芳。

Sonnet18ofShakespeareStructure

proposal(1-2)argument(3-12)conclusion(13-14)Sonnet18ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

aThouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,—

—∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

aAndSummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate;∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

bSonnet18Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

cAndoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimm’d；∨

—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

dAndeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

cBychance,ornature’schangingcourse,untrimm’d;∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

dSonnet18Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

eNorlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st;∨—

∨—

∨

∨

∨—

∨—

fNorshallDeathbragthouwander’stinhisshade,∨

∨—

—∨—

∨

∨

∨

—

eWhenineternallinestotimethougrow’st;∨

∨

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

fSonnet18Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

gSolonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

gRhetoricinsonnet181.simile2.rhetoricalquestion3.metaphor4.personification5.pun6.paradox7.alliteration8.hyperbole9.synecdoche10.inversionSonnet18WilliamShakespeare

SomebasicconceptsaboutpoetryA

sonnetisapoemoffourteenlineswithvariousrhymingschemes.Rhyme----thelikenessoftheendingsoundsofthepoeticlines.

OldPoeticUseThou:“you”assubjectThee:“you”asobjectThy:“your”followedbyaconsonantThine:“your”followedbyavowelArt:areEst,st:secondpersonsingularHath:hasThispoemmightbedividedinto3parts.QuestionsAnalysetherhymingschemeandrhythmicpatternofthepoem.Whydoesthewritercomparetheaddresseetoa“summer’sday”?Whatistheresultofthecomparison?Howdoyouunderstandthethemeofthepoem?ShallIcomparetheetoasummer'sday?

Thespeakeropensthepoemwithaquestion.

Thisquestion

compares“Thee”

to

asummer’sdaybecausesummer

isconsideredasthebesttimeoftheyear.

Thenext11linesaredevotedtothecomparisonbetweenthesummer’sdayand“thee”.Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.Why?

RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,Andsummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate.Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimm’d;Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychanceornature’schangingcourseuntrimm’d;

五月花蕾惡風(fēng)落地，夏日租約轉(zhuǎn)瞬到期，

有時(shí)天眼高灼炎炎難耐，更見(jiàn)烏云常蔽金色面容古今紅顏難逃色衰，命運(yùn)無(wú)常季候摧殘；每一個(gè)美人總要失去美貌，即使沒(méi)有突發(fā)的以外事件，也逃不過(guò)自然界生老病死的變遷

Butthyeternalsummershall

not

fade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouowest;NorshallDeathbragthouwander'stinhisshade,

你的永恒夏日欲將長(zhǎng)存，美貌紅顏必也永世不減,死神難夸你在他影中躑躅，Whenineternallinestotimethougrowest:

Solongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee,Solonglivesthisandthisgiveslifetothee.因你芳名已成不朽詩(shī)篇。只要一天有人類(lèi)，或人有眼睛，這詩(shī)將長(zhǎng)存，并且賜給你生命。

Animportantthemeofthissonnetisthepraiseabouttheeternalbeautyof“thee”.Anothertheme

isthepowerofthespeaker’spoemtodefytimeandlastforever.詩(shī)人表達(dá)了這樣一種思想：美麗的事物可以依靠文學(xué)的力量而永遠(yuǎn)不朽；文學(xué)是人所創(chuàng)造的，因此這有宣告了人的不朽。

一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)與一或兩個(gè)輕讀音節(jié)按一定的模式搭配起來(lái)，有規(guī)律地反復(fù)出現(xiàn)就是英文詩(shī)歌的節(jié)奏。某種固定的輕重搭配叫“音步”（foot），一行詩(shī)中輕重搭配出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)叫音步數(shù)（meter)。

輕讀音節(jié)是“抑”，重讀音節(jié)是“揚(yáng)”，如一輕一重，為抑揚(yáng)格。英語(yǔ)中有大量的單詞，其發(fā)音都是一輕一重，如adore,excite,above,around,appear,besides,attack,supply,believe,return等，所以用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)詩(shī)，用抑揚(yáng)格就很便利。也就是說(shuō)，抑揚(yáng)格很符合英語(yǔ)的發(fā)音規(guī)律。因此，在英文詩(shī)歌中用得最多的便是抑揚(yáng)格，百分之九十的英文詩(shī)都是用抑揚(yáng)格寫(xiě)成的。

MeterandFeet

Themeterofaversecanbedescribedasasequenceoffeet,eachfootbeingaspecificsequenceofsyllabletypes.某種固定的輕重搭配叫“音步”（foot)。一行詩(shī)中輕重搭配出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)叫音步數(shù)”（meter)。英文詩(shī)行的長(zhǎng)度范圍一般是一至五音步一音步詩(shī)：monometer

二音步詩(shī)：dimeter三音步詩(shī)：trimeter四音步詩(shī)：tetrameter五音步詩(shī)：pentameterForexample,themostcommonmeterinEnglishpoetry,theiambicpentameter,isasequenceoffiveiambicfeet,consistingofanunstressed

syllableandastressedsyllable.如果一個(gè)音步中有兩個(gè)音節(jié)，前者為輕，后者為重，則這種音步叫抑揚(yáng)格音步，其專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)是（iambic）。輕讀是“抑”，重讀是“揚(yáng)”，一輕一重，故稱(chēng)抑揚(yáng)格。

ShallI│compare│theeto│asum│mer’sday?

Comedyaplaywrittenchieflytoamuseitsaudiencebyappealingtoasenseofsuperiorityoverthecharactersdepicted.Acomedywillnormallybeclosertoeverydaylifethanatragedy,andwillexplorecommonhumanfailingsratherthantragedy’sdisastrouscrimes.Itsendingwillusuallybehappyfortheleadingcharacters.Amongitslesssophisticatedformsareburlesque

諷刺模仿andfarce

鬧劇.Sonnet18ByWilliamShakespeare十四行詩(shī)(Sonnet)，源于中世紀(jì)民間抒情短詩(shī)，十三、十四世紀(jì)流行于意大利，意大利彼特拉克（Petrarch）為代表人物，每行十一個(gè)音節(jié)，全詩(shī)一節(jié)八行，加一節(jié)六行，韻腳用abba,abba,cdcdcd(cdecde)。前八行提問(wèn)，后六行回答。后來(lái)，懷亞特（ThomasWyatt,1503-1542）將十四行詩(shī)引人英國(guó)，五音步抑揚(yáng)格，全詩(shī)三個(gè)四行一個(gè)二行,前三節(jié)提問(wèn)，后二句結(jié)論。斯賓塞（EdmundSpenser,1552-1599）用韻腳abab,bcbc,cdcd,ee。莎士比亞（WilliamShakespeare,1564-1616）用韻腳abab,cdcd,efef,gg，稱(chēng)英國(guó)式或莎士比亞式。anoctave+asestet

3quatrains+acouplet

abba

abba

cdecdeabab

bcbc

cdcd

eeabab

cdcd

efef

gg

ItalianSonnet:SpenserianSonnet:ShakespearianSonnet:3quatrains+acouplet

FrancescoPetrarch1)ItalianSonnetFrancescoPetrachThepoetryofearthisnever

dead:aWhenallthebirdsarefaintwiththehot

sun,bAndhideincoolingtrees,avoicewill

run

bFromhedgetohedgeaboutthenew-mown

mead;

aThatistheGrasshopper’s---hetakesthe

leadaInsummerluxury,---hehasnever

donebWithhisdelights;forwhentiredoutwith

funbHerestsateasebeneathsomepleasant

weed.

aThepoetyofearthisceasing

never:

cOnalonewinterevening,whenthe

frostdHaswroughtasilence,fromthestovethere

shrillse

The

Cricket’ssong,inwarmthincreasing

ever,

cAndseemstooneindrowsinesshalf

lost,dTheGrasshopper’samongsomegrassy

hills.

eanoctave+asestet2)SpenserianSonnetEdmundSpenserForloemylovedothinherselfe

containe

bAllthisworld’srichesthatmayfarrebe

found.cIfsaphyres,loehereyesbesaphyres

plaine:bIfrubies,loeherlipsberubies

sound;c3quatrains+acoupletIfpearls,herteethbepearlsbothpureand

round;cIfyvorie,herforeheadyvory

weene;dIfgold,herlocksarefinestgoldon

ground;

c

Ifsilver,herfairhandsaresilver

sheene.dButthatwhichfairestis,butfew

behold:eHermind,adornedwithvertues

manifold.eYetradefullmerchants,thatwithweary

toyle

aDoseeke

nost

pretiousthingstomakeyour

gain,

bAndboththeIndiansoftheirtreasures

spoile,aForloemylovedothinherselfe

containe

b3)ShakespearianSonnetShakespeareSometimetoohottheeyeofheaven

shines,

cAndoftenishisgoldcomplexion

dimm’d;

dAndeveryfairfromfairsometime

declines,

cBychance,ornature’schangingcourse,

untrimm’d.

d3quatrains+acoupletButthyeternalsummershallnot

fade,

eNorlosepossessionofthatfairthou

ow’st,

fNorshallDeathbragthouwander’stinhis

shade,

e

Whenineternallinestotimethou

grow’st.

fSolongasmancanbreatheoreyescan

see,

gSolonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifeto

thee.

gShallIcomparetheetoasummer’s

day?

aThouartmorelovelyandmore

temperate.

bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsof

may,

aAndsummer’sleasehathalltooshorta

date.

bIambus（抑揚(yáng)格）IambicFoot（抑揚(yáng)音步）

5-footIambus

(IambicPentametre)（五步抑揚(yáng)格）ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?

aThouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.

bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofmay,

aAndsummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate.bMetre:Sometimetoohottheeyeofheaven

shines,

cAndoftenishisgoldcomplexion

dimm’d;

dAndeveryfairfromfairsometime

declines,

cBychance,ornature’schangingcourse,

untrimm’d.

dButthyeternalsummershallnot

fade,

eNorlosepossessionofthatfairthou

ow’st,

fNorshallDeathbragthouwander’stinhis

shade,

e

Whenineternallinestotimethou

grow’st.

fSolongasmancanbreatheoreyescan

see,

gSolonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifeto

thee.

gShallIcomparetheetoasummer’s

day?

aThouartmorelovelyandmore

temperate.

bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsof

may,

aAndsummer’sleasehathalltooshorta

date.bSonnet18Sometimetoohottheeyeofheaven

shines,

cAndoftenishisgoldcomplexion

dimm’d;

dAndeveryfairfromfairsometime

declines,

cBychance,ornature’schangingcourse,

untrimm’d.

dButthyeternalsummershallnot

fade,

eNorlosepossessionofthatfairthou

ow’st,

fNorshallDeathbragthouwander’stinhis

shade,

e

Whenineternallinestotimethou

grow’st.

fSolongasmancanbreatheoreyescan

see,

gSolonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifeto

thee.

gShallIcomparetheetoasummer’s

day?

aThouartmorelovelyandmore

temperate.

bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsof

may,

aAndsummer’sleasehathalltooshorta

date.bSonnet18

Introduction(起)Elucidation(承)

Transition(轉(zhuǎn))Conclusion(合)TheWordsUsedinPoetryThou=You的主格Thee=You的賓格Thy=YourThine=Your用在元音前Methink=ItseemstomeHie=goquicklyPleasance=EnjoymentForsooth=NodoubtQuoth=