電力英語(yǔ)課件11

電力英語(yǔ)任惠華北電力大學(xué)電力工程系（保定）2/4/20231HUIREN@NCEPU詞義的選擇(1)根據(jù)專業(yè)選擇詞義在英漢兩種語(yǔ)言中，同一個(gè)詞在不同的學(xué)科領(lǐng)域或不同的專業(yè)往往具有不同的詞義。因此，在選擇詞義時(shí)，應(yīng)考慮到闡述內(nèi)容所涉及的概念是屬于何種學(xué)科、何種專業(yè)。例如，power可解釋為“權(quán)利；電流；電力；能力；倍數(shù)；冥；化合價(jià)”等意思。

①Knowledgeispower.知識(shí)就是力量。（譯成“力量”）

②Assumethattheinputvoltagefromthepowersupplyremainsconstant.假定由電源輸入的電壓保持不變。（譯成“電源”）

③Thethirdpower

of2is8.2的三次方是8。（譯成“方”）潮流：trend(wrong!),powerflow2/4/20232HUIREN@NCEPU詞義的選擇(2)根據(jù)詞類選擇詞義Itistheatomsthatmakeupiron,water,oxygenandthe

like.正是原子構(gòu)成了鐵、水、氧等類物質(zhì)。（名詞，做“相同之物”解）Wavesinwatermovelikethewaveformmovesalongarope.波在水中移動(dòng)就像波形沿著繩子移動(dòng)一樣。（連詞，作“像、如”解）2/4/20233HUIREN@NCEPU詞義的選擇(3)據(jù)上下文選擇詞義在確定某一詞所屬詞類的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)上下邏輯關(guān)系和語(yǔ)氣連貫性來(lái)選擇詞義?？萍嘉恼戮哂休^強(qiáng)的科學(xué)性、邏輯性，詞與詞之間、段與段之間總是互相依存，相互制約的。不能孤立、片面、靜止地去理解一個(gè)詞的詞義。選擇詞義時(shí)應(yīng)該詞不離句，結(jié)合上下文進(jìn)行推敲。例如：Thetransformerworksproperly.這臺(tái)變壓器運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)正常。Themotorisnotworking.電動(dòng)機(jī)故障了。Thethreadsofthescrewworkhard.這螺絲的螺紋太澀了。2/4/20234HUIREN@NCEPU詞義的選擇(4)Inordertomeetthecriticalservicerequirements,scientistsarestilllookingforbettermaterials.為滿足使用的緊迫要求，科學(xué)家們?nèi)栽趯ふ腋玫牟牧?。Wecanheatthesteelagaintoatemperaturebelowthecriticaltemperature,thencoolisslowly.我們可以把鋼材再次加熱到臨界溫度以下的某一溫度，然后再讓它慢慢冷卻。2/4/20235HUIREN@NCEPU詞義的選擇(5)根據(jù)搭配習(xí)慣選擇詞義同一詞在不同的搭配情況下詞義不同，在翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)注意根據(jù)搭配習(xí)慣來(lái)正確選擇譯文詞義。例如heavy一詞：heavycurrent強(qiáng)大電流；heavyline粗線；heavytraffic交通擁擠。2/4/20236HUIREN@NCEPU句子英譯漢以意譯為主。使用正確的專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)，表達(dá)符合專業(yè)習(xí)慣。漢譯英模仿。2/4/20237HUIREN@NCEPU中國(guó)電力工業(yè)概況簡(jiǎn)介2/4/20238HUIREN@NCEPU詞匯GenerationmixInstalledcapacityThermalpowerCoal-fueled,coal-fired,coalpowerGasturbineHydropowerNuclearpowerWindpowerWindfarmWindturbine,bladeSolarpowerPhotovoltaicSolarwaterheatersBio-massGridinterconnectionRenewableenergyPowerindustryreformSeparationofgenerationfromgridSeparationthedistributionandtransmissionnetworksSeparationofthenon-coreassetsBiddingforon-gridLoad,demandPowerflow,loadBottleneckDemand-supplybalanceRenewableenergylawCoal-powerallianceMine-mouthpowerplantsTransmissioncorridor2/4/20239HUIREN@NCEPUGridinterconnectionNortheastTibetNorthChinaNorthwestSouthChinaCentralChinaEastChinaTaiwan500KVAC(2)2001/051200MW

±500KVDC(3)1989/2003/22077200MW

500KVAC(1)2003/09800MW

120KVDC(1)2005/06360MW

±500KVDC(1)2004/023000MW

500KVAC(3)20011900MW

500KVAC(2)2006/061200MW

StateGridCorporation

2/4/202310HUIREN@NCEPUNorthCorridorCentralCorridorSouthCorridorThecapacityofeachcorridorwillreachabout20GWin2020.PowertransmissionfromTheWesttotheEast:Threetransmissioncorridors2/4/202311HUIREN@NCEPUPowersupplyanddemandChina’sinstalledcapacityandpowergenerationoutputaresecondlargestintheworld’selectricityindustryfollowingtheUnitedStatesSource:ChinaElectricityCouncil(/cec-en/index.htm2/4/202312HUIREN@NCEPUPowersupplyanddemandChinaU.S.WorldtotalInstalledcapacity(GW)356.6979.63,372.8(%ofworldtotal)(9.6%)(26.4%)(100%)Powergeneration(TWh)1,654.23,858.515,614.1(%ofworldtotal)(10.6%)(24.7%)(100%)Powergenerationpercapita(KWh/person)1,28813,1202,578Electricityintensitypercapitais1/10thatofU.S.andlessthanhalfoftheworld’saverage.2002PerCapitaGenerationinKWhperperson2002Data2/4/202313HUIREN@NCEPUChinahasbecomeacountrywiththesecondlargestinstalledcapacityintheworld,beingonlynexttoUS.中國(guó)的裝機(jī)容量居世界第二，僅次于美國(guó)2/4/202314HUIREN@NCEPUPowersupplyanddemandCoalisthemajorgenerationsupplyfuel.NuclearThermalHydroOthersPowergenerationin2004Installedcapacityin2004(1,807TWh)(328TWh)(50TWh)2/4/202315HUIREN@NCEPUTheproportionofcoalpowerissohighthattheinstalledcapacityofcoalpoweraccountsfor73%ofthetotalinstalledcapacity,andthegenerationvolumeofcoalpoweris1,807TWh,accountingfor83%ofthetotalgenerationvolume.煤電的比例非常高，占總裝機(jī)容量的73％，發(fā)電量為1,807TWh，占總發(fā)電量的83%。Tera:1012TWh:TeraWattshour2/4/202316HUIREN@NCEPUThefeaturesofChina’senergystructuredeterminesuchapowermixwithcoalpowerasthemajorcomponent.ThecoalresourcesinChinaaccountfor11%oftheworld’stotalcoalreserves,andoilandnaturalgasaccountfor2.4%and1.2%ofthetotalreservesrespectively.Duringarelativelylongperiodinthefirstthreedecadesofthe21stCentury,theprimaryenergymixwithcoalplayingadominantrolewillnotbechanged.中國(guó)能源結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)決定了煤電在電能中的主導(dǎo)地位。中國(guó)的煤儲(chǔ)量占世界總儲(chǔ)量的11%，油和天然氣分別占總儲(chǔ)量的2.4%和1.2%。在21世紀(jì)初很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，煤占主導(dǎo)的主要能源結(jié)構(gòu)不會(huì)發(fā)生變化。2/4/202317HUIREN@NCEPUPowersupplyanddemandCoal-fueledinstalledcapacitymixin2003byunitsize.Thetotalinstalledcapacityis289,770MW2/4/202318HUIREN@NCEPUPowersupplyanddemandSource:ChinaStatisticalAnnualandChinaEnergyResourceStatisticalAnnual,andChinaElectricPowerInformationCenter.2002data.IndustryAgriculture,forestry,ranchingandfisheryResidentialOtherCommercialTransportationandcommunicationConstructionPreliminaryindustrySecondaryindustryTertiaryindustry10.71%70.87%5.2%13.22%IndustryelectricityusedominatesothersectorsShareoftotal2002electricityusebysectorin4countriesChina’s2002elec.

use2/4/202319HUIREN@NCEPUPowersupplyanddemandYearTotalAgriculture,forestry,ranchingandfisheryIndustryandconstructionTransportation,communication,commercialandothersResidentialRateofincreaserelativetothepreviousyear200214,97978010,6191,6001,98010.4%5.2%70.87%10.71%13.22%200318,63355913751.22,422.21,900.824.4%3%73.8%13%10.2%200421,762687.516,3012,329.52,44416.3%3.16%74.9%10.7%11.24%200524,69074018,4802,6302,84013.5%3%74.85%10.65%11.5%‘02-’05annualgrowth

18%

-2%

20%

18%

13%Electricityconsumption(2002-2005)Businessconsumptiongrowthdominatestotalgrowth2/4/202320HUIREN@NCEPUPowersupplyanddemandPowershortageswerebeingcausedbyneedformoregenerationcapacity(TrillionYuan=$130B)2/4/202321HUIREN@NCEPUChina’spowermarkethasbeenfacingshortagesince2002,therewerecurtailmentsinthepeakperiodinsomeprovincialgrids.從2002年開始，中國(guó)的電力市場(chǎng)就面對(duì)電能短缺的局面，在某些省網(wǎng)（或省份）發(fā)生用電高峰時(shí)期拉閘限電。Peakperiod,peakhour用電高峰Peakload（峰荷），baseload（基荷）Theshortagealsoledtoanoveralldelayintheopeningofon-gridpricecompetitioninwholesalemarket.另外，電能短缺也全面推遲了在電能批發(fā)市場(chǎng)實(shí)行競(jìng)價(jià)上網(wǎng)。2/4/202322HUIREN@NCEPUAfterthepowersurplusin1997,thestatebegantocontrolthepowerconstructionprojects.1997年電能供大于求之后，國(guó)家開始嚴(yán)格控制電力建設(shè)項(xiàng)目。Inthefuture15years,China’spowersupplywillstillfacethecyclicshortageduetothedistortionofthemarketsignalsandtherigidityoftheprojectapproval.在未來(lái)的15年，由于市場(chǎng)信號(hào)的扭曲和電力建設(shè)項(xiàng)目審批的僵化，中國(guó)仍然會(huì)發(fā)生周期性的電能供應(yīng)短缺。2/4/202323HUIREN@NCEPUEspecially,therapiddevelopmentofthehigh-energy-consumptionsectorsinChinagreatlyboostedtheincreaseofthepowerconsumption.尤其是高耗能企業(yè)的快速發(fā)展，急劇地增加了電能的消耗量。2/4/202324HUIREN@NCEPUPowersupplyanddemandDemandexceededsupplyBalanceSupplyexceededdemandDemandandsupplyconditionbyregion(2005)Powershortagesoccurredinthreemajorregions.Thenumberofprovincialgridswithcurtailmentsinthepeakperiod:

12(2002)

22(2003)

24(2004)

26(2005)2/4/202325HUIREN@NCEPUCausesofpowershortagesClimaticvariability(droughtsandheatwaves)Economy,andthereforeenergyuse,isgrowingfasterthanelectricgenerationcapacitycanbebuilt.2/4/202326HUIREN@NCEPUThefollowingillustrationwouldhelpreaderstounderstandthemagnitudeofdemanddynamics:tosupporttheGDPgrowthwithanaveragerateof6.5%forthenext15yearstoachieveafour-foldincreaseofpercapitaincome,Chinaneedstoaddnewannualcapacityof48GWinasteadystategrowthmodel,equivalenttotwo-thirdsofUK’stotalinstalledpowergenerationcapacitytoday.下述事實(shí)可以幫助讀者理解電能需求變化的幅度：為了在未來(lái)15年內(nèi)維持GDP6.5％的平均增長(zhǎng)速率，實(shí)現(xiàn)人均收入翻四翻，中國(guó)需要持續(xù)每年增加48GW裝機(jī)容量，相當(dāng)于今天UK總的裝機(jī)容量的2/3。2/4/202327HUIREN@NCEPUCausesofpowershortagesCoalsupplyshortagesandtransportbottle-necksEscalatingcoalpricesanddecreasedenergycontentofcoal.Differencesinpricetrendsof“regulatedpowerprices”and“unregulatedcoalprices”.Blueindicatessupplysourcesandredindicatesmajorloadcenters2/4/202328HUIREN@NCEPUChina’sloadcentersandcoalresourcescentersareseparated,thebottleneckofthecoaltransportationmakesthefuelsupplyverytight,whichinfluencesthenormalproductionandsupplyofthepowerandacceleratesthepowershortage.中國(guó)的負(fù)荷中心和儲(chǔ)煤中心分布在不同地區(qū)，煤傳輸?shù)钠款i造成原料供應(yīng)緊張，影響了電能的正常生產(chǎn)和供應(yīng)，加劇了電能的短缺。2/4/202329HUIREN@NCEPUIntermsofnuclearpowergeneration,Chinawilladvancefromthemoderatedevelopmentstrategytoacceleratingdevelopmentstrategy.NuclearpowerwillplayanevenmoreimportantroleinChina'sfuturepowerdevelopment.Especiallyinthedevelopedcoastalareaswithheavypowerload,nuclearpowerwillbecomethebackboneofthepowerstructurethere.Chinahasplannedtobuildupanother30setsofnuclearpowergeneratorwithin15yearswithtotalinstalledcapacityof36to40millionkWh,accountingforabout4%ofChina'stotalinstalledcapacityoftheelectricpowerindustry.2/4/202330HUIREN@NCEPUNuclearpowerKEYNPPinoperationNPPunder

constructionNPPbeingproposed2/4/202331HUIREN@NCEPUAddressingpowersupplyshortagesGenerationsectorDevelopingcoal-firedgeneration–highboilerpressure,highcapacity,andenvironmentallyfriendly–isthedirection.Acceleratingdevelopmentofhydropower,nuclearpower,andgas-firedpowergeneration.Introducingrenewableenergy(solar,wind,…)NetworksectorStrengtheningthegrid.Intensifyingenergyconservationeffortsandimprovingenergyefficiency.2/4/202332HUIREN@NCEPUEnvironmentalchallengesSource:InternationalEnergyAssociation2004China’scarbondioxideemissionsfromconsumptionoffossilfuelsareexpectedtoincreasefrom3,000milliontonsin2000to5,700milliontonsin2020.

2/4/202333HUIREN@NCEPUEnvironmentalchallengesemissionremovalefficiencySO28.01Mt0.97Mt10.8%Smokedust3.13Mt120.8Mt97.5%ChinaisexperiencingrisingSO2andNOX.EfficiencyofSO2andsmokedustemissionreductionsystems(2003)Emissiontrends2/4/202334HUIREN@NCEPUImprovinggenerationanddeliveryefficiencyInternaluseofelectricity%Powertransmissionlosses%Coalconsumption(g/kWh)20055.827.1837420205.16.2320Greatergenerationanddeliveryefficiencyisreducingratesofinternaluseofelectricity,transmissionlosses,andcoalconsumption.2/4/202335HUIREN@NCEPUStrategiesforovercomingcoalsupply

anddeliverychallengesAlliancesbetweencoalminingcompaniesandpowergenerationcompaniesMine-mouthpowerplantssubstitutingelectrictransmissionforcoaltransportationShenhuamodel:simultaneousstockholdingandbuildingofpowerstationsShanxicokingcoalco.model:buildingofpowerstationbycoalminesLunengmodel:buildingofcoalminesbypowerenterprisesHuainanmodel:jointventuretoestablishthenewcoalminesandpowerstations2/4/202336HUIREN@NCEPUPowerindustryreformhistory2004199719982002200220022004StatePowerCorp.(SPC)establishedDissolvedMinistryofElectricity

East

Chinastartspilotregionalpowermarketoperation.PowerRegimeReformformallyapprovedbytheStateCouncilStateElec.Regul.Commission(SERC)created(October2002)SPCrestruc-turedSeparationofgen.assetsfromtransmis-sionassets2/4/202337HUIREN@NCEPURemarkableprogresseshavebeenmadeinseparatingthegenerationfromthegridandinsplittingthestatepowermonopolyintofivenationalgenerationholdinggroupssinceMarch2002,whenthereformprogramwasapprovedbyArticleFiveoftheChinaStateCouncil.自從2002年3月國(guó)務(wù)院5號(hào)文件批準(zhǔn)電力改革以來(lái)，在廠網(wǎng)分開和打破電力壟斷，成立5個(gè)國(guó)家控股的發(fā)電集團(tuán)方面已取得了顯著的進(jìn)展。2/4/202338HUIREN@NCEPUButtherecentshortageforcedthederegulatingbodiessuchastheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionandtheStateElectricityRegulatoryCommissiontopostponesomeofthederegulationmeasuressuchasseparatingthedistributionandtransmissionnetworksandopeningregionalwholesalemarkets.但是最近的電能短缺迫使電力改革的主體，國(guó)家發(fā)改委和國(guó)家電監(jiān)會(huì)推遲了改革進(jìn)程，例如輸配分開和開放區(qū)域批發(fā)市場(chǎng)。2/4/202339HUIREN@NCEPUPowerindustryreformgenerationassetsgrid

assetsChinaHuanengGroupChinaDatangGroupChinaGuodianGroupChinaHuadianGroupChinaPowerInvestmentCorporationStateGridCorporationofChinaChinaSouthernPowerGridCorporationFormerSPCTo“introducecompetitionandbreakthemarketmonopoly”generationandgridsectorswereseparated.RestructuringoftheStatePowerCorporationofChinaDecember20022/4/202340HUIREN@NCEPUPowerindustryreformComparisonoftheinstalledcapacityofdifferenttypesofplayers(2004)Big5GenerationGroupsState-ownedenterprisesotherthanBig5groupsLocal,go