Unit 3汽車專業(yè)英語(變速器)

Unit3-1

MainComponentsofEngine

ContentsⅠ．Pre-questionsII.Text

ExplanationIII.ExercisesPre-questionsPowerTrainSystem（傳動系統(tǒng)）Thepowertrainsystem(Figure3.1)appliestothecomponentsneededtotransferthedrivefromtheenginetotheroadwheels,includingclutch,transmission,driveshaft,universaljoint,driveaxle,axleshaftandsoon.

傳動系統(tǒng)主要指汽車部件，發(fā)動機的動力傳動到車輪上，包括離合器、變速器、傳動軸、萬向節(jié)、驅動軸、半軸等。Gearbox（變速器）

ManualTransmission(MT,手動變速器)(Figure3.3)

AutomaticTransmission（AT,自動變速器）(Figure3.4)PowertrainsystemClutchTransmissionManualtransmission(MT)Automatictransmission(AT)DriveshaftUniversaljointAxleshaftDifferentialFinaldrive傳動系統(tǒng)離合器變速器手動變速器自動變速器傳動軸萬向節(jié)半軸差速器主減速器ShiftleverSynchronizerInputshaftOutputshaftFrontbearingRearbearingDrivegearCountershaftHousingReverseshaftReversegear換擋桿同步器輸入軸輸出軸前軸承后軸承傳動中間軸（從動軸）殼體倒檔軸倒檔齒輪ContinuouslyVariableTransmissions(CVT)Acontinuouslyvariabletransmission,orCVT,isatypeofautomatictransmissionthatprovidesmoreuseablepower,betterfueleconomyandasmootherdrivingexperiencethanatraditionalautomatic.連續(xù)可變變速器，或稱CVT，是能夠比傳統(tǒng)汽車變速箱提供更有效動力、更高燃油經濟性、更順暢駕駛感受的一種汽車變速箱。HistoryoftheCVTLeonardoDaVincisketchedthefirstCVTin1490.DutchautomakerDAFfirststartedusingCVTsintheircarsinthelate1950s;howevertechnologylimitationsmadeCVTsunsuitableforengineswithmorethanaround100horsepower.Inthelate80sandearly90s,SubaruofferedaCVTintheirJustymini-car,whileHondausedoneinthehigh-mileageHondaCivicHXofthelate90s.萊昂納多.達芬奇于1490年設計出第一個CVT。在50年代末，荷蘭汽車制造商達夫最早在他們的汽車中使用CVT。但受到當時技術的限制，CVT對超過100馬力的發(fā)動機不適用。到了80年代末90年代初，斯巴魯在他們的約斯帝微車中提供了CVT。而本田于90年代末，在其高里程的本田思域HX中提供了一款CVT。ImprovedCVTscapableofhandlingmorepowerfulenginesweredevelopedinthelate90sand2000s,andCVTscannowbefoundincarsfromNissan,Audi,Honda,Ford,GM,andotherautomakers.90年代末21世紀初，研究出了能夠操縱更強勁發(fā)動機的改良過的CVT?，F在，在日產、奧迪、本田、福特、通用和其它汽車制造商的汽車中，都可以找到CVTDrivingacarwithaCVTThecontrolsforaCVTarethesameasanautomatic:NoclutchpedalandaP-R-N-D-L-styleshiftpattern.Butwhileanautomatictransmissionhasasetnumberofgearratios(a.k.a.speeds),usually4,5or6,theCVTcanconstantlychangetherelationshipofenginespeedtocarspeed.CVT的控制機構與傳統(tǒng)變速箱相同：兩個踏板（不帶離合）和一個帶P-R-N-D-L檔位的波箱。傳統(tǒng)變速箱有一整套齒輪速比（用多少速來表示），通常是4速，5速或6速，而CVT能夠持續(xù)地改變發(fā)動機速度與汽車速度的比率。DrivingacarwithaCVTWhendrivingacarwithaCVT,youneverhearorfeelthetransmissionshift—itsimplyraisesandlowerstheenginespeedasneeded,callinguphigherenginespeeds(orRPMs)forbetteraccelerationandlowerRPMsforbetterfueleconomywhilecruising.駕駛一輛帶CVT的汽車時，你不會聽到或感覺到變速箱的換檔－－它只是簡單地按需要提高和降低發(fā)動機速度，為了得到更好的加速而提升發(fā)動機速度（或轉速），在巡航時為了得到更好的燃油經濟性而降低轉速。Whenyoustepontheaccelerator,theengineracesasitwouldwithaslippingclutchorafailingautomatictransmission.Thisisnormal—theCVTisadjustingtheenginespeedtoprovideoptimalpowerforacceleration.·當你踩上油門時，發(fā)動機象帶上空轉的離合器或損壞的汽車變速箱一樣轉動。而這是正常的－－CVT正在調節(jié)發(fā)動機速度，以便為加速提供最佳動力。SuspensionSystem（懸架系統(tǒng)）SteeringarmSuspensionmemberCoilspringShockstrutStabilizershaftBalljoint轉向節(jié)臂懸架橫梁螺旋彈簧滑柱（減震支柱）橫向穩(wěn)定桿球節(jié)SteeringSystem（轉向系）SteeringgearSteeringshaftSteeringwheelUniversaljointTierod轉向器轉向傳動軸轉向盤萬向節(jié)轉向橫拉桿PowerSteeringGear（動力轉向系）SteeringgearPitmanarmDraglinkSteeringknuckleAckermanarmSteeringshaftSteeringcylinderSteeringpumpSteeringtierodwheel機械轉向器轉向搖臂轉向直拉桿轉向節(jié)臂梯形臂轉向軸轉向油缸轉向油泵轉向橫拉桿轉向盤BrakeSystem（制動系）BrakefluidreservoirMastercylinderBrakelineVacuumpowerboosterBrakepedalHandle制動液儲箱制動總泵制動管路真空助力器制動踏板拉手CaliperSlidepinDiscWheelstudBrakedrumWheelcylinder卡鉗導向銷盤車輪緊固螺栓制動鼓制動分泵HowCVTWorksTraditionaltransmissionsuseagearsetthatprovidesagivennumberofratios(orspeeds).Thetransmission(orthedriver)shiftsgearstoprovidethemostappropriateratioforagivensituation:Lowestgearsforstartingout,middlegearsforaccelerationandpassing,andhighergearsforfuel-efficientcruising.傳統(tǒng)變速箱使用提供既定比率（或速度）的整套齒輪。變速箱（或傳動箱）變換齒輪，對既定的情況提供最適當的比率：最低的齒輪用于起步，中間的齒輪用于加速和超車，更高的齒輪用于省油的巡航。ThoughthereareseveraltypesofCVTs,mostcarsuseapairofvariable-diameterpulleys,eachshapedlikeapairofopposingcones,withametalbeltorchainrunningbetweenthem(Fig.9-6)[1].Onepulleyisconnectedtotheengine(inputshaft),theothertothedrivewheels(outputshaft).雖然有幾種CVT型號，大部分汽車都是使用一對可變徑滑輪，形狀象一對相向的圓錐，而且在兩者之間有一條金屬帶或鏈在運轉。一個滑輪連接著發(fā)動機（輸入軸），另一個連接著驅動輪（輸出軸）。Thehalvesofeachpulleyaremoveable;asthepulleyhalvescomeclosertogetherthebeltisforcedtoridehigheronthepulley,effectivelymakingthepulley'sdiameterlarger.每個滑輪的半部都是可移動的：當滑輪的兩個半部相互移近時，傳動帶被推向滑輪上更高的地方，從而有效增大滑輪的直徑。Changingthediameterofthepulleysvariesthetransmission'sratio(thenumberoftimestheoutputshaftrevolvesforrevolutionoftheengine),inthesamewaythata10-speedbikeroutesthechainoverlargerorsmallergearstochangetheratio.滑輪直徑的變換，改變了變速箱的比率（隨著時間的推移，輸出軸隨著發(fā)動機的轉動而轉動），就像十速自行車將車鏈放在更大或更小的齒輪上以改變比率。Makingtheinputpulleysmallerandtheoutputpulleylargergivesalowratio(alargenumberofenginerevolutionsproducingasmallnumberofoutputrevolutions)forbetterlow-speedacceleration.Asthecaraccelerates,thepulleysvarytheirdiametertolowertheenginespeedascarspeedrises.將輸入滑輪變小和輸出滑輪變大，可以提供低比率（發(fā)動機的大量轉動帶動少量輸出轉動）以得到更好的低速加速度。當汽車加速時，滑輪改變直徑，以便在汽車速度提升時降低發(fā)動機速度。。Thisisthesamethingaconventionalautomaticormanualtransmissiondoes,butwhileaconventionaltransmissionchangestheratioinstagesbyshiftinggears,theCVTcontinuouslyvariestheratio-hencethename"continuouslyvariabletransmission".這與傳統(tǒng)變速箱或手動變速箱的工作相同，但是傳統(tǒng)變速箱是通過變換齒輪、按檔位改變比率時，而CVT不斷地改變比率－－正如其名。AdvantagesoftheCVTEnginesdonotdevelopconstantpoweratallspeeds;theyhavespecificspeedswheretorque,horsepowerandfuelefficiencyareattheirhighestlevels.Becausetherearenogearstotieagivenroadspeeddirectlytoagivenenginespeed,theCVTcanvarytheenginespeedasneededtoaccessmaximumpoweraswellasmaximumfuelefficiency.發(fā)動機并不是在所有的速度下都連續(xù)產生動力。在扭矩、馬力和燃油經濟性最佳的情況下，發(fā)動機有特定的速度。由于沒有齒輪可以把車速直接和發(fā)動機的速度綁定，無極變速器可以通過調節(jié)發(fā)動機的速度以獲取最佳的動力和最好的燃油經濟性。ThisallowstheCVTtoprovidequickeraccelerationthanaconventionalautomaticormanualtransmissionwhiledeliveringsuperiorfueleconomy.這使得CVT比傳統(tǒng)變速器或者手動變速器提交更快的加速度，同時燃油經濟性也更好。DisadvantagesoftheCVTTheCVT'sbiggestproblemhasbeenuseracceptance.BecausetheCVTallowstheenginetorevatanyspeed,thenoisescomingfromunderthehoodsoundoddtoearsaccustomedtoconventionalmanualandautomatictransmissions.CVT最大的問題在于用戶接受性。由于CVT夠能使發(fā)動機在任何速度下加速，從引擎蓋下傳出的聲音，對于習慣了傳統(tǒng)變速器或者手動變速器的人來說，聽起來很奇怪。Flooringanautomaticcarbringsalurchandasuddenburstofpower,whereasCVTsprovideasmooth,rapidincreasetomaximumpower.Tosomedriversthismakesthecarfeelslower,whileinfactaCVTwillgenerallyout-accelerateanautomatic.自動變速器油門踩到底的時候，會使人忽然傾斜，動力忽然爆發(fā)，但是無極變速器能順暢地、快速地加速到最大動力。對某些司機來說，這使得車速感覺較慢，但是事實上，CVT的加速速度比自動加速器要快AutomakershavegonetogreatlengthstomaketheCVTfeelmorelikeaconventionaltransmission.MostCVTsaresetuptocreepforwardwhenthedrivertakeshisorherfootoffthebrake.汽車制造商們竭盡全力使CVT感覺更像傳統(tǒng)的變速器。大部分的CVT在司機們把腳從剎車上拿下來以后還能爬行前進。Thisprovidesasimilarfeeltoaconventionalautomatic,andservesasanindicatorthatthecarisingear.OtherCVTsoffera"manual"modethatsimulatesmanualgearchanges.這使得CVT感覺更像是傳統(tǒng)的變速器，并且給人感覺，汽車還有變速器齒輪。有的CVT提供手動模式，模擬手動換擋。BecauseearlyautomotiveCVTswerelimitedastohowmuchhorsepowertheycouldhandle,therehasbeensomeconcernaboutthelong-termreliabilityoftheCVT.由于早期的變速器僅限于關注能應對多大馬力，因此就有人質疑CVT的長期可靠性。AdvancedtechnologyhasmadetheCVTmuchmorerobust.NissanhasmorethanamillionCVTsinservicearoundtheworldandusestheminpowerfulcarssuchasthe255horsepowerMaxima,andsaystheirlong-termreliabilityiscomparabletoconventionaltransmissions.先進的技術使得CVT更加牢固。尼桑在全世界擁有一百萬臺無極變速器，并使用于大功率的汽車上，比如255馬力的Maxima，并認為它們的長期可靠性可以和傳統(tǒng)變速器媲美。gotogreatlengthstodosth.竭盡全力做某事Theywenttogreatlengthstokeeptheaffairsecret.He'llgotogreatlengthtogetthejobdone.serveas充當,用作,成為,起…作用Shehasservedasamodelforseveralpainters.Letthisincident

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areservationofticketsforitscustomers.Continuouslyvariabletransmissionsaremoreefficientandprovidemoretorqueandpowerthantraditionaltransmissions.和傳統(tǒng)變速器相比，無極變速器效率更高，并且能提供更大的扭矩和動力。By2012,CVTsareexpectedtohavea20percentshareoftheJapanesemarket,a4percentshareoftheNorthAmericanmarketandlessthana5percentshareoftheEuropeanmarket.到2012年為止，CVT在日本的市場份額有望達到20%，在北美的份額達到4%，在歐洲的份額應該小于5%。Whatimpressionoftheengine?complicatedpowerPre-questionsWhatarethetypesoftheengine?electricmotors,steamengines,andinternalcombustionenginesWhat’stheinternalcombustionengine?

burnsfuelwithinthecylindersandconvertstheexpandingforceofthecombustionintorotaryforceusedtopropelthevehicle.Pre-questionsWords&phrasesIntakemanifold[‘m?n?f??ld]進氣管throttle

[‘θr?t(?)l]valve[v?lv]節(jié)氣門Cylinder[‘s?l?nd?]headcover氣缸蓋罩Distributor

[d?‘str?bj?t?]分電器Cylindercover氣缸蓋Vent-pipe

[‘ventpaip]排氣管Cylinderblock氣缸體Sparkplug

[pl?g]火花塞timingdrivingroomcover正時傳動室蓋Timingbelt正時齒輪帶Words&phrasesCamshaft

[‘k?m?ɑ?ft]凸輪軸Campulley[‘p?l?]凸輪帶輪Crankshaft

[‘kr??k?ɑ?ft]曲軸Crankshafttimingbeltgearwheel曲軸正時齒形帶輪Flywheel飛輪Waterjacket水套Piston['p?st(?)n]活塞Sump[s?mp]油底殼Mechanism

[‘mek(?)n?z(?)m]機械裝置，原理Connectingrod連桿lubricating

[‘lu:brikeiti?]

system潤滑系統(tǒng)Single-cylinderenginecylinderpistonPistonpinConnectingrodcrankshaftOilpipeIntakevalveExhaustvalveTiminggearOilpumpwhatisthepowersourceofautomobileandhowtoproduce?pistonpistonpinconnectingrodcrankshaftEnginePowerisproducedbythelinearmotionofapistoninacylinder.

Theconnectingrodtransmitstheup-and-downmotionofthepistontothecrankshaft,whichchangesitintorotarymotion.

Pre-questionsTheenginecomprisestwomechanismandfivesystems,whatarethey?crankshaftandconnectingrodmechanism（曲軸連桿裝置）,valvegear(閥動裝置）,coolingsystem,lubricatingsystem,fuelsystem,startingsystem,ignitionsystemPre-questions9connectingrodflywheelcrankshaftpistonintakevalveexhaustvalvepushrodtappettiminggears■

Valvegear

■

Connectingrod

EnginecoolingsystemEnginelubricatingsystemFuelsupplysystemValvegearpistoncrankshaftdistributorsumptiminggearcrankshaftandconnectingrodmechanismvalvegearfuelsystemSparkplugexhaustmanifoldIII.ExercisesTranslatethefollowingexpressionsintoChinese.活塞曲軸分電器油底殼正時齒輪曲柄連桿機構配氣機構燃油系統(tǒng)火花塞排氣歧管1-cylinderheadcover2-piston3-timingbelt4-waterpump5-sump6-oilpump7-crankshaft8-flywheel9-distributor10-valveIII.ExercisesReadingHowanEngineWorksTheinternalcombustionengine,asitsnameindicates,burnsfuelwithinthecylindersandconvertsexpandingforceofthecombustionintorotaryforceusedtopropelthevehicle.Theactionstakingplaceintheenginecylindercanbeclassifiedintofourstages,orstroke.“stroke”referstopistonmovement;pel[pr?‘pel]v.推動，驅動limitingposition極限位置Theinternalcombustionengine,asitsnameindicates,burns

fuelwithinthecylindersandconvertstheexpandingforceofthecombustionintorotaryforceusedtopropelthevehicle.譯文：內燃機，顧名思義，就是燃料在氣缸內部燃燒，并且把燃燒時的膨脹力轉化為驅動車輛的旋轉力。II.TextExplanationConvert…..into….①轉變；變換Thatbuildinghasbeenconvertedintoaschool.那座樓房改成學校了。②兌換IwanttoconvertsomeHongKongdollarsintoAmericandollars.我想把一些港元換成美元。③改變信仰、黨派或意見等Shemanagedtoconverthimtoheropinion.她終于設法說服了他接受她的意見。II.TextExplanationReadingHowanEngineWorks.Theactionstakingplaceintheenginecylindercanbeclassifiedintofourstages,orstroke.發(fā)動機氣缸內的工作過程可以分為四個過程或沖程。beclassifiedinto….①分類為、被分成Memorycan

beclassifiedinto

short-termandlong-termmemory.記憶可分為長期記憶和短期記憶。II.TextExplanationReadingHowanEngineWorks“Stroke”referstopistonmovement;astrokeoccurswhenthepistonmovesfromonelimitingpositiontotheother.“沖程”指的是活塞的運動。當活塞從一個極限位置移動到另一個極限位置，即完成了一次沖程。ReadingTheupperlimitofpistonmovementiscalledTDC(topdeadcenter).ThelowerlimitofpistonmovementiscalledBDC(bottomdeadcenter).AstrokeispistonmovementfromTDCtoBDCorfromBDCtoTDC.活塞運動的上極限位置被稱為TDC（上止點）?；钊南聵O限位置被稱為BDC（下止點）。一個沖程是指活塞從上止點運動到下止點或者從下止點運動到上止點。ReadingInotherwords,thepistoncompletesastrokeeachtimeitchangesitsdirectionofmotion.換句話說，活塞每完成一次沖程就會改變運動方向。Inotherwords

Inotherwords,theyremainrelativelyconstantorstatic.

換句話說，它們相對的穩(wěn)定、靜止。

Inotherwords,wehaveadheredtoscientificsocialism.

也就是說，我們堅持了科學社會主義ReadingWheretheentirecycleofeventsinthecylinderrequiresfourstrokes(ortwocrankshaft

revolutions),theengineiscalledafour-stroke-cycleengine.Thefourpistonstrokesareintake,compression,powerandexhaust.氣缸內的全部循環(huán)運動需要四沖程（或稱為二次曲軸轉動），這種發(fā)動機稱為四沖程循環(huán)發(fā)動機。活塞的四沖程分別為進氣行程、壓縮行程、做功行程和排氣行程。ReadingIntakestroke.Ontheintakestroke,theintakevalvehasopened,thepistonismovingdownward,andamixtureofairandvaporizedgasolineisenteringthecylinderthroughthevalveport.Themixtureofairandvaporizedgasolineisdeliveredtothecylinderbythefuelsystemandcarburetor.Vaporized[‘ve?p?ra?zd]adj.汽化的carburetor[,kɑ?bj?‘ret?]n.汽化器ReadingOntheintakestroke,theintakevalvehasopened,thepistonismovingdownward,andamixtureofairandvaporizedgasolineisenteringthecylinderthroughthevalveport.“在進氣行程中，進氣門打開，活塞向下移動，可燃混合氣通過進氣門進入氣缸。ReadingThemixtureofairandvaporizedgasolineisdeliveredtothecylinderbythefuelsystemandcarburetor.適當濃度的可燃混合氣是由燃料系統(tǒng)和化油器提供的。Compressionstroke.AfterthepistonreachesBDC,orthelowerlimitofitstravel.Itbeginstomoveupwards.Asthishappens,theintakevalvecloses.Theexhaustvalveisalsoclosed,sothatthecylinderissealed.Asthepistonmovesupward(pushednowbytherevolvingcrankshaftandconnectingrod),theair-fuelmixtureiscompressedtoaslittleasone-tenthofitsoriginalvolume,orevenless.Whentheair-fuelmixtureiscompressed,notonlydoesthepressureinthecylindertoup,butthetemperatureofthemixturealsoincreases.revolving[r?‘v?lv??]adj.旋轉的volume

[‘v?lju?m]n.量AfterthepistonreachesBDC,orthelowerlimitofitstravel.Itbeginstomoveupwards.Asthishappens,theintakevalvecloses.Theexhaustvalveisalsoclosed,sothatthecylinderissealed.在活塞到達下止點時或者是活塞下限時，活塞開始向上運動。同時，進氣門關閉，排氣門也關閉，所以這時的汽缸是封閉的。Asthepistonmovesupward(pushednowbytherevolvingcrankshaftandconnectingrod),theair-fuelmixtureiscompressedtoaslittleasone-tenthofitsoriginalvolume,orevenless.當活塞向上運動時(這時是由轉動的曲軸和連桿推動活塞)，可燃混合氣被壓縮。當活塞到達上止點時，可燃混合氣被壓縮到有原體積的十分之下甚至更少。Whentheair-fuelmixtureiscompressed,notonlydoesthepressureinthecylindertoup,butthetemperatureofthemixturealsoincreases.當油氣混合燃料被壓縮時，不僅汽缸里的壓力上升，可燃混合氣的溫度也隨之增加了。Powerstroke.AsthepistonreachesTDConthecompressionstroke,andelectricsparkisproducedatthesparkplug.Theignitionsystemdeliversahigh-voltagesurgeofelectricitytothesparkplugtoproducethespark.Thesparkignitestheair-fuelmixture.Itnowbeginstoburnveryrapidly,andthecylinderpressureincreasedtoasmuchas3-5MPaorevenmore.Thisterrificpushagainstthepistonforcesitdownward,andapowerimpulseistransmittedthroughtheconnectingrodtothecrankpinonthecrankshaft.Thecrankshaftisrotatedasthepistonispusheddownbythepressureaboveit.AsthepistonreachesTDConthecompressionstroke,andelectricsparkisproducedatthesparkplug.Theignitionsystemdeliversahigh-voltagesurgeofelectricitytothesparkplugtoproducethespark.當活塞到達壓縮行程的上止點時，火花塞產生電火花。電火花是由點火系統(tǒng)向火花塞提供高壓電脈沖而產生的。

Thesparkignitestheair-fuelmixture.Itnowbeginstoburnveryrapidly,andthecylinderpressureincreasedtoasmuchas3-5MPaorevenmore.

電火花點燃可燃混合氣。可燃混合氣開始發(fā)生劇烈燃燒，氣缸內壓力達到3-5兆帕，甚至更高。Thisterrificpushagainstthepistonforcesitdownward,andapowerimpulseistransmittedthroughtheconnectingrodtothecrankpinonthecrankshaft.Thecrankshaftisrotatedasthepistonispusheddownbythepressureaboveit.作用于活塞上強大的推動力推動活塞向下運動，并將這一推力通過連桿傳到曲軸上的連桿軸頸上。因此，當活塞受壓向下運動時，推動曲軸轉動。Exhauststroke.AsthepistonreachesBDCagain,theexhaustvalveopens.Now,asthepistonmovesupontheexhauststroke,itforcestheburnedgasesoutofthecylinderthroughtheexhaust-valveport.Then,whenthepistonreachesTDC,theexhaustvalveclosedandtheintakevalveopens.Now,afreshchargeofair-fuelmixturewillbedrawnintothecylinderasthepistonmovesdowntowardBDC.Thisfourstrokecycleofpistonwithinthecylinderisrepeatedtimeandagaintoputthevehicleforward.AsthepistonreachesBDCagain,theexhaustvalveopens.Now,asthepistonmo