第三講動詞時態(tài)

動詞時態(tài)一.一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)（do/does式）：1.一般用法:1〕表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作,e.g.①Heoftengotothecinema.②Mysisterwearsglasses.③Igototheschooleveryday.2〕表示現(xiàn)在或經(jīng)常性的情況或狀態(tài),e.g.①Motherisill.②Helikeslivinginthecountry.

3〕表示現(xiàn)在的能力、特征、職業(yè)等,e.g.①Hesingswell.（能力）BACK②Myfathergetsupearly.（習慣）③MissDothyteachesEnglish.（職業(yè)）④Thismachinerunssmoothly.（特征）4〕表示客觀真理、科學事實、格言以及不受時間限制的客觀存在的事實,e.g.①Summerfollowsspring.（客觀規(guī)律）②Theearthrunsaroundthesun.（客觀規(guī)律）③Fireburns.（客觀事實）④Knowledgeispower.（客觀真理）2.特別用法:1〕主句是將來時態(tài)或表示將來意義,時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句須用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來,e.g.①I’llwritetoherwhenIhavetime.②Ifwehurryup,wecancatchthebus.③Tellmeincaseyougetintodifficulty.2〕主句是將來時態(tài)或表示將來意義,讓步狀語從句和方式狀語從句須用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來,e.g.①Whateveryousay,Iwon’tpay.②Whetheryouhelphimornot,hewillfail.③NexttimeI’lldoashesays.

3〕用于“the＋比較級…,the＋比較級…”中,前一個用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來,后一個用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來或一般將來時,e.g.Themoreyoueat,thefatteryou（will）become.4〕當主句為將來時,定語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來,eg.①I’llgiveyouanythingyouaskfor.②He’llgiveanyone＄5，000whohelphimwithhisRussian

5〕表示按規(guī)定、時間表、計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作,用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來,e.g.①Areyouondutynextweekend?②Thetrainleavesat12:00.6〕在makesure（弄清楚）,makecertain（弄清楚）,mind（注意）,watch（注意）,takecare（注意,當心）becareful（注意,當心）等后的that從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來,e.g.①Wemusttakecarethatnooneseesus.②Makesureyoulockthedoorbeforeyouleave.③Becarefulthatyoudon’thurtherfeelings.④Watchthatthebabydoesn’tgoneartheheater.7〕在itdoesn’tmatter,Idon’tcare,Idon’tmind等結(jié)構(gòu)后以及類似結(jié)構(gòu)后的名詞性從句用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來,e.g.①Itdoesn’tmatterwherewegoonholiday.②Doesitmatterwhogoesfirst?③Idon’tcarewhetherwewinorlose.8〕主句是將來完成時態(tài),從句有bythetime所引導的從句用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來（主句是過去完成時態(tài),從句有bythetime所引導的從句用一般過去時）,e.g.Bythetimehecomes,I’llhaveleft.（Bythetimehecame,Ihadleft.）二.一般過去時態(tài)（did式）:1.基本用法:1〕表示過去經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作,e.g.Weoftenplayedtogetherwhenwewerechildren.注:表示過去習慣性的動作,可用would,usedto,e.g.Heusedtoworkbybus.2〕表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài):①Heboughtthecomputerfiveyearsago.②Itwasthenasmallfishingvillage.2.特別用法:1〕表客氣或委婉的現(xiàn)在:①Iwonderedifyouwerefreethisevening.②Ithoughtyoumightlikesomeflowers.（注:過去進行時也可表示現(xiàn)在使語氣更委婉、客氣,eg.①Iwaswonderingifyoucouldgivemealift.②Wewerehopingyouwouldstaywithus.能這樣用的動詞主要限于want,wonder,think,hope,intend等少數(shù)動詞。）2〕一般過去時態(tài)用于某些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)中表現(xiàn)在,這些結(jié)構(gòu)主要是it’stime…,Iwish…,Iwouldrather…,ifonly…,asif…,asthough…等:①It’stimewestarted.②IwishIknewhisname.③I’dratheryoulivedwithus.注:wouldrather等還可用一般過去時表將來.e.g.IwouldratheryoucamenextMonday.三.一般將來時（will/shall＋動原）:1.一般用法:一般將來時基本用法：表示單純的將來事實，e.g.Weshallhavealotofrainnextmonth.2.表示將來時的常見用法及區(qū)別:beto/begoingto/beaboutto/be＋v-ing/bedueto/will/shall＋動原1〕表示某個意圖沒有經(jīng)過事先考慮,而是在說話的時候才決定做某事用will,e.g.①--Youforgettoclosethedoor.--Oh,I’llcloseitatonce.②--Annisinhospital.--Oh,really?Ididn’tknow.I’llgoandvisither.2〕表示跡象表明要發(fā)生某事,則只能用begoingto,e.g.Lookatthedarkclouds.It’sgoingtorain.3〕begoingto還有以下用法,e.g.①強調(diào)主觀想法或意圖:I’mgoingtowashthecarifIhavetime.（注意:此時不能用be＋v-ing,be＋v-ing表示將來,主要強調(diào)已經(jīng)作出的安排,e.g.I’mpickingyouupat6:00,don’tforget.）②強調(diào)某個意圖是事先考慮好的:--Annisinhospital.--Yes,Iknow.I’mgoingtovisithertomorrow.4〕beto:①命中注定的事,隱含在未來之中的事,Ithinkwearetomeetagainmanyyearslater.②父母讓子女,上級讓下級做的事,表示命令,You’retodoyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchTV.③表征求意見,用于問句,Arewetohandinthepapersat10:30?

5〕beaboutto表示動作之快的將來,其后不能接時間狀語,它與beonthepointofdoingsth.相似,①Autumnisabouttostart.②Theyareonthepointofstarting.6〕bedueto與時間表,旅行計劃等有關(guān),e.g.①Thetrainisduetoleaveat7:00.②Heisduetoleaveverysoon.四.過去將來時（would＋動原）與一般將來時相似。五.現(xiàn)在完成時（have/has＋p.p.）1.基本用法:1〕影響性用法:該用法表示一個過去發(fā)生的動作在過去已經(jīng)完成,且對現(xiàn)在造成影響或結(jié)果,同時說話者強調(diào)的或感興趣的就是這個影響或結(jié)果,e.g.①Hehasleftthecity.（結(jié)果:他不在這個城市）②Someonehasbrokenthewindow.（結(jié)果:窗戶仍破著）

2〕持續(xù)性用法:該用法表示一個過去發(fā)生的動作在過去并未在過去完成,而是持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,且可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去或可能到此結(jié)束,e.g.①Haveyouwaitedlong?②Wehavebeenbusythisafternoon.2.用現(xiàn)在完成時的典型場合:1〕“since＋過去時間”或“since接that從句（從句中用一般過去時）”則句中用現(xiàn)在完成時,e.g.①Ihaven’tseenhersincelastweek.②WherehaveyoubeensinceIlastsawyou?2〕句中有sofar/in（for/during）thepast（last）years（months…）/uptonow/untilnow等短語則句中謂語用現(xiàn)在完成時,e.g.①Sofartherehasbeennonews.②Shehasn’thadanyfriendssofar.③InthepasttwoyearsI’veseenhimthreetimes.④HehasbeeninGuangdong（for）thelastmonth.⑤Uptonow,theworkhasbeenveryeasy.3〕“It/This/Thatisthefirst（second/third…）time＋that從句”或“It/This/Thatistheonly…＋that從句”或“It/This/Thatisthe＋最高級…＋that從句”從句中謂語用現(xiàn)在完成時,e.g.①It/This/ThatisthefirsttimethatIhavecometoZhejiang.②It/This/ThatistheonlypartythatIhaveeverreallyenjoyedinmylife.③It/This/ThatisthemostinterestingbookthatIhaveeverread.（注:以上句型把is改為was,則從句時態(tài)相應(yīng)改為過去完成時態(tài)）3.現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時態(tài)的區(qū)別:現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果,而一般過去時態(tài)強調(diào)這一個動作發(fā)生的時間是過去。e.g.①I’velivedherefortenyears.（現(xiàn)在仍住在這兒）②Ilivedherefortenyears.（現(xiàn)在不住在這兒）③Hehasboughtahouse.（現(xiàn)在已擁有這房子）

④Heboughtahouse.（現(xiàn)在擁不擁有這房子,不知道,只是知道買了房子,現(xiàn)在可能擁有也可能賣掉了）4.“havebeento＋地點”與“havegoneto＋地點”,前者表示去過某地,說話的時候已不在去過的地方,現(xiàn)在在對方的身邊,而后者表示說話的時候,去某地的人不在場,可能到達某地,也可能在去某地的路上,反正不在說話者的身邊。e.g.①HehasbeentoParisthreetimes.②HehasgonetoParis.六.過去完成時（had＋p.p.）1.基本用法:既表示在過去某一時間之前已完成的動作,也表示從某一較早的過去動作持續(xù)到一個較遲的過去的動作,e.g.①HehadleftwhenIarrived.②Bysixo’clockhehadworkedtwelvehours.用好過去完成時,關(guān)鍵在于理解它的時間是“過去的過去”。2.want/think/hope/plan/mean/expect/intend/suppose等動詞的過去完成時＋不定式的一般式（等于這些動詞的一般過去式后接不定式的完成式）,表示過去為曾實現(xiàn)的愿望、打算、想法等e.g.①Ihadmeanttocome,butsomethinghappened.（＝Imeanttohavecome,butsomethinghappened.）②Ihadintendedtospeakatthemeeting,buttimedidn’tpermit.（＝Iintendedtohavespokenatthemeeting,buttimedidn’tpermit.）這種用法在不定式里已講過。3.一些特殊句型中的過去完成時:1〕“It/This/Thatwasthefirst（second/third…）time＋that從句”或“It/This/Thatwastheonly…＋that從句”或“It/This/Thatwasthe＋最高級…＋that從句”從句中謂語用過去完成時。2〕by（theendof）＋過去時間,句中謂語用過去完成時,e.g.①Wehadlearnt3,000wordsbytheendoflastterm.②By8:00a.m.yesterday,wehadarrivedthepark.

3〕bythetime＋一般過去式,主句中謂語用過去完成時,e.g.Bythetimehecameback,wehadrepairedthemachine.4〕Nosooner＋had＋主語＋p.p.＋than＋一般過去時/Hardly＋had＋主語＋p.p.＋when＋一般過去時/Scarcely＋had＋主語＋p.p.＋when/before＋一般過去時/Barely＋had＋主語＋p.p.＋before＋一般過去時e.g.①Nosoonerhadhegonetothegardenthanhissonwenttoplaywithhisclassmates.②Hardlyhadheheardthenewswhenhecried.七.現(xiàn)在進行時（be＋v--ing）:1.基本用法:表示說話人在說話時正在進行的動作,或不斷重復的動作或目前這個階段（不一定是說話的時候）正在進行的動作,e.g.①We’rehavingameeting.（說話時正在進行的動作）②Heisteachinginaschool.（目前這個階段正在進行的動作）2.現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來,主要表示按計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作,e.g.①I’mleavingtomorrow.②Theyaregettingmarriednextweek.注:現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來,其計劃性較強,并往往暗示一種意圖,而一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)表示將來,除特殊的從句用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)表示將來,一般其客觀性較強,多指按時刻表或規(guī)定要發(fā)生的事情,e.g.①I’mnotgoingoutthisevening.②Whattimedoesthetrainleave?3.現(xiàn)在進行時與always/forever/constantly/continuously等連用,表示滿意、稱贊、驚訝、厭惡等感情色彩,e.g.①She’salwayshelpingothers.②She’sconstantlychanginghermind.4.動詞be的現(xiàn)在進行時,表示一時的表現(xiàn)或暫時的狀態(tài),e.g.①Sheisfoolish.（生性如此）②Sheisbeingfoolish.（一時的表現(xiàn)）能這樣用的形容詞多為angry,careful,clever,stupid,kind,brave,friendly,rude,polite等動態(tài)形容詞。八.過去進行時（was/were＋v--ing）1.一般用法:表示過去某一時間正在進行的動作,HewasplayingwhileIwasstudying.2.過去進行時表示現(xiàn)在,主要使語氣更委婉、客氣,eg.①Iwaswonderingifyoucouldgivemealift.②Wewerehopingyouwouldstaywithus.能這樣用的動詞主要限于want,wonder,think,hope,intend等少數(shù)動詞。3.過去進行時與always/forever/constantly/continuously等連用,表示滿意、稱贊、驚訝、厭惡等感情色彩,e.g.①She’salwayshelpingothers.②Theywerealwaysquarrelling.

4.動詞be的過去進行時,表示一時的表現(xiàn)或暫時的狀態(tài),e.g.①Shewasfriendly.（生性如此）②Shewasbeingfriendly.（一時的表現(xiàn)）九.將來進行時（will/shall＋be＋v--ing）1.基本用法:表示將來某一時間正在進行的動作,e.g.WhenIgethomeat9:00tomorrow,mysonwillbewatchingTV.2.表示按計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作,e.g.①I’llbetakingmyholidayssoon.②We’llbevisitingLondonnextweek.3.用于問句,表客氣或委婉的語氣.e.g.①Willyoubehavingsometea?②Whenwillyoubepayingbackmymoney?十.將來完成時（will/shall＋have＋p.p.）1.基本用法:既表示到將來某一時間為止勢必會完成的動作或預計要完成的動作,e.g.Whenwegetthere,she’llhavegonetowork.

2.by（theendof）＋將來時間,句中謂語用將來完成時,e.g.①Wewillhavelearnt3,000wordsbytheendofnextterm..②By8:00a.m.tomorrow,wewillhavearrivedthepark.3.bythetime＋一般現(xiàn)在時,主句中謂語用將來完成時,e.g.Bythetimehecomesback,wewillhaverepairedthemachine.4.與用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)表示將來一樣,時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句須用現(xiàn)在完成時表將來,e.g.I’llgowithyouwhenIhavefinishedmywork.等我完成工作以后我就同你去。十一.現(xiàn)在完成進行時（have/hasbeenv--ing）1.一般用法:表示現(xiàn)在以前一段時間里一直在進行的動作,這一動作可能仍在進行,也可能已停止,e.g.Ithasbeenrainingsincetwodaysago.2.現(xiàn)在完成進行時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別:1］現(xiàn)在完成時可以表示一個已經(jīng)完成的動作,而現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示一個正在進行的動作,e.g.①Ihavereadthebook.②Ihavebeenreadingthebook.2］現(xiàn)在完成時只陳述一個事實,但現(xiàn)在完成進行時可表示感情色彩,e.g.①Ihavewaitedthreehours.②Ihavebeenwaitingthreehours.（等得好辛苦）3］現(xiàn)在完成進行時常用來談?wù)撦^短暫的動作或情況,而現(xiàn)在完成時談?wù)撗永m(xù)較長的動作或情況,甚至永久情況,e.g.①HehaslivedinParis.②HehasbeenlivinginParis.十二.過去將來完成時（would＋have＋p.p.）表示在過去看來將來某個時候已經(jīng)完成的動作,e.g.Shesaidshewouldhavefinishedherexamsbythen.強化訓練:1.

SinceIwonthebigprize,mytelephonehasn’tstoppedringing.People___toaskhowIamgoingtospendthemoney.A.phoneB.willphoneC.werephoningD.arephoning2.

Assoonashecomesback,I’lltellhimwhen____andseehim.A.youwillcomeB.willyoucomeC.youcomeD.doyoucome3.

--Hurryup！AliceandSuearewaitingDAforyouattheschoolgate.--Oh！Ithoughtthey___withoutme.wentB.aregoingC.havegoneD.hadgone

4.They___ontheprogramforalmostoneweekbeforeIjoinedthem,andnowwe___itasnogoodresultshavecomeoutsofar.A.hadbeenworking,arestillworkingB.hadworked,werestillworkingC.havebeenworking,haveworkedD.haveworked,arestillworking5.Susandecidednottoworkontheprogramathomebecauseshedidn’twantherparentstoknowwhatshe___.A.hasdoneB.haddoneC.wasdoingD.isdoingDAC6.Themanagerhadfallenasleepwherehe____,withoutundressing.A.waslayingB.waslyingC.hadlaidD.hadlied7.

Morethanadozenstudentsinthatschool____abroadtostudymedicinelastyear.A.sentB.weresentC.hadsentC.hadbeensent8.Thecountrylifeheisusedto___greatlysince1992.changeB.haschangedC.changingD.havechanged9.Whentheoldman___towalkbacktohishouse,thesun____itselfbehindthemountains.started,hadalreadyhiddenB.hadstarted,hadalreadyhiddenC.hadstarted,washidingD.wasstarting,hidBBBA10.

BythetimeJanegetshome,heraunt___forLondontoattendameeting.A.willleaveB.leavesC.willhaveleftD.left11.

Turnonthetelevisionoropenamagazineandyou_____advertisementshowinghappyfamilies.A.willoftenseeB.oftenseeC.areoftenseeingD.haveoftenseen12.

--IhearJanshasgonetotheHolyIslandforherholiday.--Oh,hownice！Doyouknowwhenshe____?

A.wasleavingB.hadleftC.hasleftD.left13.

Allmorningasshewaitedforthemedicalreportfromthedoctor,hernervousness____.CADhasgrownB.isgrowingC.grewD.hadgrown14.

–Youhaven’tsaidawordaboutmynewcoat,Brenda.Doyoulikeit?--I’msorryI____anythingaboutitsooner.Icertainlythinkit’sprettyonyou.was’ntsayingB.don’t

sayC.won’tsayD.didn’tsay15.

I___ping-pongquitewell,butIhaven’thadtimetoplaysincethenewyearA.willplayB.haveplayedC.playedD.play16.

Selectingamobilephoneforpersonaluseisnoeasytaskbecausetechnology___sorapidly.A.ischangingB.haschangedC.willhavechangedD.willchangedCDDA17.

–You’veleftthelighton.--Oh,soIhave.___andturnitoff.

A.I’llgoB.I’vegoneC.IgoD.I’mgoing18.

ThereportersaidthattheUFO___easttowestwhenhesawit.A.wastravellingB.travelledC.hadbeentravellingD.wastotravel19.

--Hey,lookwhereyouaregoing！--Oh,I’mterriblysorry.____.A.I’mnotnoticingB.Iwasn’tnotnoticingC.Ihaven’tnoticedD.Idon’t