sdau山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)國際貿(mào)易理論與實(shí)務(wù) Chapter13 Shipment

CHAPTER13INTERNATIONALCARGOTRANSPORTATION

ModesofTransportMajorShippingDocumentsShipmentClause

§1ModesofTransport

Oceantransport3/4ofthetradeamongnationsistransportedbywater.

Featuresofoceantransport:Relativelyeconomicalmodeoftransportforbulkyandheavygoods.Asafemodeoftransportwithrespecttooccurrenceofaccidents.Thecostofmaintainingandconstructingroutesisverylowasmostofthemarenaturallymade.Slow,vulnerabletobadweatherandlesspunctualifcomparedwithroadorairtransport.Linertransport班輪運(yùn)輸Thetransportofcargoesfromoneseaporttoanotheralongregularmaritimeroutesaccordingtoaschedule.指船舶按照預(yù)定的航行時間表，在固定的航線和港口往返航行。Linerratesusuallyincludethestevedoringchargesforloadingandunloading.通常包含裝卸作業(yè)費(fèi)用Freightischargedaccordingtothetariff(運(yùn)費(fèi)表)—ascheduleofshippingratescharged,togetherwithgoverningrulesandregulations.Twoparts:basicfreightratesandsurcharges.

基本運(yùn)費(fèi)率加附加費(fèi)。①StandardsofcollectingbasicfreightratesWeight:Foritemsmarkedwith“W”inthetariff,permetrictononweight.Thismethodiscalledweightton(運(yùn)費(fèi)噸).Measurement:Foritemsmarkedwith“M”inthetariff,percubicmeteronmeasurement.Thismethodisusuallycalledmeasurementton(尺碼噸).Weightormeasurement:Foritemsmarkedwith“W/M”inthetariff,thefreightistobecalculatedoneitherweightormeasurement,whicheverisgreater.AdVal.:Foritemsmarkedwith“AdVal.,thefreightistobecalculatedonthepriceorvalueofthecargo.W/MorAdval.:Foritemsmarked“W/MorAdval.”inthetariff,thehighestrateisadopted.②Surcharges附加費(fèi):bunkeradjustmentfactor(燃油附加費(fèi)),portsurcharges,transshipmentsurcharges,heavyliftandlonglengthadditional.CompanyAexports100casesofGoodXtoLondon.Thevolumeandgrossweightpercaseare40cm×30cm×20cmand30kgrespectively.GoodXisclassifiedasClass10andthefreightforClass10iscalculatedonW/M.Thetariff(China—London)showsthatthebasicfreightrateforClass10isUS$222,with10%portsurcharges.Howmuchisthetotalfreight?(i)Totalweight:0.03M/T×100=3M/T(ii)Totalvolume:0.4×0.3×0.2×100=2.4M3(iii)Asthetotalweightisgreaterthanthetotalvolume,thusweightisthebasisforcollectingfreight.(iv)Totalfreight=totalweight×(basicfreightrate+surcharge)=3×(222+222×10%)=US$732.6(2)Chartertransport租船運(yùn)輸Chartertransportisatrampservice.Acargoshipnotoperatingonregularroutesandschedules,andpickingupcargoonlywhenitischartered(hired租)fromtheshipowner.Whilelinertransportisforgeneralcargoes,chartershippingisusuallyforbulkcargoes(大宗貨物)likeoil,coal,ore,andgrain.Chartershippinghasthelowestfreightrateperunitofweightormeasure.Twotypes:voyagecharterandtimecharter.程租船和期租船①Voyagecharter程租船

Voyagechartermeanstransportvesselorvehiclecharterforoneoraspecifiednumberoftrips(voyages).

Thevesselremainsunderthecontroloftheshipownerwhoisresponsibleforequippingandmanning(操縱)thevessel.

Thecrew(全體船員)andmasterareemployeesoftheshipowner,andheisresponsiblefortheirwages.Thefreightratemaybechargedbyquantityofthegoodscarried,orafixedrateregardlessofthequantity.

Thecharterparty(租船合同)willidentifythevessel,thecargoitistocarry,thevoyage(s)forwhichtheshipismadeavailable,andcertaintermsinrespectofthevariousresponsibilitiesoftheshipowner(船主)

andthecharterer(租船人).

Italsoincludestheports,freightrateand

timeinvolvedinthevoyage(s).

Herearesometermsusedinvoyagecharterparty:租船合同中使用的專有名詞Linerterms(grosstermsorberthterms):Theshipowner

船主isresponsibleforcostsofloadingandunloadingasinthecaseoflinertransportation.FI(FreeIn):“free”:notincluding.Thecharterer

租船人isresponsibleforthecostofloadinggoodsontothevessel.FO(FreeOut):Thechartererisresponsibleforthecostofunloadinggoodsfromthevessel.FIO(FreeInandOut):

Thechartererisresponsibleforcostofloadingandunloading.

Laydays許可裝卸期限:Alsocalledlaytime,thenumberofdaysallowedbytheshipownertoloadorunload

cargowithoutincurringdemurrage(滯期費(fèi))orlatecharges.Laydaysmaybeexpressedas:(1)Runningdays（連續(xù)日）:consecutivedaysincludingweekendsandholidays;(2)Workingdays(工作日):consecutivedaysexcludingweekendsandholidays;

(3)Weatherworkingdays(好天氣工作日):workingdaysonwhichweatherpermitscontinuouswork.themostcommonlyusedexpression.

Laydaysbegintorunwhenthevesselisberthed(停泊)orwhenitsarrivalisrecordedasarrivedship.Dispatchmoney(速遣費(fèi)):Whensoagreedinthecharterparty,thisispaidbytheshipownertothechartererasaresultofthevesselcompletingloadingordischargingbeforethestipulatedtime.

早卸貨不行，晚卸貨也不可。Demurrage(滯期費(fèi)):Demurrageisapenaltytobepaidbythechartertotheshipownerforexceedinglaydaysinloadingorunloading.(2)Timecharter期租船Theshipowneragreestocharteravesseltothechartererforaspecifiedperiodoftime.Asinavoyagecharter,theshipownerretainscontroloftheshipandtheemployeeonboardtheship.Thechartererisresponsibleforitsemployment,thenumberofvoyageittakes,andthedestinationofthevoyages.Thetermsoftimecharterpartyconcentrateonemploymentofvessel,speedofvessel,maintenanceofvessel,hireperiod,returnofvessel,paymentofhire,etc.Timechartergenerallydoesnotincludeloadingandunloading

costsinthecharterrate.期租船不包含卸貨費(fèi)。2.Railtransport鐵路運(yùn)輸Amajormodeoftransportintermsofcapacity,onlysecondtooceantransportation.Itiscapableofachievingrelativelyhighspeedandisveryeconomicalespeciallyifitprovidesthecompletetrainloadforashipperonaregularbasis.

Itislesspronetointerruptionbybadweather.Butitisconfined(受限制的)torailroadsandthereforelessflexible.Railtransportispopularinmultimodaltransportandtransshipment.Itiswidelyusedinlandbridgetransport.3.Airtransport

空運(yùn)Idealmodeofcarriageforvaluablegoods,delicategoods,physicallyperishablegoodssuchasfoodandplants,urgentproductssuchasmedicineandverysmallshipmentswhicharelesscostlybyairthanbywater,etc.(1)Benefitsofairtransportfasterdelivery,bettersecurity,lesspacking,lowerinsurance.(3)TypesofairtransportservicesScheduledairline:operatesoverafixedairlineandbetweenfixedairports.Charteredcarriers:thehireofanaircraftbyashipperorseveralshipperstodelivercargoes.Consolidation:theairfreightforwarderassemblesanumberofindividualshipmentsintooneconsignmentanddispatchesthemononeairwaybill.thefreightrateislower.Airexpressservice:forshippingsmallpackagesofgoodssuchasmedicinesinurgentneed,samplesandshippingdocumentsbyair.4.Intermodaltransport(multimodaltransport)

多式聯(lián)合運(yùn)輸Thetransportationoffreightinanintermodalcontainerorvehicle,usingmultiplemodesoftransportation,withoutanyhandlingofthefreightitselfwhenchangingmodes.

(1)Thevirtueofcontainerization集裝箱化的優(yōu)點(diǎn)Simplifiesandspeedsupthecargo-handlingprocess.Offersprotectionfromtheelements,reducesthechancesofdamage,andvirtuallyeliminatesthepilferage.Approximately90%ofnon-bulkcargo(非散裝貨物)worldwidemovesbycontainers.(2)Modesofcontainerservice集裝箱運(yùn)輸服務(wù)（交接）方式FCL:

fullcontainerload,thewholecontainerload(整箱貨)

貨主自行將貨物裝滿箱后，以箱為單位向承運(yùn)人托運(yùn)。LCL:

lessthancontainerload,apartialcontainerload(拼箱貨)

承運(yùn)人接收貨主委托的貨物不足裝滿整箱，根據(jù)貨物性質(zhì)和目的地進(jìn)行整理，集中一起，拼裝入箱。CFS:

containerfreightstation,wherecargoesaredeliveredforcontainerization.集中分撥拼箱貨的地方（貨運(yùn)站）CY:

containeryard，whereFCLisdelivered.整箱貨待運(yùn)場CY/CY

containerservice:door-to-door

整箱裝，整箱交CY/CFS

containerservice:door-to-port

整箱裝，拼箱接CFS/CYcontainerservice:port-to-door拼箱裝，整箱接CFS/CFS

containerservice:port-to-port拼箱裝，拼箱接(3)Measurementofcontainer集裝箱的尺寸Fivecommonlengths,20-ft,40-ft,45-ft,48-ft,and53-ft.Containercapacityismeasuredintwenty-footequivalentunits

(TEU,orsometimes

teu).以20英尺為單位Anequivalentunitisameasureofcontainerizedcargocapacityequaltoonestandard20ft(length)×8ft(width)×8'6'ft(height)container,approximately38.5m3.Manycontainerstodayareofthe40-ft(12.2m)varietyandareknownas40-footcontainers.

§2MajorShippingDocuments

Billoflading(B/L)提單Atransportationdocumentissuedbyanoceancarriertoashipperwithwhomthecarrierhasenteredintoacontractforthecarriageofgoods.ThreefunctionsperformedbytheB/L

Receiptforgoods

Evidenceofthecontractofcarriage

Documentoftitletothegoods

TheB/Ldescribesthegoodsputonboardavessel,statesthequantity,andtheircondition.Thecarrierwillchecktoseethatthegoodsloadedcomplywiththegoodslisted.

TheB/L

becomesconclusiveevidenceofthetermsofthecontractofcarriageonceitisnegotiatedtoagoodfaiththirdparty.

ThenamedconsigneeorthelawfulholderofaB/Lhasaclaimtotitlebysurrenderingthebill.ThecarrierisobligedtodeliverthecargoonlyagainstanoriginalB/L.(2)Typesofbilloflading提單分類①Shipped(onboard)B/L&receivedforshipmentB/L

已裝船提單和備運(yùn)提單ShippedB/L:issuedbyafterthegoodsareactuallyshippedonboardthedesignatedvessel.

BoththenameofthevesselandthedateofissueoftheB/LareindicatedontheshippedB/L.Itprovidesbetterguaranteefortheconsigneetoreceivethecargoatthedestination.MostB/Lformsarepreprintedas“ShippedBill”.ReceivedforshipmentB/L

arises

wheretheword“shipped”doesnotappearonthebilloflading.Itmerelyacknowledgesthatthegoodshavebeenreceivedbythecarrierforshipment.Therefore,thegoodscouldbeinthedockorwarehouse.②CleanB/L&uncleanB/L(foulB/LorclausedB/L)清潔提單和不清潔提單CleanB/L:AB/Lthatisfreefromanyadverseremarks（無不良批注）,madebythecarrieraboutthecondition,packing,orquantityofthegoodsbeingshipped.

"apparentgoodorderandcondition","cleanonboard"orthelikeareindicatedontheB/L.Itprovidesproofthatupuntilthetimegoodsweretransferredtothecarrier,nodamagehasoccurred.UncleanB/L:AB/Lwithadverseremarksornotations(called'clauses')bythecarrierthatthegoodsreceivedforshipping(ortheirpacking)lookwet,damaged,orotherwiseindoubtfulcondition,ornotofcorrectquantity.

ImportersandtheirbanksnormallydonotacceptfoulB/LforpaymentunderaL/C.

③StraightB/L,blankB/LandorderB/L按照提單的抬頭(收貨人)分類StraightB/L

hasdesignatedconsignee.Onlytheconsigneeisentitledtotakedeliveryofthecargo.Nottransferable,notcommonlyusedandnormallyappliestohighvalueshipmentsorgoodsforspecialpurposes.

BlankB/L:

OpenB/LorBearerB/L,nodefiniteconsignee.Inthefieldofconsignee,“Tobearer”.Anyonewhoholdsthebillisentitledtothegoodsthebillrepresents.Noendorsementisneededforthetransferoftheblankbill.Duetotheexceedinglyhighriskinvolved,thisbillisrarelyused.

OrderB/L指示提單：（憑指示）收貨人尚待提單所有人確定。

“Toorder”,“Toorderoftheshipper”,or“Toorderoftheconsignee”ismarked.Goodsareconsignedtotheorderofanamedperson.Itmaybeusedtotransfertitletogoodsbeingshippedtoanotherparty,atanytimeduringthetransitprocesssimplybyconveyingtheorderbilltoanotherpartythroughendorsement.“Toorder"meanstoorderofshipper.收貨人意義通過背書轉(zhuǎn)讓提單的所有權(quán)，即提貨權(quán)。Blankendorsement空白背書(carriesonlythesignatureoftheendorser

anddoesnotspecifytheendorsee)Specialendorsement記名背書(namestheendorseeandrequiresitsendorsementforfurthernegotiation)

Endorsement④DirectB/L,transshipmentB/LandthroughB/L直運(yùn)提單，轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)，聯(lián)運(yùn)DirectB/L:indicatesthegoodsareshippedfromtheportofloadingdirecttotheportofdestinationwithoutinvolvingtransshipment.TransshipmentB/L:indicatesthegoodsneedtobetransshippedatanintermediateportasthereisnodirectservicebetweentheshipmentportandthedestinationport.ThroughB/L:issuedforcontainerizeddoor-to-doorshipmentsthathavetousedifferentshipsand/ordifferentmeans

oftransportationfromorigintodestination.UnlikeincaseofamultimodalB/L,theprincipalcarrierorthefreight-forwarder(whoissuedthethroughB/L)isliableunderacontractofcarriageonlyforitsownphaseofthejourney,andactsasanagentforthecarriers

executingtheotherphases.

⑤LinerB/L,charterpartyB/LandcontainerB/L

班輪提單，租船提單和集裝箱提單LinerB/L:

issuedbyalinercompany.CharterpartyB/L:issuedbythecarrier(oritsagent)basedonthecharterparty.ThisB/Lissubjecttotheclausesofcharterparty.That'swhywhenacharterpartyB/Lisacceptedbythebankorthebuyer,thecopycharterpartyisrequired.ContainerB/L:

issuedwhenthegoodsareconveyedby

container.⑥LongformB/LandshortformB/L全式提單和簡式提單LongformB/L:withthetermsandconditionsofcarriagewhichareprintedonthebackofthepage.Commonlyusedininternationalshipping.ShortformB/L(orblankbackB/L):ThetermsandconditionsofcarriageonthebackoftheB/Lareomitted.Unlessotherwisestipulatedintheletterofcredit(L/C),ashortformbillofladingisacceptable.TheshortformB/Lsavesthecostofprintingandifthetermsandconditionsofcarriagechange,thereisnoneedtoreprinttheB/Lform.⑦M(jìn)iscellaneousB/L

各種其它提單OndeckB/L:B/Lcontainingthenotationthatthegoodshavebeenloadedonthedeckofthevessel,forgoods

thatcannotfitintotheship'shold.

StaleB/L:B/Lpresentedafterthestipulatedexpirydateofpresentationorafterthegoodsaredueattheportofdestination.Thelatearrivalofthisimportantdocumentmayhaveundesirableconsequencesandthereforeshouldbeavoided.Sometimesespeciallyinthecaseofshortseavoyages,itisnecessarytoaddaclauseof“StaleB/Lisacceptable”.Ante-datedB/LB/Lwhichisdatedbeforethedateonwhichitisissued.

WhentheactualshipmentdateislaterthanthatstipulatedintheL/C,thecarriersometimes,attheshipper'srequest,issuesaB/Lwithadateofsignaturethatsuitstherequirementsoasto

avoidnon-acceptancebythebank.Duetotheriskofthegoodsbeingrejectedbythebuyerarisingfromtheissuanceofsuchabill,itisadvisabletoavoidthismalpracticeevenwhenitseemsnecessaryincertaincircumstances.AdvancedB/LB/LissuedinadvancewhentheexpirydateoftheL/Cisduebuttheshipmenthasnotyetbeeneffected.TheissuanceofthisB/Lisalsoamalpracticeandshouldbeavoided.Severaltypesmaybecombinedintoonelike“Cleanonboard,toorder,blankendorsedB/L”.Bs/Laremadeoutinsets,consistingofanumberoforiginals(usuallythree)andcopiesandmarked“original”and“copy”respectively.Onlytheoriginalssignedbythecarrierenabletheconsigneetotakedeliveryofthegoods.

(3)Threerulesgoverningbilloflading①TheHagueRules

(TheBrusselsConvention)

DrawnupbytheInternationalLawAssociationin1921intheHague(theNetherland).TheInternationalConventionfortheUnificationofCertainRulesofLawRelatingtoB/L.Generallywellreceivedandhavebeenadoptedby58maritimenations.Priortotheserules,shipownersoftenthwartedcargodamageclaimsbyinsertinglimitsinB/L.

TheHagueRulesrepresentedtheeffortmadebytheinternationalcommunitytoachieveuniformityinoceanB/L.

Majorweaknesses:Thescopeislimitedtotheoutwardshipment,i.e.shipmentfromaportofthecontractingstatestoaforeignport;Noliabilityfordelayindeliveryofthegoods；TheRulesarenotcompatible(相容的)withcontainertransport;Thedeckcargoisentirelyexcluded;Themaximumlimitofcarrier’sliabilityislimitedto100poundsterlingperpackageorunit,ortheequivalentofthatsuminothercurrency,unlesstheshipperhasmadeadeclarationofvalue;Thecarrier’sliabilityonlycovers“tackletotackle”;Navigationalfaultisexcepted.(2)TheHague-VisbyRules1968

AmendmentstotheBrusselsConvention:I.Itsterritorialapplicationisextended;II.TheRulesincreasethemaximumamountforlimitationofliabilityofacarrierandintroduceanewweight-basedcriterion;III.TheRulesarecompatiblewithcontainertransport.③TheHamburgRulesTheUNConventionontheCarriageofGoodsbySeainHamburgin1978.Itcameintoforceon1stNovember1992.Majoramendments:

Scopeofapplication.Bothinwardshipmentsandoutwardshipments;Periodofresponsibility.Theperiodduringwhichthecarrierisinchargeofthegoodsattheportofloading,duringthecarriageandattheportofdicharge;Libilitylimits.Thecarrierisliableforlossresultingfromlossordamagetothecargoaswellas

delayindelivery;Liabilityamount.Farabovetheprevioustworules.20nationshaveapproved2.OthershippingdocumentsSeawaybill

海運(yùn)單由船長簽發(fā)的收到貨物并保證將其運(yùn)至目的地交付給收貨人的憑證。是貨物收據(jù)也是運(yùn)輸憑證，但是不是貨物所有權(quán)憑證。Anon-negotiabledocument,evidenceofthecontractofcarriage,receiptofthegoodsbythecarrier.About90%ofallcontainerizedcargoesshippedovertheAtlanticOceanarecarriedunderseawaybills.Naturalchoice.forshippersorconsigneeswhodonotplantosellthegoodsenroute;fortradingbetweenestablishedconsignorsandconsigneeswhohavebeentradingformanyyears,andforopenaccountsales.Notsuitablefortransactionsofgoodsthatarenegotiatedrepeatedlyduringtransit.Cannotactassecurityforletterofcredittransactions.(2)Airwaybill

(usedforcarriageofgoodsbyair)Areceiptofthegoodsfordispatchandevidenceofthecontractofcarriagebetweenthecarrierandtheconsignor,notanegotiabletitletogoods.Threeoriginals:Normallyoriginal1,in

green,fortheissuingcarrier,istoberetainedBythecarrierforaccountingpurposesandtoserveasdocumentaryevidence.Original2,in

pink,fortheconsignee,

istoaccompanytheconsignmenttoitsfinaldestinationandistobepresentedtotheconsigneetoenablehimtocollectthegoods.Original3,in

blue,fortheshipper,isreturnedtohimasareceiptandevidenceofhisaffreightmentcontract(包租合同)withtheairline.(3)Multimodaltransportdocument多式聯(lián)運(yùn)單據(jù)

Evidencesthecontractofcarriageofgoodsbyatleasttwomodesoftransport,issuedbyamultimodaltransportoperator(MTO)underamultimodaltransportcontract.

EssentialdifferencebetweenMTDandthroughB/L:MTD:TheMTOtakesresponsibilityasprincipalfortheentirecarriage.ThroughB/L聯(lián)運(yùn)提單:Theprincipalcarrierconcludesseveralseparatecontractsofcarriageforsubsequentsegmentsofthetransportasagentfortheshipperorasagentfortheon-carriers.Itdoesnotnormallyacceptresponsibilityforsegmentsundertakenbytheothercarriersinvolved.§3ShipmentClauseTimeofshipment

InFOB,CFR,CIF,F