英漢語言對(duì)比與翻譯(總結(jié))

翻譯歡迎光臨Chapter4LinguisticDifferencebetweenEnglish-ChineseSummaryWhatIsLanguageTransfer?

Transferistheinfluenceresultingfromthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetargetlanguageandanyotherlanguagethathasbeenpreviouslyacquired.Odlin(1989:27)

遷移是由于目標(biāo)語與已經(jīng)習(xí)得的語言之間的相似和差異而產(chǎn)生的影響。

TwoTypesofTransferNegativeTransfer (負(fù)遷移)Errorsarisefromanalogy.

類推會(huì)產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)誤。PositiveTransfer

（正遷移）

Errorsdecreasebyanalysis.

分析能減少錯(cuò)誤。

KeenawarenessofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagescanfacilitateFLlearning.

對(duì)兩種語言相似與相異點(diǎn)的敏銳意識(shí)能促進(jìn)外語學(xué)習(xí)。NegativeTransfer(負(fù)遷移):Interference(干擾)

Causes:analogicaluseofone’spriorknowledgeofthemothertongue母語先知結(jié)構(gòu)的類推運(yùn)用scantyknowledgeofdifferencesbetweenthetwolanguages對(duì)兩種語言的差異所知甚少unconsciousfallingbackonthemothertonguespeechhabit不自覺地回歸母語的言語習(xí)慣ExamplesofNegativeTransfer

1.Thewriterlikeswritingatlight(night).

Phonologicaltransfer(語音遷移)

Thesound/n/doesnotexistinsomeChinesedialectsand/l/servesasasubstitute. 在有些中國(guó)方言（如南京方言）中沒有/n/這個(gè)輔音，而用/l/來替代。

ExamplesofNegativeTransfer

2.Heonlyeattwomealaday.

Morphologicaltransfer（詞形遷移）

NeithernounsnorverbshaveinflectionsinChinese.

在漢語中，名詞和動(dòng)詞都沒有形態(tài)變化。

ExamplesofNegativeTransfer

3.Shanghaiissaidtohavethirteenmillion

population.

Collocationtransfer

(搭配遷移)Thenounrenkou,

the

Chineseequivalentof‘population’,canhaveanumericalpre-modifier.

Population的漢語對(duì)應(yīng)詞“人口”在漢語中可以用前置數(shù)詞來修飾。

ExamplesofNegativeTransfer

4.Hesuggestedmetoacceptthisoffer.

Syntacticaltransfer(句型遷移)Theverbjianyi,theChineseequivalentof‘suggest’,canbeusedinVOCpatterninChinese. Suggest的漢語對(duì)應(yīng)詞“建議”在漢語中可以用“動(dòng)詞+賓語+補(bǔ)語”的結(jié)構(gòu)。ExamplesofNegativeTransfer

5.--YourEnglishiswonderful.--No,no.MyEnglishisstillpoor.

Pragmatictransfer(語用遷移)

ThenegativereplytoacomplimentisconsideredinChineseasmodestandcourteous. 對(duì)贊揚(yáng)的否定回答在漢語中被視為謙虛有禮貌。TwoTypesofTransferNegativeTransfer

(負(fù)遷移)Errorsarisefromanalogy.

類推會(huì)產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)誤。PositiveTransfer

（正遷移）

Errorsdecreasebyanalysis.

分析能減少錯(cuò)誤。Wecouldturnnegativetransfer(interference)intopositive(facilitation)bymakinganalysisondifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagesandarousethelearner’sawarenessofavoidingorreducingerrorsfromanalogy.我們可以通過分析兩種語言的差異，提高學(xué)生避免或減少類推錯(cuò)誤的意識(shí)，把負(fù)遷移（干擾）轉(zhuǎn)化為正遷移（促進(jìn)）。

PartTwoAContrastiveStudyofEnglishandChinese英漢語對(duì)比研究Lackinginflectioninthestrictsense 缺少嚴(yán)格意義的形態(tài)變化老師們、同學(xué)們我的爸爸、你的媽媽認(rèn)真的態(tài)度、 認(rèn)真地學(xué)習(xí)Retainingsomeinflections保留一些形態(tài)變化v.（動(dòng)詞）:tense,aspect,voice,moodn.（名詞）:number,case,genderpron.（代詞）:person,gender,case,numberadj.（形容詞）:degreead.（副詞）

:degreeChineseEnglish病來如山倒，病去如抽絲。Sicknesscomeslikeanavalanche,butgoeslikereelingsilk.Thepositionwillnotbegivenupsolongaswearestillliving.人在陣地在。人無遠(yuǎn)慮，必有近憂。他人老心不老。Althoughhehasagedphysically,heremainsyoungatheart.Ifonehasnolong-termconsiderations,hewillfindtroubleathisdoorstep.我來他已去。HehadleftwhenIarrived.(Condition條件)(Contrast,Opposition對(duì)照、轉(zhuǎn)折)(TimeOrder時(shí)間先后)(Concession讓步)ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseMeaning-focusedwithemphasisonimplicitcoherence(隱性連貫)Paratactic語義型語言(以意統(tǒng)形)EnglishForm-focusedwithemphasisonexplicitcohesion（顯性聯(lián)接）Hypotactic形態(tài)型語言(以形馭意)Chinese:left-extending,

heavy-headedlikealion

樹一棵樹一棵大樹一棵枝繁葉茂的大樹校園里一棵枝繁葉茂的大樹海事大學(xué)校園里一棵枝繁葉茂的大樹臨港新城海事大學(xué)校園里一棵枝繁葉茂的大樹

……English:right-extending

heavy-tailedlikeapeacockThisisthecat.Thisisthecatthatkilledtherat.Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemalt.Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemaltthatlayinthehouse.ThisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemaltthatlayinthehousethatwasbuiltbyJack.…ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseChinese:left-extending,

heavy-headedlikealion獅子型語言EnglishEnglish:right-extending

heavy-tailedlikeapeacock孔雀型語言我要揍你。你敢！敢又怎么樣？那你就試試吧！試試？哼，你等著瞧！等著瞧？我才不怕呢！不怕，好，那你休想逃走。誰逃了？來呀，你揍?。　癐canlickyou.”“No,youcan’t.”“Yes,Ican.”“No,youcan’t.”“Ican.”“youcan’t.”“Can!”“Can’t!”英語（視點(diǎn)固定)--漢語(視點(diǎn)游移）cancancancancan’tcan’tcan’tcan’t揍敢試瞧怕逃ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChinesemovingpointofsight（視點(diǎn)流動(dòng)）Englishfixedpointofsight（視點(diǎn)固定）Chinese:bamboo-likesentencestructure（竹式結(jié)構(gòu)）從前這里有一個(gè)漁村，村里住著十戶人家，這十戶人家全靠打魚、種地為生，生活艱苦，但很安寧。開始家人是不讓父親抽煙的，得了絕癥后，想開了，抽吧，揀好的買，想抽就抽。Thechunksofasentenceseemtobeconnectedandyetseparated,likesectionsofabamboolinkedbythejointsandyetrelativelyindependentandself-contained.English:tree-likesentencestructure

（樹式結(jié)構(gòu)）

Asanationofgiftedpeoplewhocompriseaboutone-fourthofthetotalpopulationoftheearth,

Chinaplaysinworldaffairsarolethatcanonlygrowmoreimportantintheyearsahead. --JimmyCarter

Branchesandsub-branches:AdverbialsandattributesTrunkline:S+V+(O)ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChinesebamboo-likesentencestructure（竹式結(jié)構(gòu)）

withdifferentsectionslinkedandyetseparatedEnglishtree-likesentencestructure

（樹式結(jié)構(gòu)）withdifferentpartsconnectedlikebranchesandsub-branchestothetrunklineContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseOrderoflinguisticelements:relativelyfixedlikebamboo-making（制竹）

（語序相對(duì)固定）EnglishOrderoflinguisticelements:relativelyflexiblelikeblock-building（積木）（語序相對(duì)靈活）ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseMeaning-focusedwithemphasisonimplicitcoherence(隱性連貫)Paratactic語義型語言(以意統(tǒng)形)EnglishForm-focusedwithemphasisonexplicitcohesion（顯性聯(lián)接）Hypotactic形態(tài)型語言(以形馭意)ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseChinese:left-extending,

heavy-headedlikealion獅子型語言EnglishEnglish:right-extending

heavy-tailedlikeapeacock孔雀型語言ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChinesemovingpointofsight（視點(diǎn)流動(dòng)）Englishfixedpointofsight（視點(diǎn)固定）ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChinesebamboo-likesentencestructure（竹式結(jié)構(gòu)）

withdifferentsectionslinkedandyetseparatedEnglishtree-likesentencestructure

（樹式結(jié)構(gòu)）withdifferentpartsconnectedlikebranchesandsub-branchestothetrunklineContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseOrderoflinguisticelements:relativelyfixedlikebamboo-making（制竹）

（語序相對(duì)固定）EnglishOrderoflinguisticelements:relativelyflexiblelikeblock-building（積木）（語序相對(duì)靈活）ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseAstonishmentandevenhorroroppressedhim.Excitementdeprivedmeofallpowerofutterance.Thesightofthebigtreealwaysremindsmeofmychildhood.他感到驚訝甚至恐懼。我興奮得什么話都說不出來。我一看到那棵大樹就想起了童年的情景。Difference1English:Impersonal(物稱)Chinese:Personal(人稱)ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseTheyarepaidforthis.Thedifficultieshavebeenovercome,andtheproblemsolved.TabletennisisplayedalloverChina.Whyshouldalltheseunpleasantjobsbepushedontome?他們拿錢就是干這事的。困難克服了，問題也解決了。打乒乓球風(fēng)靡中國(guó)。為什么總要把這些麻煩事推給我？Difference2English:Passive(被動(dòng))Chinese:Active(主動(dòng))ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseSheisthebesthaterI’veeverknown.Thereisacryingneedforanewremedy.Itwasonlymycapacityforhardworkthatsavedmefromearlydismissal.我所認(rèn)識(shí)的人中數(shù)她最會(huì)記仇?，F(xiàn)在急需想出新法子來補(bǔ)救。要不是我能干重活，早就給辭退了。Difference3English:Static(靜態(tài))Chinese:Dynamic(動(dòng)態(tài))ContrastBetweenEnglishandChinese2.Theimageoftherollingwatercarryingthemanandhiscarawayinaninstantisstillimprintedonmymind.頃刻之間，滾滾的濁水連人帶車一古腦兒都給沖走了。這情景，直到現(xiàn)在還印在我的腦海里。Difference4English:Complex(繁復(fù))Chinese:Simple(簡(jiǎn)明)ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseHewasimpressedbyDengXiaoping’sflexibility.Theireccentricityoftenmakesyoufrown.Westeppedontothemysteriouslandwithcautionanduneasiness.他對(duì)鄧小平的靈活態(tài)度印象深刻。他們的古怪行為常常令人皺眉。我們懷著謹(jǐn)慎和不安的心情踏上了那片神秘的國(guó)土。Difference5English:Abstract(抽象）Chinese:Concrete（具體）ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseIfyoudon’tcompare,you’reinthedark,butthemomentyoudo,yougetashock.2.AsTomhasfailedtocomeduetohissuddenillness,wehavetoaskyoutotakehisplace.不比不知道，一比嚇一跳。（比較：如果不比，你就不知道，一旦比了，你會(huì)嚇一跳。）湯姆突然病了，沒能來，我們只好請(qǐng)你頂他。（比較：因?yàn)闇吠蝗徊×?，所以他沒能來，因而我們只好請(qǐng)你頂他。）Difference6English:Hypotactic(形合)Chinese:Paratactic(意合)Explicitcohesion

（顯性聯(lián)接）Implicitcoherence

（隱性連貫）ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseHeisasmart,eloquent,uprightandwell-informedlawyer.2.Shewasanintelligent,attractiveandsomewhattemperamentaldaughterofawell-to-dodoctor.他是一位律師，腦子靈，口才好，為人正直，見多識(shí)廣。他是一位律師，聰明、善辯、正直，而且有見識(shí)。她聰明、漂亮、愛耍點(diǎn)小脾氣，是一個(gè)家道小康的醫(yī)生的女兒。Difference7English:plainandChinese:rhythmicandfactualsymmetrical

（講平實(shí)）（重韻律）ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseTheonlookerseesmostofthegame.

旁觀者看比賽更清楚。（當(dāng)局者迷，旁觀者清。）2.Incalamity,oneseesthe