1新疆大學(xué)考博英語歷年考博真題20-21年

1861862020年新疆大學(xué)博士研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題Part ReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestionfouranswersaregiven.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestion.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.Passage1ItwasanormaldayinthelifeoftheAmericanRedCrossinGreaterNewpartofabuildingonWest140thStreet,inHarlem,felldown.Bedstumbledthroughtheair,peopleslidoutoftheirapartmentsandontotheground,threepeopledied,andtheRedCrosswasthere,helpingshockedresidentsfindtemporaryshelter,andfoodandclothing.Thenitwasbackdowntownforthatevening'sbigfund-raiser,theEleventhAnnualRedCrossAwardDinnerDance,atthePierre.“That'swhyIhavebadhairtonight,”saidChristopherPeake,aRedCrossspokesmanwhohadspentmuchofthedayattheHarlemscene,inthedrizzlingrain.Hewasnowinatuxedo,andactuallyhishairdidn'tlooksobad,framedbyacenterpieceoftulipsandjonquils,andperhapsimprovedbysubduedlightingfromeightcrystalchandeliers．Definitelynothavingabad-hairnightwasElizabethDole,thewifeofSenatorRobertDoleandthepresidentoftheAmericanRedCross.PresidentDolehaschestnut-coloredRepublicanhair,whichwassoftlycoifed,andshewaswearingafittedburgundyvelveteveningsuit(“Someonemadeitforme!Ilovevelvet.”sheexclaimed,inherenthusiastic,NorthernCarolinahostessvoice)andsparklingdropearrings.Ofcourse,shehadn'tbeenstandingintheraininHarlem;shehadjustflownuponthethree-o'clockshuttlefromDoleisextremelypretty,withroundgreeneyesandafullmouthandadirectpersonality.Shetiltsherheadattentivelywhenshelistens.Shewastherecipientoftheevening'saward;previousawardwinnershaveincludedAlicePrincessYasminAsaKhan,．．a(chǎn)nd,mostrecently,BrookeAstor.NotexactlyasequenceattheendofwhichyouwouldexpecttofindElizabethDole,butawardgiversarefamousforhavingpoliticalinstinctsaswellasphilanthropicones．Surroundedbythedeep-blueswagsandgoldendraperiesoftheballroomweremorethanthirty-fivedinnertablessetwithgroupingsofcandlesandfloralcenterpiecesandRoyalDoultonchina.AmericanExpresswasthere.SowereBristol-MyersSquibb;Coopers＆theNewYorkTimesCompany;UnionBankofSwitzerland;ChemicalBank;NewYorkLife;...andPriceTheactressArleneDahl,withherratherredhairandherbeardedhusband,presidedoveronetable.Otherwise,itwasatypical,faceless,captain-of-industryfundraiser(nomodels!nostars!),ofwhichthereseemstobeatleastoneeverynightinNewYorkCity.Itwasnotasocietynight,butstilltheeveningraisedfourhundredandthirtythousanddollars．26．Fromwhatwereadwecaninferthat“itwasanormaldayinthelifeoftheAmericanRedCrossinGreaterNewmeansits．dealwiththefailofhousesinthecityeverydayarebusyhelpingpeoplewhosufferfromdisasterseverydayworkduringthedayandtohavebanquetintheeveningeverydaygotoHarlem,thepoorestdistrictofNeweverydayandhelppeoplethere27．Thefund-raisermentionedinthepassagerefersto ．A．RobertDoleB．ElizabethDoleC．theEleventhAnnualRedCrossAwardDinnerDanceD．a(chǎn)llthebusinesscompaniesattendingtheDinnerDance28．ChristopherPeake'shairdidn'tlooksobadbecause hewaswearingahandsometuxedohewaswearingtulipsonhissuithewasseenamongflowershewassittingnearflowersandinverysoft29．ElizabethDole．A．thepresidentoftheAmericanRedCrossandactedattheDinnerasaNorthCarolinahostessB．a(chǎn)republicanandwifeofthepresidentoftheAmericanRedCrossC．thepresidentoftheAmericanRedCrossanditsmainrepresentativeattheAnnualDinnerDanceD．borninNorthCarolina,becameanair-hostessandlatermarriedSenatorRobertDole30．ThepresenceofanactressattheDinnermadethefundraising ．A．lessimpersonal B．a(chǎn)typicalfund-raisingeventC．lesspersonal D．morebusiness-likePassage2Forlaymenethnologyisprobablythemostinterestingofthebiologicalsciencesfortheveryreasonthatitconcernsanimalsintheirnormalactivitiesandtherefore,ifwewish,wecanassessthepossibledangersandadvantagesinourownbehavioralroots.Ethnologyalsoisinterestingmethodologicallybecauseitcombinesinnewwaysveryscrupulousobservationswithexperimentationinlaboratories．Thefieldworkershavehadsomehandicapsinwinningrespectforthemselves.Foralongtimetheywereconsideredaslittlebetterthanamateuranimal-watcherscertainlynotscientists,sincetheirfactswerenotgainedbyexperimentalprocedures:theycouldnotconformtohard-and-fastrulethataproblemsetupandsolvedbyonescientistmustbetestedbyotherscientists,underidenticalconditionsandreachingidenticalresults.Ofcoursemanysituationsinthelivesofanimalssimplycannotberehearsedandcontrolledinthisway.Thefallflockingofwildfreebirdscan'tbe,orthehomingofanimalsoverlongdistances,orevendetailsofspontaneousfamilyrelationships.Sincethesenevercanbereproducedinalaboratory,theythennotworthknowingabout?Theethnologistswhochoosefieldworkhavegotthemselvesoutofthisimpassebygreatlyrefiningthetechniquesofobserving.Atthestartofaprojectalltheanimalstobestudiedarelive-trapped,markedindividually,andreleased.Motionpictures,oftenincolor,providepermanentrecordsoftheirsubsequentactivities.Recordingoftheanimals'voicesbyelectricalsoundequipmentisconsideredessential,andthemostmeticulousnotesarekeptofalloccurs.Withthismaterialotherbiologists,farfromthescene,latercanverifythereports.Moreover,twofieldobserversoftengoouttogether,checkingeachother'sobservationsrightthereinthefield．Ethnology,theword,isderivedfromtheGreekethos,meaningthecharacteristictraitsorfeatureswhichdistinguishanyparticulargroupofpeopleor,inbiology,agroupofanimalssuchasaspecies.Ethnologistshavetheintentionofstudying“thewholesequenceofactswhichconstituteananimal'sbehavior.”Inabridgeddictionariesethnologyissometimesdefinedsimplyas“theobjectivestudyofanimalbehavior,”andethnologistsdoemphasizetheirtoeliminatemyths．Inthefirstsentence,theword“l(fā)aymen”A．peoplewhostandasidepeoplewhoarenottrainedasbiologistspeoplewhoareamateurbiologistspeoplewholoveanimalsAccordingtothepassage,ethnologyisA．a(chǎn)newbranchofbiologyB．a(chǎn)noldGreekscienceC．a(chǎn)pseudo-scienceD．a(chǎn)scienceforamateurs“Thefieldworkershavehandicapsinwinningrespectforthemselves.”ThissentencemeansA．ethnologistswhenworkinginthefieldarehandicappedB．ethnologistshaveproblemsinwinningrecognitionasscientistsC．ethnologistsarelookeddownuponwhentheyworkinthefieldD．ethnologistsmeetwithlotsofdifficultieswhendoingfieldworkAccordingtotheexplanationofthescientificruleofexperimentinthepassage,“hard-and-fast”meansexperimentproceduresaredifficultandquicktofollowmustbecarriedoutinastrictandquickwaymustbefollowedstrictlytoavoidfalseandlooseresultshardandunreasonableforscientiststoobserve35．The meaningof the underlinedwords in“thedetailsof spontaneousrelationships”canbeexpressedasnaturalfamilyrelationshipsquicklyoccurringfamilyrelationshipsanimalsactinglikeanaturalfamilyanimalfamilybehaviorthatcannotbepreplannedorcontrolledPassage3Thesinglegreatestshiftinthehistoryofmass-communicationtechnologyoccurredinthe15thcenturyandwaswelldescribedbyVictorHugoinafamouschapterof“NotreDamedeParis.Itwasacathedra.Onallpartsofthegiantbuildin,statuaryandstonerepresentationsofeverykind,combinedwithhugewindowsofstainedglass,toldthestoriesoftheBibleandthesaints,displayedtheintricaciesofChristiantheology,advertedtotheexistenceofhighlyunpleasantdemonicwingedcreatures,referreddiplomaticallytothemajestiesofpoliticalpower,and,inaddition,bymeansofbellsinbelltowers,toldtimeforthebenefitofallofParisandmuchofFrance.Itwasanawesomeengineofcommunication．Thencamethetransitiontosomethingstillmoreawesome.Thenewtechnologyofmasscommunicationwasportable,couldsitonyourtable,andwaseasilyreplicable,andparadoxically,containedmoreinformation,moresystematicallypresented,thaneventhelargestofcathedrals.Itwastheprintedbook.Thoughitprovidednobellsandcouldnottelltime,theover-allsuperiorityofthenewinventionwasunmistakable．Inthelasttenortwentyyears,wehavebeenundergoingamoreorlessequivalentshift-thistimetoanewlifeasacomputer-usingpopulation.Thegaininportability,capability,ease,orderliness,accuracy,reliability,andinformation-storageoveranythingachievablebypenscribbling,typewriting,andcabinetfilingisrecognizedbyall.Theprogressforisundeniableand,plainly,irreversible.justasthebook'striumphoverthecathedraldividedpeopleintotwogroups,oneofwhichprospered,whiletheotherlapsedintogloom,thecomputer'striumphhasalsodividedthehumanrace．Youhaveonlytobringacomputerintoaroomtoseethatsomepeoplebeginatoncetobuzzwithcuriosityandexcitement,sitdowntoconductexperiments,ohandahattheboxesandbeeps,andmastertheuseofthecomputeroranewprogramasquicklyasathletesplayingadelightfulnewgame.Buthowdifficultitis-howgrimandfrightfulfortheotherpeople,thedefeatedclass,whosetemperamentdoesnotnaturallyrespondtocomputers.Themachinewhirrsandglowsbeforethemandtheirfacestwitch.Theymaybesplendidlyeducated,asmeasuredbybook-reading,yettheirinstinctsareallwrong,andnoamountofmanual-studyingandmouse-clickingwillmakethemright.Computersrequireasharplydifferentsetofaptitudes,and,iftheaptitudesaremissing,littlecanbedone,andmiseryisguaranteed．Isthecomputerindustryawarethatcomputershavedividedmankindintotwonew,previouslyunknownclasses,thecomputerpersonalitiesandthenon-computerpersonalities?theindustryknowsthis.Vastsumshavebeenexpendedinordertoadaptthecomputertothelimitationsofnoncomputerpersonalities.Apple'sMacintosh,withitszoominganimationsandpull-downmenusandlittlepicturesoffilefoldersandwatchfacesandtrashcans,pointedtheway.Suchseductionshavesoothedtheapprehensionsofacertainnumberofthecomputer-averse.Thisspring,thecomputerindustry'seffortsarereachingaculminationofsons.Microsoft,BillGates'giantcorporation,istobringoutaprogrampackagecalledMicrosoftBob,designedbyMr.Gates'wife,MelindaFrench,andintendedtorendercomputertechnologyavailableeventopeoplewhoareopenlyterrifiedofcomputers.Bob'sprincipleistotaketheseveraltasksofoperatingacomputer,renametheminafolksystyle,andassigntothemtheimagesofanidealroominanidealhome,withfurnitureandbookshelves,andwithchummycartoonhelpers(“FriendsofBob”)toguidethecomputeruserovertheroughspots,and,inthatsimulateanatmospherethatfeelsnothinglikecomputers．36．Accordingtothispassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?ItisbecausethecathedralofNotre-DameinParishadmanybell-towersandcouldtelltimetopeoplethatthewriterregardsitasanengineofmasscommunication．Fromcathedralstobookstocomputersthetechnologyofcommunicationhasbecomemoreconvenient,reliableandfast．CEverytimewhenanewcommunicationmeanstriumphedovertheol,itdividedmankindintotwogroups．D．Computerindustryhasbeentryingbardtomakepeopleacceptcomputers．37．Theprintedbookismoreprogressivethanthecathedralasacommunicationmeans,because ．itcouldsitonyourtableanddidnolongertelltimeitwasmorereliableanddidnottellthestoriesofsaintsanddemonsitwassmall,yetcontainedmoreinformationitdidnotflatterreligiousandpoliticalpowerTheword“awesome”inthepassagemeans ．A．frightening B．causingfearandrespectC．a(chǎn)mazinglynew D．a(chǎn)wfulPeoplewhofeelmiserablewithcomputersarethose ．A．wholovereadinghooksandwritingwithapenoratypewriterwhopossessthewrongaptitudesofdislikingandfearingnewthingswhohavenotbeentrainedtousecomputerswhoarebornwithatemperamentthatdoesnotrespondtocomputers40．MelindaFrenchdesignedMicrosoftBobwhichwastoeasethemiseryofcomputerusers．makingusersfeelthattheyarenotdealingwithmachinesmakingtheprogrammoreconvenientandcartoon-likeaddinghomepicturestotheprogramdesignrenamingthecomputertasksinafolksystyleDirections:Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthenparaphrasethenumberedandunderlinedparts.meanstoexplainthemeaninginyourownEnglish.)Charmistheultimateweapon,thesupremeseduction,againstwhichtherearefewdefenses.Ifyou'vegotit,youneedalmostnothingelse,neithermoney,looks,norpedigree.Itisagift-onlygiventogiveaway,andthemoreusedthemorethereis.Itisalsoaclimateofbehaviorsetforperpetualsummerandcontrolledbytasteandtact．Realcharmisdynamic,anenvelopingspellwhichmysteriouslyenslavesthesenses.Itisaninnerlight,fedonreservoirsofbenevolencewhichwelluplikeathermalspring.Itisunconscious,oftennothingbutthewishtoplease,andcannotbeturnedonandoffatwill．(42)Yourecognizecharmbythefeelingyougetinitspresence.Youknowwhohasit.Butcanyougetittoo?Probably,youcan't,becauseit'saquicknessofspirit,anoriginalityoftouchyouhavetobebornwith.Orit'ssomethingthatgrowsnaturallyoutofanotherquality,likethesimpledesiretomakepeoplehappy.Certainly,charmisnotaquestionoflearningtricks,likewrinklingyournose,orhavingalaughinyourvoice,orgailytossingyourhairoutofyourdancingeyes.(43)Suchsigns,tothenervous,areominouswarningswhichmaywellsendhimstreakingforcover.Ontheotherhand,thereisanantenna,abuilt-inawarenessofothers,whichmostpeoplehave,andwhichcarecannourish．Butinastudyofcharm,whatelsedoesonelookfor?Apartfromtheabilitytolistenrarestofallhumanvirtuesandmostdifficulttosustainwithoutvaguenessapartfromwarmth,sensitivity,andthepowertoplease,whatelseistherevisible?(44)Agenerosity,Isuppose,whichmakesnodemands,atransactionwhichstrikesnobargains,whichdoesn'tholditselfbacktillyou'vefilledupatest-cardmakingitdearthatyou'reworththetrouble.Charmcan'twithhold,butspendsitselfwillinglyonyoungandoldalike,onthepoor,theugly,thedim,theboring,onthelastfatmaninthecomer.revealsitselfalsoinasenseofease,incasualbutperfectmanners,andofteninaphysicalgracewhichspringslessfromanaccidentofyouththanfromaconfidentserenityofmind.Anypersonwiththisismorethanjustapopularfellow,heisalsoasocialhealer．PartⅣ ClozeTestDirections:FillineachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassagewithONEsuitabletocompletethepassage.PutyouranswersintheANSWERSHEET.Onewayofimprovingone'swritingistogetintothehabitofkeepingarecordofyourobservations,ofstoring 46 inanotebookorjournal.Youshouldmakenoteonexperiencesandonyour 47 ofeverydaylifesothattheyarepreserved.Itissad 48 beabletoretrievealostideathatseemedbrilliantwhenitflashedacrossyour 49 ,oraforgottenfactthatyouneedtomakeapointinanargumentortoillustrateaconclusion.Thejournalhabithasstill 50 value.Just 51 youneedtorecordobservations-hematerialforwriting,youneedtopracticeputtingthoughtsonpaper.Learningtowriteismorelikelearningtoski 52 itislikestudyingcalculusoranthropology.Practicehelpsyoudiscoverwaystoimprove.Writingdownideasforyourownuseforcesyoutoexaminethem.Puttingthoughtsonpaperforsomeoneelsetoread 53 youtoevaluatenot 54 thecontentyousaybutalsotheexpression 55 yousayit.Manyratershavebenefitedfromthishabit．Part Ⅴ ProofreadingDirections:Thispartconsistsofashortpassage.Inthispassage,therearealtogether20mistakes,oneineachunderlinedsentenceorpartofasentence.YoumayhavetochangeaaddawordorjustdeleteaIfyouchangeacrossitoutwithaslash(□andwritethecorrectIfyouaddawritethemissingwordbetweenthewords(inbracket)immediatelybeforeandafterit.Ifyoudeleteacrossitoutwithaslash(□PutyouranswersintheANSWERSHEET.(20Examples:eg.1.(56)Themeetingbegun2hoursago．CorrectionintheANSWERSHEET:(56)eg.2.(57)Scarcelytheysettledthemselvesintheirseatsinthetheatrewhenthecurtainwentup．CorrectionintheANSWERSHEET:(57)(Scarcely)had(they)eg.3.(58)NeverwillInotdoitagainCorrectionintheANSWERSHEET:(58)“Humanism”hasusedtomeantoomanything,tobeaverysatisfactoryterm.Nevertheless,andinthelackofabetterword,Ishalluseitheretoexplainforthecomplexofattitudeswhichthisdiscussionhasundertakentodefend．(59)Inthissenseahumanistisanyonewhoreiectstheattempttodescribeoraccountofmanwhollyonthebasisofphysics,chemistry,andanimalbehavior.Heisanyonewhobelievesthatwill,reason,andpurposearerealandsignificant:thatvalueandjusticeareaspectsofarealitycalledgoodandevilandrestsuponsomefoundationotherthancustom;thatconsciousnessissofarfromamereepiphenomenonthatitisthemosttremendousofactualities;thattheunmeasured,maybesignificant;ortosumitallup;thatthosehumanrealitieswhichsometimesseemtoexistonlyinhumanmindaretheperceptionsofthemind．Heis,inotherwords,anyonewhosaysthattherearemorethingsinheavenandearththanthosedreamedofinthepositivistphilosophy．Originally,tobesure,thetermhumanistmeantsimplyanyonewhothoughtthestudyofancientliteraturehischiefconcern.Obviouslyitmeans,asIuseit,verymuchmore.(66)ButthereremainsneverthelessacertainconnectionbetweentheaboriginalmeaningandthatIamattemptingtogiveit,(67)becausethosewhomIdescribeashumanistsusuallyrecognizethatliteratureandtheartshavebeenprettyconsistently“onitsside”andbecauseitisoftenliteraturethattheyturntorenewtheirfaithinthewholeclassoftruthswhichthemodemworldhassoconsistentlytended,todismissasthemerefigmentsofawishfulthinkingimagination．(69)Insofarasthismodernworldgiveslessandlessattentiontoitsliterarypast,insofarasitdismissesthatpastassomethingoutgrowand(70)tobediscardedasmuchastheimperfecttechnologycontemporarywithithasbeendiscarded,justtothatextentitfacilitatethesurrenderofhumanismtotechnology.Theliteratureistobefound,directlyexpressedormoreoftenindirectlyimplied,themosteffectivecorrectiontotheviewsnowmostprevalentamongthethinkingandunthinking．(74)Thegreatimaginativewriterspresentapictureofhumannatureandofhumanlifewhichcarriesconvictionandthusgivingthelietoallattemptstoreducemantoamechanism.Novelsandpoems,anddramasaresopersistentlyconcernedwiththevalueswhichrelativismrejectsthatonemightevendefineliteratureastheattempttopassvaluejudgmentsuponrepresentationsofhumanlife.Moreoftenthannotthoseofitsimaginativepersonswhofailtoachievepowerandwealtharemoresuccessfulthanthosewhodonot-bystandardstheimaginativewriterpersuadesustoacceptasvalid．PartⅥWritingDirections:Writeashortcompositionofabout250to300wordsonthetopicgivenbelow.(15%)Whatisthemosturgentissuefacingtheworldpeopleinthe21stcentury?Stateyourreasons．2021年新疆大學(xué)博士研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題Part ReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestionfouranswersaregiven.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestion.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.Passage1Inoursocietytherazorofnecessitycutsclose.Youmustmakeabucktosurvivetheday.Youmustworktomakeabuck.Thejobisoftenachore,rarelyadelight.Nomatterhowdemeaningthetask,nomatterhowitdullsthesensesorbreaksthespirit,onework.Latelytherehasbeenaquestioningofthis“workethic”,especiallybytheyoung.Strangelyenough,ithastouchedoffprofoundgrievancesinothershithertosilentandanonymous．Unexpectedprecinctsarebeingheardfrominashowofdiscontentbybluecollarandwhite.Ontheeveningbusthetense,pinchedfacesofyoungfileclerksandelderlysecretariestellusmorethanwecaretoknow.Ontheexpresswaysmiddle-managementmenposewithoutgracebehindtheirwheels,astheyfleecityandjob．Inall,thereismorethanaslightache.Andtheredanglestheimpertinentquestion:Shouldtherenotbeanotherincrement,earnedthoughnotyetreceived,toone'sdailywork-anacknowledgmentofaman'sbeing?Infact,whatallofusarelookingforisacalling,notjustajob.Jobsalonearenotbeingenoughforpeople．“Inoursocietytherazorofnecessitycutsclose”inthefirstlinemeans A．thereisashortageofdailynecessitiespeoplefighteachotherfornecessitiesmostpeoplefeelthefinancialpressureeveryonelivesahardlifeThe“workethic”referredtointhefirstparagraphcanbeinterpretedas A．oneworksmainlytokeepbodyandsoultogetheronemustworknotonlyformoney,butalsofordelightonemustunderstandthatjobsaschoresoneshouldearnasmuchmoneyadayaspossible28．Middle-managementmenfleecityandjobbecause A．theyhavelosttheirgracetheyaretiredbythelongday'sworktheydon'twanttoseethetenseandpinchedfacesoftheirclerksandsecretariestheyarefrightenedbytheprofoundgrievancesshownbytheyoungpeople29．Thephrase“increment,earnedthoughnotreceived”inthethirdparagraphmeans ．moneyonehasearnedandwillbepaidlatermoneyonehasearned,butwillnotbepaidtohim/hersomethingthatoneearnsthroughajob,butisnotcountedintermsofpayD．somethingthatoneearnsthathasnothingtodowithhisorherjob30．Themainideaofthispassageis ．inmodernsocietypeopleareundergreatworkpressurenowadayspeoplewanttoenjoylifemorethandohardworkworkshouldbetopeoplemorethanjustameanstosurvivemorejobsofdelightshouldbecreatedforpeoplePassage2Justiceinsocietymustincludebothafairtrialtotheaccusedandtheselectionofanappropriatepunishmentforthoseprovenguilty.Becausejusticeisregardedasoneformofequality,wefindinitsearlierexpressionstheideaofapunishmentequaltothecrime.RecordedintheBibleistheexpression“aneyeforaneye,andatoothforatooth.”Thatis,theindividualwhohasdonewronghascommittedanoffenseagainstsociety.Tomakerepaymentforthisoffense,societymustgetequallybalanced,whichcanbedoneonlybyimposinganequalinjuryuponhim.Thisconceptionofdeserved-punishmentjusticeisreflectedinmanypartsofthelegalcodesandproceduresofmoderntimes,whichisillustratedwhenwedemandthedeathpenaltyforapersonwhohascommittedmurder.ThisphilosophyofpunishmentwassupportedbytheGermanidealistHegel,whobelievedthatsocietyowedittothecriminaltoputintooperationapunishmentequaltothecrimehehadcommitted.Thecriminalhadbyhisownactionsdeniedhistrueselfanditisnecessarytodosomethingthatwilleliminatethisdentalandrestoretheselfthathasbeendenied.Tothemurderernothinglessthangivinguphislifewillpayhisdebt.Thedemandforthedeathpenaltyisarightthestateowesthecriminalanditshouldnotdenyhimwhathedeserves．Modernjuristshavetriedtoreplacedeserved-punishmentjusticewiththenotionofcorrectivejustice.Theaimofthelatterisnottoabandontheconceptofequalitybuttofindamoreadequatewaytoexpressit.Ittriestopreservetheideaofequalopportunityforeachindividualtorealizethebestthatisinhim.Thisdoesnotmeanthatcriminalswillescapepunishmentorbequicklyreturnedtotakeupcareersofcrime.Itmeansthatjusticeistohealtheindividual,notsimplytogetevenwithhim.Therefore,hisconvictionofcrimemustnotdeprivehimoftheopportunitytomakehiswayinthesocietyofwhichheisapart．31．AccordingtotheBible,theconceptofequalityinjusticemeans ．A．a(chǎn)criminalmustbeseverelypunishedB．a(chǎn)criminalmustbegivenapunishmentthatisexactlythesameasthecrimehehasdone

C．a(chǎn)criminalmustbegivenapunishmentthathedeservesD．a(chǎn)criminalmustpayforhiscrimewithhiseyesand32．Theresultofdeserved-punishmentjusticeis ．A．thecriminal'swinningofatruelifethecriminal'stakingdeathpenaltyforthecrimecommittedbyhimthecriminal'sdenialofhistrueselftherestorationofthecriminal'sguiltyselftotheselfbeforethecrimeInthesentence:“societyowedittothecriminaltoputintooperationapunishmentequaltothecrimehehadcommitted”theunderlinedpartcanbeinterpretedas:society A．wasindebttothecriminalandmustputhimintooperationasapunishmentshouldconsiderpunishmentassomethingitmustdosothatthecriminalcangetbackforhiscrimeowedthecriminalequalityandmustfirstshowitinactionowedanoperationofequalcrimetothecriminalThemaindifferencebetweendeserved-punishmentandcorrectivejusticeis A．thelatterisfornon-punishmentequalitythelatterhates“aneyeforaneye”equalityofpunishmentthelatterplacesthecriminal'sequalrightsinlifeaboveeverythingelsethelatterfocusesonbothreformin