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1861862020年新疆大學(xué)博士研究生入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)試題Part ReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestionfouranswersaregiven.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestion.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.Passage1ItwasanormaldayinthelifeoftheAmericanRedCrossinGreaterNewpartofabuildingonWest140thStreet,inHarlem,felldown.Bedstumbledthroughtheair,peopleslidoutoftheirapartmentsandontotheground,threepeopledied,andtheRedCrosswasthere,helpingshockedresidentsfindtemporaryshelter,andfoodandclothing.Thenitwasbackdowntownforthatevening'sbigfund-raiser,theEleventhAnnualRedCrossAwardDinnerDance,atthePierre.“That'swhyIhavebadhairtonight,”saidChristopherPeake,aRedCrossspokesmanwhohadspentmuchofthedayattheHarlemscene,inthedrizzlingrain.Hewasnowinatuxedo,andactuallyhishairdidn'tlooksobad,framedbyacenterpieceoftulipsandjonquils,andperhapsimprovedbysubduedlightingfromeightcrystalchandeliers.Definitelynothavingabad-hairnightwasElizabethDole,thewifeofSenatorRobertDoleandthepresidentoftheAmericanRedCross.PresidentDolehaschestnut-coloredRepublicanhair,whichwassoftlycoifed,andshewaswearingafittedburgundyvelveteveningsuit(“Someonemadeitforme!Ilovevelvet.”sheexclaimed,inherenthusiastic,NorthernCarolinahostessvoice)andsparklingdropearrings.Ofcourse,shehadn'tbeenstandingintheraininHarlem;shehadjustflownuponthethree-o'clockshuttlefromDoleisextremelypretty,withroundgreeneyesandafullmouthandadirectpersonality.Shetiltsherheadattentivelywhenshelistens.Shewastherecipientoftheevening'saward;previousawardwinnershaveincludedAlicePrincessYasminAsaKhan,..a(chǎn)nd,mostrecently,BrookeAstor.NotexactlyasequenceattheendofwhichyouwouldexpecttofindElizabethDole,butawardgiversarefamousforhavingpoliticalinstinctsaswellasphilanthropicones.Surroundedbythedeep-blueswagsandgoldendraperiesoftheballroomweremorethanthirty-fivedinnertablessetwithgroupingsofcandlesandfloralcenterpiecesandRoyalDoultonchina.AmericanExpresswasthere.SowereBristol-MyersSquibb;Coopers&theNewYorkTimesCompany;UnionBankofSwitzerland;ChemicalBank;NewYorkLife;...andPriceTheactressArleneDahl,withherratherredhairandherbeardedhusband,presidedoveronetable.Otherwise,itwasatypical,faceless,captain-of-industryfundraiser(nomodels!nostars!),ofwhichthereseemstobeatleastoneeverynightinNewYorkCity.Itwasnotasocietynight,butstilltheeveningraisedfourhundredandthirtythousanddollars.26.Fromwhatwereadwecaninferthat“itwasanormaldayinthelifeoftheAmericanRedCrossinGreaterNewmeansits.dealwiththefailofhousesinthecityeverydayarebusyhelpingpeoplewhosufferfromdisasterseverydayworkduringthedayandtohavebanquetintheeveningeverydaygotoHarlem,thepoorestdistrictofNeweverydayandhelppeoplethere27.Thefund-raisermentionedinthepassagerefersto .A.RobertDoleB.ElizabethDoleC.theEleventhAnnualRedCrossAwardDinnerDanceD.a(chǎn)llthebusinesscompaniesattendingtheDinnerDance28.ChristopherPeake'shairdidn'tlooksobadbecause hewaswearingahandsometuxedohewaswearingtulipsonhissuithewasseenamongflowershewassittingnearflowersandinverysoft29.ElizabethDole.A.thepresidentoftheAmericanRedCrossandactedattheDinnerasaNorthCarolinahostessB.a(chǎn)republicanandwifeofthepresidentoftheAmericanRedCrossC.thepresidentoftheAmericanRedCrossanditsmainrepresentativeattheAnnualDinnerDanceD.borninNorthCarolina,becameanair-hostessandlatermarriedSenatorRobertDole30.ThepresenceofanactressattheDinnermadethefundraising .A.lessimpersonal B.a(chǎn)typicalfund-raisingeventC.lesspersonal D.morebusiness-likePassage2Forlaymenethnologyisprobablythemostinterestingofthebiologicalsciencesfortheveryreasonthatitconcernsanimalsintheirnormalactivitiesandtherefore,ifwewish,wecanassessthepossibledangersandadvantagesinourownbehavioralroots.Ethnologyalsoisinterestingmethodologicallybecauseitcombinesinnewwaysveryscrupulousobservationswithexperimentationinlaboratories.Thefieldworkershavehadsomehandicapsinwinningrespectforthemselves.Foralongtimetheywereconsideredaslittlebetterthanamateuranimal-watcherscertainlynotscientists,sincetheirfactswerenotgainedbyexperimentalprocedures:theycouldnotconformtohard-and-fastrulethataproblemsetupandsolvedbyonescientistmustbetestedbyotherscientists,underidenticalconditionsandreachingidenticalresults.Ofcoursemanysituationsinthelivesofanimalssimplycannotberehearsedandcontrolledinthisway.Thefallflockingofwildfreebirdscan'tbe,orthehomingofanimalsoverlongdistances,orevendetailsofspontaneousfamilyrelationships.Sincethesenevercanbereproducedinalaboratory,theythennotworthknowingabout?Theethnologistswhochoosefieldworkhavegotthemselvesoutofthisimpassebygreatlyrefiningthetechniquesofobserving.Atthestartofaprojectalltheanimalstobestudiedarelive-trapped,markedindividually,andreleased.Motionpictures,oftenincolor,providepermanentrecordsoftheirsubsequentactivities.Recordingoftheanimals'voicesbyelectricalsoundequipmentisconsideredessential,andthemostmeticulousnotesarekeptofalloccurs.Withthismaterialotherbiologists,farfromthescene,latercanverifythereports.Moreover,twofieldobserversoftengoouttogether,checkingeachother'sobservationsrightthereinthefield.Ethnology,theword,isderivedfromtheGreekethos,meaningthecharacteristictraitsorfeatureswhichdistinguishanyparticulargroupofpeopleor,inbiology,agroupofanimalssuchasaspecies.Ethnologistshavetheintentionofstudying“thewholesequenceofactswhichconstituteananimal'sbehavior.”Inabridgeddictionariesethnologyissometimesdefinedsimplyas“theobjectivestudyofanimalbehavior,”andethnologistsdoemphasizetheirtoeliminatemyths.Inthefirstsentence,theword“l(fā)aymen”A.peoplewhostandasidepeoplewhoarenottrainedasbiologistspeoplewhoareamateurbiologistspeoplewholoveanimalsAccordingtothepassage,ethnologyisA.a(chǎn)newbranchofbiologyB.a(chǎn)noldGreekscienceC.a(chǎn)pseudo-scienceD.a(chǎn)scienceforamateurs“Thefieldworkershavehandicapsinwinningrespectforthemselves.”ThissentencemeansA.ethnologistswhenworkinginthefieldarehandicappedB.ethnologistshaveproblemsinwinningrecognitionasscientistsC.ethnologistsarelookeddownuponwhentheyworkinthefieldD.ethnologistsmeetwithlotsofdifficultieswhendoingfieldworkAccordingtotheexplanationofthescientificruleofexperimentinthepassage,“hard-and-fast”meansexperimentproceduresaredifficultandquicktofollowmustbecarriedoutinastrictandquickwaymustbefollowedstrictlytoavoidfalseandlooseresultshardandunreasonableforscientiststoobserve35.The meaningof the underlinedwords in“thedetailsof spontaneousrelationships”canbeexpressedasnaturalfamilyrelationshipsquicklyoccurringfamilyrelationshipsanimalsactinglikeanaturalfamilyanimalfamilybehaviorthatcannotbepreplannedorcontrolledPassage3Thesinglegreatestshiftinthehistoryofmass-communicationtechnologyoccurredinthe15thcenturyandwaswelldescribedbyVictorHugoinafamouschapterof“NotreDamedeParis.Itwasacathedra.Onallpartsofthegiantbuildin,statuaryandstonerepresentationsofeverykind,combinedwithhugewindowsofstainedglass,toldthestoriesoftheBibleandthesaints,displayedtheintricaciesofChristiantheology,advertedtotheexistenceofhighlyunpleasantdemonicwingedcreatures,referreddiplomaticallytothemajestiesofpoliticalpower,and,inaddition,bymeansofbellsinbelltowers,toldtimeforthebenefitofallofParisandmuchofFrance.Itwasanawesomeengineofcommunication.Thencamethetransitiontosomethingstillmoreawesome.Thenewtechnologyofmasscommunicationwasportable,couldsitonyourtable,andwaseasilyreplicable,andparadoxically,containedmoreinformation,moresystematicallypresented,thaneventhelargestofcathedrals.Itwastheprintedbook.Thoughitprovidednobellsandcouldnottelltime,theover-allsuperiorityofthenewinventionwasunmistakable.Inthelasttenortwentyyears,wehavebeenundergoingamoreorlessequivalentshift-thistimetoanewlifeasacomputer-usingpopulation.Thegaininportability,capability,ease,orderliness,accuracy,reliability,andinformation-storageoveranythingachievablebypenscribbling,typewriting,andcabinetfilingisrecognizedbyall.Theprogressforisundeniableand,plainly,irreversible.justasthebook'striumphoverthecathedraldividedpeopleintotwogroups,oneofwhichprospered,whiletheotherlapsedintogloom,thecomputer'striumphhasalsodividedthehumanrace.Youhaveonlytobringacomputerintoaroomtoseethatsomepeoplebeginatoncetobuzzwithcuriosityandexcitement,sitdowntoconductexperiments,ohandahattheboxesandbeeps,andmastertheuseofthecomputeroranewprogramasquicklyasathletesplayingadelightfulnewgame.Buthowdifficultitis-howgrimandfrightfulfortheotherpeople,thedefeatedclass,whosetemperamentdoesnotnaturallyrespondtocomputers.Themachinewhirrsandglowsbeforethemandtheirfacestwitch.Theymaybesplendidlyeducated,asmeasuredbybook-reading,yettheirinstinctsareallwrong,andnoamountofmanual-studyingandmouse-clickingwillmakethemright.Computersrequireasharplydifferentsetofaptitudes,and,iftheaptitudesaremissing,littlecanbedone,andmiseryisguaranteed.Isthecomputerindustryawarethatcomputershavedividedmankindintotwonew,previouslyunknownclasses,thecomputerpersonalitiesandthenon-computerpersonalities?theindustryknowsthis.Vastsumshavebeenexpendedinordertoadaptthecomputertothelimitationsofnoncomputerpersonalities.Apple'sMacintosh,withitszoominganimationsandpull-downmenusandlittlepicturesoffilefoldersandwatchfacesandtrashcans,pointedtheway.Suchseductionshavesoothedtheapprehensionsofacertainnumberofthecomputer-averse.Thisspring,thecomputerindustry'seffortsarereachingaculminationofsons.Microsoft,BillGates'giantcorporation,istobringoutaprogrampackagecalledMicrosoftBob,designedbyMr.Gates'wife,MelindaFrench,andintendedtorendercomputertechnologyavailableeventopeoplewhoareopenlyterrifiedofcomputers.Bob'sprincipleistotaketheseveraltasksofoperatingacomputer,renametheminafolksystyle,andassigntothemtheimagesofanidealroominanidealhome,withfurnitureandbookshelves,andwithchummycartoonhelpers(“FriendsofBob”)toguidethecomputeruserovertheroughspots,and,inthatsimulateanatmospherethatfeelsnothinglikecomputers.36.Accordingtothispassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?ItisbecausethecathedralofNotre-DameinParishadmanybell-towersandcouldtelltimetopeoplethatthewriterregardsitasanengineofmasscommunication.Fromcathedralstobookstocomputersthetechnologyofcommunicationhasbecomemoreconvenient,reliableandfast.CEverytimewhenanewcommunicationmeanstriumphedovertheol,itdividedmankindintotwogroups.D.Computerindustryhasbeentryingbardtomakepeopleacceptcomputers.37.Theprintedbookismoreprogressivethanthecathedralasacommunicationmeans,because .itcouldsitonyourtableanddidnolongertelltimeitwasmorereliableanddidnottellthestoriesofsaintsanddemonsitwassmall,yetcontainedmoreinformationitdidnotflatterreligiousandpoliticalpowerTheword“awesome”inthepassagemeans .A.frightening B.causingfearandrespectC.a(chǎn)mazinglynew D.a(chǎn)wfulPeoplewhofeelmiserablewithcomputersarethose .A.wholovereadinghooksandwritingwithapenoratypewriterwhopossessthewrongaptitudesofdislikingandfearingnewthingswhohavenotbeentrainedtousecomputerswhoarebornwithatemperamentthatdoesnotrespondtocomputers40.MelindaFrenchdesignedMicrosoftBobwhichwastoeasethemiseryofcomputerusers.makingusersfeelthattheyarenotdealingwithmachinesmakingtheprogrammoreconvenientandcartoon-likeaddinghomepicturestotheprogramdesignrenamingthecomputertasksinafolksystyleDirections:Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthenparaphrasethenumberedandunderlinedparts.meanstoexplainthemeaninginyourownEnglish.)Charmistheultimateweapon,thesupremeseduction,againstwhichtherearefewdefenses.Ifyou'vegotit,youneedalmostnothingelse,neithermoney,looks,norpedigree.Itisagift-onlygiventogiveaway,andthemoreusedthemorethereis.Itisalsoaclimateofbehaviorsetforperpetualsummerandcontrolledbytasteandtact.Realcharmisdynamic,anenvelopingspellwhichmysteriouslyenslavesthesenses.Itisaninnerlight,fedonreservoirsofbenevolencewhichwelluplikeathermalspring.Itisunconscious,oftennothingbutthewishtoplease,andcannotbeturnedonandoffatwill.(42)Yourecognizecharmbythefeelingyougetinitspresence.Youknowwhohasit.Butcanyougetittoo?Probably,youcan't,becauseit'saquicknessofspirit,anoriginalityoftouchyouhavetobebornwith.Orit'ssomethingthatgrowsnaturallyoutofanotherquality,likethesimpledesiretomakepeoplehappy.Certainly,charmisnotaquestionoflearningtricks,likewrinklingyournose,orhavingalaughinyourvoice,orgailytossingyourhairoutofyourdancingeyes.(43)Suchsigns,tothenervous,areominouswarningswhichmaywellsendhimstreakingforcover.Ontheotherhand,thereisanantenna,abuilt-inawarenessofothers,whichmostpeoplehave,andwhichcarecannourish.Butinastudyofcharm,whatelsedoesonelookfor?Apartfromtheabilitytolistenrarestofallhumanvirtuesandmostdifficulttosustainwithoutvaguenessapartfromwarmth,sensitivity,andthepowertoplease,whatelseistherevisible?(44)Agenerosity,Isuppose,whichmakesnodemands,atransactionwhichstrikesnobargains,whichdoesn'tholditselfbacktillyou'vefilledupatest-cardmakingitdearthatyou'reworththetrouble.Charmcan'twithhold,butspendsitselfwillinglyonyoungandoldalike,onthepoor,theugly,thedim,theboring,onthelastfatmaninthecomer.revealsitselfalsoinasenseofease,incasualbutperfectmanners,andofteninaphysicalgracewhichspringslessfromanaccidentofyouththanfromaconfidentserenityofmind.Anypersonwiththisismorethanjustapopularfellow,heisalsoasocialhealer.PartⅣ ClozeTestDirections:FillineachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassagewithONEsuitabletocompletethepassage.PutyouranswersintheANSWERSHEET.Onewayofimprovingone'swritingistogetintothehabitofkeepingarecordofyourobservations,ofstoring 46 inanotebookorjournal.Youshouldmakenoteonexperiencesandonyour 47 ofeverydaylifesothattheyarepreserved.Itissad 48 beabletoretrievealostideathatseemedbrilliantwhenitflashedacrossyour 49 ,oraforgottenfactthatyouneedtomakeapointinanargumentortoillustrateaconclusion.Thejournalhabithasstill 50 value.Just 51 youneedtorecordobservations-hematerialforwriting,youneedtopracticeputtingthoughtsonpaper.Learningtowriteismorelikelearningtoski 52 itislikestudyingcalculusoranthropology.Practicehelpsyoudiscoverwaystoimprove.Writingdownideasforyourownuseforcesyoutoexaminethem.Puttingthoughtsonpaperforsomeoneelsetoread 53 youtoevaluatenot 54 thecontentyousaybutalsotheexpression 55 yousayit.Manyratershavebenefitedfromthishabit.Part Ⅴ ProofreadingDirections:Thispartconsistsofashortpassage.Inthispassage,therearealtogether20mistakes,oneineachunderlinedsentenceorpartofasentence.YoumayhavetochangeaaddawordorjustdeleteaIfyouchangeacrossitoutwithaslash(□andwritethecorrectIfyouaddawritethemissingwordbetweenthewords(inbracket)immediatelybeforeandafterit.Ifyoudeleteacrossitoutwithaslash(□PutyouranswersintheANSWERSHEET.(20Examples:eg.1.(56)Themeetingbegun2hoursago.CorrectionintheANSWERSHEET:(56)eg.2.(57)Scarcelytheysettledthemselvesintheirseatsinthetheatrewhenthecurtainwentup.CorrectionintheANSWERSHEET:(57)(Scarcely)had(they)eg.3.(58)NeverwillInotdoitagainCorrectionintheANSWERSHEET:(58)“Humanism”hasusedtomeantoomanything,tobeaverysatisfactoryterm.Nevertheless,andinthelackofabetterword,Ishalluseitheretoexplainforthecomplexofattitudeswhichthisdiscussionhasundertakentodefend.(59)Inthissenseahumanistisanyonewhoreiectstheattempttodescribeoraccountofmanwhollyonthebasisofphysics,chemistry,andanimalbehavior.Heisanyonewhobelievesthatwill,reason,andpurposearerealandsignificant:thatvalueandjusticeareaspectsofarealitycalledgoodandevilandrestsuponsomefoundationotherthancustom;thatconsciousnessissofarfromamereepiphenomenonthatitisthemosttremendousofactualities;thattheunmeasured,maybesignificant;ortosumitallup;thatthosehumanrealitieswhichsometimesseemtoexistonlyinhumanmindaretheperceptionsofthemind.Heis,inotherwords,anyonewhosaysthattherearemorethingsinheavenandearththanthosedreamedofinthepositivistphilosophy.Originally,tobesure,thetermhumanistmeantsimplyanyonewhothoughtthestudyofancientliteraturehischiefconcern.Obviouslyitmeans,asIuseit,verymuchmore.(66)ButthereremainsneverthelessacertainconnectionbetweentheaboriginalmeaningandthatIamattemptingtogiveit,(67)becausethosewhomIdescribeashumanistsusuallyrecognizethatliteratureandtheartshavebeenprettyconsistently“onitsside”andbecauseitisoftenliteraturethattheyturntorenewtheirfaithinthewholeclassoftruthswhichthemodemworldhassoconsistentlytended,todismissasthemerefigmentsofawishfulthinkingimagination.(69)Insofarasthismodernworldgiveslessandlessattentiontoitsliterarypast,insofarasitdismissesthatpastassomethingoutgrowand(70)tobediscardedasmuchastheimperfecttechnologycontemporarywithithasbeendiscarded,justtothatextentitfacilitatethesurrenderofhumanismtotechnology.Theliteratureistobefound,directlyexpressedormoreoftenindirectlyimplied,themosteffectivecorrectiontotheviewsnowmostprevalentamongthethinkingandunthinking.(74)Thegreatimaginativewriterspresentapictureofhumannatureandofhumanlifewhichcarriesconvictionandthusgivingthelietoallattemptstoreducemantoamechanism.Novelsandpoems,anddramasaresopersistentlyconcernedwiththevalueswhichrelativismrejectsthatonemightevendefineliteratureastheattempttopassvaluejudgmentsuponrepresentationsofhumanlife.Moreoftenthannotthoseofitsimaginativepersonswhofailtoachievepowerandwealtharemoresuccessfulthanthosewhodonot-bystandardstheimaginativewriterpersuadesustoacceptasvalid.PartⅥWritingDirections:Writeashortcompositionofabout250to300wordsonthetopicgivenbelow.(15%)Whatisthemosturgentissuefacingtheworldpeopleinthe21stcentury?Stateyourreasons.2021年新疆大學(xué)博士研究生入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)試題Part ReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestionfouranswersaregiven.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestion.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.Passage1Inoursocietytherazorofnecessitycutsclose.Youmustmakeabucktosurvivetheday.Youmustworktomakeabuck.Thejobisoftenachore,rarelyadelight.Nomatterhowdemeaningthetask,nomatterhowitdullsthesensesorbreaksthespirit,onework.Latelytherehasbeenaquestioningofthis“workethic”,especiallybytheyoung.Strangelyenough,ithastouchedoffprofoundgrievancesinothershithertosilentandanonymous.Unexpectedprecinctsarebeingheardfrominashowofdiscontentbybluecollarandwhite.Ontheeveningbusthetense,pinchedfacesofyoungfileclerksandelderlysecretariestellusmorethanwecaretoknow.Ontheexpresswaysmiddle-managementmenposewithoutgracebehindtheirwheels,astheyfleecityandjob.Inall,thereismorethanaslightache.Andtheredanglestheimpertinentquestion:Shouldtherenotbeanotherincrement,earnedthoughnotyetreceived,toone'sdailywork-anacknowledgmentofaman'sbeing?Infact,whatallofusarelookingforisacalling,notjustajob.Jobsalonearenotbeingenoughforpeople.“Inoursocietytherazorofnecessitycutsclose”inthefirstlinemeans A.thereisashortageofdailynecessitiespeoplefighteachotherfornecessitiesmostpeoplefeelthefinancialpressureeveryonelivesahardlifeThe“workethic”referredtointhefirstparagraphcanbeinterpretedas A.oneworksmainlytokeepbodyandsoultogetheronemustworknotonlyformoney,butalsofordelightonemustunderstandthatjobsaschoresoneshouldearnasmuchmoneyadayaspossible28.Middle-managementmenfleecityandjobbecause A.theyhavelosttheirgracetheyaretiredbythelongday'sworktheydon'twanttoseethetenseandpinchedfacesoftheirclerksandsecretariestheyarefrightenedbytheprofoundgrievancesshownbytheyoungpeople29.Thephrase“increment,earnedthoughnotreceived”inthethirdparagraphmeans .moneyonehasearnedandwillbepaidlatermoneyonehasearned,butwillnotbepaidtohim/hersomethingthatoneearnsthroughajob,butisnotcountedintermsofpayD.somethingthatoneearnsthathasnothingtodowithhisorherjob30.Themainideaofthispassageis .inmodernsocietypeopleareundergreatworkpressurenowadayspeoplewanttoenjoylifemorethandohardworkworkshouldbetopeoplemorethanjustameanstosurvivemorejobsofdelightshouldbecreatedforpeoplePassage2Justiceinsocietymustincludebothafairtrialtotheaccusedandtheselectionofanappropriatepunishmentforthoseprovenguilty.Becausejusticeisregardedasoneformofequality,wefindinitsearlierexpressionstheideaofapunishmentequaltothecrime.RecordedintheBibleistheexpression“aneyeforaneye,andatoothforatooth.”Thatis,theindividualwhohasdonewronghascommittedanoffenseagainstsociety.Tomakerepaymentforthisoffense,societymustgetequallybalanced,whichcanbedoneonlybyimposinganequalinjuryuponhim.Thisconceptionofdeserved-punishmentjusticeisreflectedinmanypartsofthelegalcodesandproceduresofmoderntimes,whichisillustratedwhenwedemandthedeathpenaltyforapersonwhohascommittedmurder.ThisphilosophyofpunishmentwassupportedbytheGermanidealistHegel,whobelievedthatsocietyowedittothecriminaltoputintooperationapunishmentequaltothecrimehehadcommitted.Thecriminalhadbyhisownactionsdeniedhistrueselfanditisnecessarytodosomethingthatwilleliminatethisdentalandrestoretheselfthathasbeendenied.Tothemurderernothinglessthangivinguphislifewillpayhisdebt.Thedemandforthedeathpenaltyisarightthestateowesthecriminalanditshouldnotdenyhimwhathedeserves.Modernjuristshavetriedtoreplacedeserved-punishmentjusticewiththenotionofcorrectivejustice.Theaimofthelatterisnottoabandontheconceptofequalitybuttofindamoreadequatewaytoexpressit.Ittriestopreservetheideaofequalopportunityforeachindividualtorealizethebestthatisinhim.Thisdoesnotmeanthatcriminalswillescapepunishmentorbequicklyreturnedtotakeupcareersofcrime.Itmeansthatjusticeistohealtheindividual,notsimplytogetevenwithhim.Therefore,hisconvictionofcrimemustnotdeprivehimoftheopportunitytomakehiswayinthesocietyofwhichheisapart.31.AccordingtotheBible,theconceptofequalityinjusticemeans .A.a(chǎn)criminalmustbeseverelypunishedB.a(chǎn)criminalmustbegivenapunishmentthatisexactlythesameasthecrimehehasdone
C.a(chǎn)criminalmustbegivenapunishmentthathedeservesD.a(chǎn)criminalmustpayforhiscrimewithhiseyesand32.Theresultofdeserved-punishmentjusticeis .A.thecriminal'swinningofatruelifethecriminal'stakingdeathpenaltyforthecrimecommittedbyhimthecriminal'sdenialofhistrueselftherestorationofthecriminal'sguiltyselftotheselfbeforethecrimeInthesentence:“societyowedittothecriminaltoputintooperationapunishmentequaltothecrimehehadcommitted”theunderlinedpartcanbeinterpretedas:society A.wasindebttothecriminalandmustputhimintooperationasapunishmentshouldconsiderpunishmentassomethingitmustdosothatthecriminalcangetbackforhiscrimeowedthecriminalequalityandmustfirstshowitinactionowedanoperationofequalcrimetothecriminalThemaindifferencebetweendeserved-punishmentandcorrectivejusticeis A.thelatterisfornon-punishmentequalitythelatterhates“aneyeforaneye”equalityofpunishmentthelatterplacesthecriminal'sequalrightsinlifeaboveeverythingelsethelatterfocusesonbothreformin
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