2008年職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)考試?yán)砉ゎ?lèi)級(jí)試題及答案

1Withimmenserelief,stoppedAenormous Bsome Clittle Dextensive2Thescientistsbegantoaccumulatedata.Ahandle Bcollect Cyze Dinvestigate3JackeventuallyovertookthelasttruckApassed Bhit Creached Dled4Sometimesitisadvisabletobookhosinadvance．Apossible Bprofitable Cwise Deasy5ThereasonfortheirunusualbehaviorremainsapuzzleAmystery Bfact Cstatement Dgame6ThatguyisreallywittyAugly Bsmart Chonorable Dpopular7Theworldchampionsufferedasensationaldefeat．Adramatic Breasonable Chumiliating Dhorrifying8ItseemsthatonlyMaryiseligibleforthejob．Aprepared Btrained Cguided Dqualified9ThispoemdepictsthebeautifulsceneryofatownintheSouthA B C D10ThemeaningisstillA B C D11DumpedwastemightcontaminatewaterA B C D12OnetheorypostulatesthattheancientFilipinoscamefromandA B C D13ItisverydifficultforachildtoadheretoA B C D14IhopethatIdidn’tdoanythingabsurdlastA B C D15ThereshouldbelawsthatprohibitsmokingaroundA B C DGreenRoofResearchTheconceptofgreenroofsisbasicallyaboutgrowingplantsonroofs，thusheltoreplacethegreenfootprintthathadbeendestroyedduetotheconstructionofthebuilding．Greenroofsarethemostprevalent(流行)inGermany，whichiswidelyregardedastheleaderingreenroofresearch．Thegreenroofsthatareusedthesedayscanbeclassifiedas"extensive"and“intensive”systems．Extensivegreenroofsusemosses，grassesandherbs，whicharetoleranttodroughts.Theseplantsdonotneedmuchmaintenance，canbegrowninalayerofsubstrate(土層)thatcanbeasshallowas1．5inches，andgenerallyareinaccessibletothepublic．Incontrast．a(chǎn)widerangeofspeciesofplantsaregrownonintensivegreenroofs，suchasshrubs(灌木)andeventrees，whichrequiredeepersubstratelayers，andareusuallygrownonflatroofs．Theyneedintensivemaintenance,andareusuallyareasthatresembleparkswhichareaccessibletopeople．Thereareseveralbenefitsofadoptinggreenrooftechnologies．Apartfromtheobviouspsychologicalandaesthetic(暮學(xué)的)benefitsofgarden—likeenvironmentssurroundingyou，someofthecommon‘economicandecologicalbenefitsare：areductionintheconsumptionofenergy；airandwaterpurification；recoveringgreenspaces；andthemitigation(緩解)oftheheatislandeffectinurbanareas．Thegreenroofresearchthatiscurrentlyongoingisfocusedonevaluatingthespeciesofplantsthataresuitabletobegrownonroofs，themethodsofpropagationaswellasestablishment，nutrient(養(yǎng)料)andwaterrequirement，substrates，andthetyandqualityofwaterrunoff．Theevaluationcriteriaofplantspeciesare：atwhatratetheycanbeestablished：theircapacitytowithstandinvasiveweeds；toleranceofcoldandheat；toleranceofdroughtconditions；capacityofpersistenceandsurvival．Anumberofexperimentsarebeingconductedonroofplatformsimulationsatvariousresearchcenters．Thesesitesaregenerallyoutfittedwithequipment，whichareusedtomeasuretemperaturesatdifferentdepthsofthegrowingsubstrates，andtherateandvolumeoftherunoffofstormwatersfromeachoftheplatforms．Greenrooftechnologyisrepresentativeofacompleynewmarketforlandscapecontractors，andallroofsthatcurrentlyexistandthefutureonestobeconstructedarethepotentialmarket—amarketthatistoohugetobeoverlooked．Itisestimatedthataround10percentoftheflatroofsinGermanyareA B CNotGermanpeoplepreferextensivegreenroofsystemstointensiveA B CNotSmallplantslikegrassesandherbsaregrownwidelyonintensivegreenA B CNotGreenroofisanecologicallysoundstrategyofspreadinggreeninurbanA B CNotOneofthebenefitsofgreenroofsisthereductionoftheheatislandeffectinA B CNotOnefocusinthegreenroofresearchistheevaluationofsuitableplantA B CNotAlthoughgreenrooftechnologycancreateagarden—likeenvironment，itspotentialmarketisratherA B CNot puterRecently．Tenlaboratoriesrunby ernmentsindifferentpartsoftheworldhave elinked．Theircomputershavebeenconnectedsotheycan“talk”toeachother．Thismaynotseemverydramaticnews，butitisthebeginningofadevelopmentthatwillincreasethepoweroftheInternettremendously．TheInternetisaninterconnected(互聯(lián))systemofnetworksthatconnectscomputersroundtheworldandfacilitatesthetransmissionandexchangeofinformationThewaythatyouusetheInternetisbyaccessingthisnetwork．Thisdependsonthepowerthatyoursystemallowsyoutouse．Thepowerofyourcomputerisresponsibleforhowfastyoucandownload()files，howmuchdatayoucanstore，etc．Ifyourcomputerisoldandslow．a(chǎn)ccessingtheinformationcanbeverydifficult．Thenewdevelopmentininformationtechnologyhasbeencalled“thegrid”(網(wǎng)格技術(shù))，anditwillbeanetworkofcomputersthatarelinkedtogether．The“grid”willworkinadifferentwayfromtheInternet，enablingyoutogetthepowerofthebiggestcomputersintheworldonyourcomputer．Accessingtheinformationwillnolongerdependonthepowerofyourcomputer．Theideaisthatwhileyouaccessinformation，youwillalsohaveaccesstothepowerofthebiggercomputerstations．Oneadvantageofthisrevolutionaryideaisthatgeographicallocationwilleirrelevant．The“grid”willdecidewhicharethebestpartsofaworldwidenetworktodothejobyouwant．ThismeansthatyoumaybeaccessingacomputerInJapantosolveaprobleminAlaska．The“grid”canbecomparedtohavinganefficientalassistant．Youcangiveyourassistantataskand“he”willdoitforyou．Theassistantwilldothepreliminaryresearch，collectthedata，comparethemanddecideonthebestcourseofactionbyaccessinganyofthecomputercentresinthe“grid”thathappentohavetherelevantinformation．Allyouhavetodoisassignthetask，sitbackandwait．Atpresent，possibleapplicationsofthe“grid”inscientificresearcharebeing explored．WhileithastakenaboutfifteenyearsforInternetuseto ewidespread，expertsbelievethatthe“grid”couldbeupandrunningforprivateindividualsfarmorequickly．Scientistsworkingon“grid”projectsareconvincedthatitwillbeaswidelyusedasthewebinthenexttenyears．ParagraphParagraph Paragraph Paragraph Traditionallythepowerofyourcomputerdetermineshowfastyoucan The“grid’’willenableyoutogetonyourcomputerthepowerof intheworld．The“grid”wouldbelike ,whocanperformyourtasksItisbelievedthatthewidespreaduseofthe“grid’’will epossibleinthenext 431-45345351CentersoftheGreatEuropeanCitiesThecentersofthegreatcitiesofEuropearemeetingplacesbytraditionpeoplegathertheretodrinkcoffeeandchatlateintothenight．Amixtureoflocalsandtouristsmakefor’anexciting，metropolitanatmosphere．Squares，plazas(廣場(chǎng))andarcades(拱廊)formtheheartofEurope’sVeniceinItalyhasthePiazzaSanMarco—abeautifulsquaresurroundedbysn0Pschurches，restaurantsandcafes．InBarcelona，Spain，LaBosqueriaisalivelymarketwithhundredsofstallssellingallkindsofgoods．London’sCoventGardenISfilledwithfruitandvegetablestallsbydayandmusicians，acrobats(雜技演員)andartistsbynight.Theernmentbuildingsatthecenterofmanycitiesoftenarearchitecturallyimpressive?InLondon，theserveasabeautifulbackdrop(背景)tothecoffeetablesthatlinethestreetsandthebanksoftheThames．．．Thesevibrant(有的)heartsaretheproductofcenturiesofevolution，socialhistorianJoelGarreautoldUSNewsandWorldReportrecently．“ThereasonpeoplethinkVeniceissogreattodayisyoudon’tseeallthemistakes，”saidGarreau”lhosehaveallbeenremoved．”MostEuropeancitieswerelaidoutbeforetheinventionofthecar,sobarsrestaurantsandcaf6swereneartopeoplehomesTodaythefocusofmanyEuropeans，lifehasmovedawayfromthecenters．TheyliveinthesuburbsandOutskirts．drivingtosupermarketstogettheirs．Butonacontinentwherepeopletreasureconvention，therearestillthosewhoholdontotraditionalways，lingandshoplocally．Thesepeople，togetherwithtourists，providethecitycenterswiththeirreasonforexistence．CoffeecultureplaysapartinkeethesecitycentersflourishingthisisparticularlytrueofPariswhosecitizensarefamousenthusiasticconversationalists.this‘sskillisdevelopedovermanyhoursspentchattingoverespressos(濃咖啡)andcigarettes．Religionalsoplaysaroleindevelosociableatmosphere．PeopleinRomanCatholiccountriesusedtovisittheChurchonanalmostdailybasis．Entirecommunitieswouldgatherinthesamebuildingandthenmoveouttothemarkets，cafesandbarsInthesurroundingstreets．AnenormousexampleofthisrelationshipbetweenchurchandsocietyistheDuomo．ThehugemarblecathedralinFlorence，Italyissurroundedbybakeriesandcoffeeshops，andcatersnotonlytothetouristcrowds，butalsothelocalcommunityItcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthateachbigcityinhasmanylargehasmanyverymagnificentsky-hasacenterwheretouristsmeettheirdrawstouristsinlargenumberseveryWhichstatementisNOTtrueofCoventItiscrowdedwithItislocatedinItissurroundedbyshops,churches,restaurantsandItisfilledwithWhydopeoplethinkthatVeniceissoBecauseitisafamoustouristBecauseyoucanreachanywherebyBecauseallthemistakeshavebeenBecauseitiswell-knownforitsWhatareParisiansfamousTheirenthusiasmforTheirpursuitofTheirabilitytokeepthecityTheirdevotiontodeveloamultipleThewritercitestheDuomointhelastparagraphasanexampletoillustrateallchurchesarethereisatightlinkbetweenchurchandoldchurchesareveryhigh-risechurchesareReal-WorldWhenyouthinkOfarobot，doyouimagineashiny,metallicdevicehavingthesamegeneralshapeasahumanbeing，performinghumanlikefunctions，andrespondingtoyourquestionsinamonotone(單調(diào)的)voiceaccentuated(強(qiáng)調(diào))byhigh-pitchedesandbeepsThisisthewaymanyofUSimaginearobot，butintherealworldarobotisnothumanoidatall．instead，arobotoftenisavoiceless,box-shapedmachinethatefficientlycarriesOutrepetitiveordangerousfunctionsusuallyperformedbyhumans.Today"srobotismorethananautomaticmachinethatperformsonetaskagainandagain．Amodernrobotisprogrammedwithvaryingdegreesofartificialinligence，thatis，arobotcontainsacomputerprogramthatlsithowtoperformtasksassociatedwithhumaninligence，suchasreasoning，drawingconclusions，andlearningfrompastArobotdoesnotpossessahumanshapeforthesimplereasonthatatwo-leggedrobothasgreatdifficultyremainingbalanced．Arobotdoes，however，movefromplacetoplaceonwheelsandaxles(輪軸)thatrollandrotate．Arobotevenhaslimbsthatturnroundandmoveincombinationwithjointsandmotors．Tofinditswayinitssurroundings,arobotutilizesvariousbuilt-insensors．Antennaeattachedtotherobot'sbasedetectanythingtheybumpinto．Iftherobotstartstoshakeasitmovesonanincline，agyroscope(陀螺儀)insideitsensestheverticaldifferential.TOdetermineItsdistancefromanobjectandhowquicklyitwillreachtheobject，therobotbouncesbeamsoflaser.lightandultrasonicsoundwavesoffobstructions(物)initspath?Theseandothersensorsconstantlyfeedinformationtothecomputer，whichthenyzestheinformationandcorrectsoradjuststherobot’sactions．Asscienceandtechnologyadvance therobottoowillprogressinitsfunctionsanduseofartificialinligenceprograms,Thewriterbeginsthepassagebyareal-liferobotwithafictionaltheshapeofahumanbeingwithaanimaginarymachinewithaarobotwithacomputerTheword“humanoid”inParagraph1lackinghumanlackinghumanhavingahumanformandlackinghumaninAccordingtothefirstparagraph，artificialinligencetheunnaturalwayinwhichrobotsavoiceless，box—shapedmachinethatperformsrepetitiveacomputerprogramthatimitateshumaninlectualasensorthatdetectstroublesinaThelastparagraphsuggeststhatfuturerobotssurpasshumanbeingsininbemorehumanlikeinbehaviorandusealasertotransmitwillperformverycomplicatedhouseholdAnothergoodtitleforthispassagewouldRobots：TakingthePlaceofArtificialInligenceModern—DayToday’SRobotsandHowThey第三 WhyHumansWalkonTwoAteamofscientiststhatstudiedchimpanzeestrainedtousetreadmillshasgatherednewevidencesuggestingthatourearliestapelikeancestorsstartedwalkingontwolegsbecauseitrequiredlessenergythangettingaroundonallfours.Michaelsockol,researcherofUCDavis,workedfortwoyearstofindananimaltrainerwillingtocoaxadultchimpstowalkontwolegsandtowalkonallfours.Thefivechimpsalsoworefacemasksusedtohelptheresearchersmeasureoxygenconsumption.Whilethechimpsworkedout,thescientistscollecteddatathatallowedthemtocalculatewhichmethodofotionusedlessenergyandwhy.Theteamgatheredthesameinformationforfouradulthumanswalkingonatreadmill.Theresearchersfoundthathumanwalkingusedabout75percentlessenergyandburned75percentfewercaloriesthanquadrupedalandbipedalwalkinginchimpanzees.Theyalsofoundthatforsomebutnotallofthechimps,walkingontwolegswasnomorecostlythanonallfours."Wewerepreparedtofindthatallofthechimpsusedmoreenergywalkingontwolegs-butthatfindingwouldn'thavebeenasinteresting,Sockolsaid."whatwefoundwasmuchmoreling.Forthreechimps,bipedalismwasmoreexpensive,butfortheothertwochimps,thiswasn'tthecase.OnespentaboutthesameenergywalkingontwolegsasonallfoursTheotherusedlessenergywalkingupright。"Thesetwochimpshaddifferentgaits(步法)andanatomy(解剖)than'theirquadrupedalpeTakentogether,thefindingsprovidesupportforthehypothesisthatanatomicaldifferencesaffectinggaitexistedamongourearliestapelikeancestors,andthatthesedifferencesprovidedthegeneticvariationwhichnaturalselectioncouldactonwhenchangesintheenvironmentgavebipedsanadvantageoverquadrupeds.Fossilandmolecularevidencesuggeststheearliestancestorsofthehumanfamily livedinforestedareasinequatorialAfricainthelateMioceneera(中世紀(jì))some8to10 millionyearsago,whenchangesinclimatemayhaveincreasedthedistancebetweenfoodpatches~Thatwouldhaveforcedourearliestancestorstotravellongerdistancesonthegroundandfavoredthosewhocouldcovermoregroundusinglessenergy."Thisisn'tthecompleteanswer,"Sockolsaid."Butit'sagoodpieceofapuzzle humanshavealwayswonderedabout:Howandwhydidwe ehuman?Andwhydowealonewalkontwolegs?"MichaelSockolandhisteamwereinterestedwherehumanscamehowchimpanzeescouldbetrainedtousewhenourearliestancestorsbegantoliveinforestedwhyourapelikeancestorscametowalkontwoThephrase"workedout'inparagraph3couldbereplaced B.C. D.WhatdidtheresearchersfindintheOnechimpusedaboutthesameenergyinwalkingontwolegsasonallHumanwalkingusedmoreenergythanbipedalwalkinginTwochimpsusedmoreenergywalkingontwoThreechimpsusedlessenergywalkingontwoTheword"quadrupeds"inparagraph6isatechnicalwordcreatureswithfour B.creatureswithtwoC.creatureswithsix D.creatureswitheightWhatdoesfossilandmolecularevidencelusaboutourearliestTheyexperiencedmoreclimatechangesthanwedoTheywereforcedtotravelbetweenfoodTheycouldcovermoregroundwithlessTheyweremuchtallerthanmodernWhat，SLackingwhen．tcomestoeconomicdecisions，therearealwaystrade.offs(取舍)?Gain0nethingandyoulosesomething ThecentralargumentofMichaelMoore’smovie“Sickothatthecuret0thenation，shealthcareproblemsisasingle—payersystem—ishardlynovelandIscertainlyworthconsideration，whetherornotyouagreewithit．ButincomparingtheAmericansystemwithsingle-payerplansofothercountries—Britain，F(xiàn)rance，CanadaandCubaMr．MooreleftOutthetrade-offs，characterizingthosecountriesashealthcare KurtLoder,thefilmcriticwhoisbestastheanchor()of“MTVNews，”wroleacritique(批評(píng))ofthefilmforMTV’swebsite．"Sicko，"hesaid,"doesarealservice”inportraying(描繪)victimsofAmericaninsurancecompanies’-likethepeople，whodiedbecausetheironlytreatmentoptionswereconsidered“experimental"andthereforenotcovered．(48)When"ernmentsattempttoregulatethebalancebetweenalimitedsupplyofhealthcareandanunlimiteddemandforit，they’reinevitablyforcedtorationtreatment’Mr.Loderasserted． (49)Mr.Lodercitedtheshortfilm“DeadMeat，”whichpresentsanecdotes(軼事)offailureIntheCanadiansingle-payersysteminitsone—sidedness，“DeadMeat'，mighthavemadeforanicedoublefeaturewith"Sicko,"andleftmovie-goerswithamorecompleteunderstandingOfthecomplicationsofdecidingonahealthcaresystem Thisallmakesanotherwise“emotionallycompellingfilmnotnecessarilyaninlectuallysatisfyingone，”wroteDarrenBarefoot，aCanadianblogger.(博各作者).Thisisparticularlytrueinhealthcare，amarketinwhichscarce(稀罕的)goodsareridiculouslyexpensive，butneededbyMr.Moorealsodecidedtoignoreproblemsinothercountries，likeFrance’ShightaxesandBritain’Scash—shorthospitButthefilmasawhole，heconcluded，is“breathtakinglymeretricious(似是而非的)，”inlargepartbecauseofitscharacterizationsofothercountries’healthcaresystems．DTheproblemshavebeennoticed—andcriticismiscomingnotjustfromMr.Moore’SdetractorsHetickedoffanumberofnegativestatisticstocounterthepositiveonesofferedbyMr.Healthcareistheprevention，treatment，andmanagementofDebateovertheUseofRenewableAmusableofRockefellerUniversityinNewYork，USsaysthekeyrenewableenergysources，includingsun，windandbibfuls,wouldallrequirevastamountsofland．fdevelopeduptolargescaleproduct