專業(yè)英語-2014級構詞法句子

★

Result

showedthat

both

oils

contain

alkane,

alcohol,

ester,

ketone,

acid,

phenolandalkene,['est?]酯['fi?n?l]石碳酸;苯酚andthe

maincomponents主要成分are

tricosane,pentacosane二十五烷and

heptacosane.['traik?sein]二十三烷

[hep't?k?sein]二十七烷

★Aldosteroneisahormonesecretedbytheadrenal

cortex腎上腺皮質thatregulateselectrolyte[?'dri?n(?)l]

['k??teks][?'lektr?la?t]電解質andwaterbalancebyincreasingtherenal

['ri?n(?)l]腎(臟)的retention保留,滯留ofsodium

['s??d??m]鈉andtheexcretion[?k'skri??(?)n;ek-]

排泄(物);分泌(物)ofpotassium

[p?'t?s??m]鉀.※-ose糖saccharide糖;糖類

['s?k?ra?d]

monose單糖

monosaccharide

[m?n?(?)'s?k?ra?d]

pentose戊糖

['pent?us]

ribose核糖

['ra?b??z;-s]deoxyribose脫氧核糖

[d?,?ks?'ra?b??z;-s]

hexose['heks?us]己糖

glucose葡萄糖

['glu?k??s;-z]

fructose果糖

['fr?kt??z;-s]

diose二糖,雙糖

disaccharide[dai's?k?raid]

maltose麥芽糖['m??lt??z;-s;m?lt-]sucrose蔗糖['s(j)u?kr??z;-??s]

lactose乳糖['l?kt??z;-s]

cellobiose纖維二糖

[,sel?u'bai?uz]

★Allcarbohydrate[kɑ?b?'ha?dre?t]碳水化合物foods,astheyaredigested,eventuallybreakdownintosimplesugars(monose),suchasglucoseandfructose.★Sucroseisadisaccharide(diose)composedofonemolecule['m?l?kju?l]分子ofglucoseandonemoleculeoffructose.★Themostimportantrepresentativesofdisaccharidesaresucrose,lactose,maltoseandcellobiose.★Glucosewithasix-carbon-atomaldehydesugaristermedanaldohexose.2.

transferase轉移酶

['tr?nsf(?)re?z;'trɑ?ns-]methyltransferase,MT甲基轉移酶[,meθil'tr?nsf?reis]◆phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase苯乙醇胺phenylethylamine苯乙胺◆T['k?t?t??l;-k?l]兒茶酚氧位甲基轉移酶catecholamine兒茶酚胺[,k?t?'k??l?mi?n]transaminase=aminotransferase轉氨酶,氨基轉移酶[tr?n'z?m?ne?z(s)][?,mi?n??'tr?nsf?re?s]acetyltransferase乙酰轉移酶kinase激酶['ka?ne?z]

★

Nitric

['na?tr?k](含)氮的oxide(NO)

plays

animportant

role

in

cardiovascularsystem.[,kɑ?d???'v?skj?l?]心血管的

Nitric

oxide

synthase(NOS)is

thekeyenzymeduringthe

synthesis

['s?nθ?s?s]合成process

ofNO.

★Maltasecancatalyzethehydrolysisofmaltose

['k?t?la?z]催化[ha?'dr?l?s?s]水解作用

totwo

glucoses.

★

Amylase

and

lipase

valuestypically

willbe

elevated

in

the

early

or

acute

stage

ofpancreatitis.pancreas

['p??kr??s]胰腺[,p??kr??'ta?t?s]胰腺炎

★The

salicylate

hydroxylasecan

catalyze

the

[s?'l?s?l?t]水楊酸[hai'dr?ksileis]羥化酶

decarboxylationandhydroxylationof

salicylate

to

[‘di?kɑ?,b?ks?’le???n]脫羧

[haidr?ksi‘lei??n]

羥基化

form

catechol.★

Lowtemperature

reducedthe

activities

ofthe

enzymes

related

to

fiber

synthesis,includingphenylalaninedeaminase,polyphenol

oxidase,

[,fi?na?l'?l?ni?n;fen?l-]

苯(基)丙氨酸[di'?mineis]脫氨(基)酶cinnamyl

alcoholdehydrogenase肉桂醇脫氫酶and

[si'n?mil]

肉桂基

cinnamon['s?n?m?n]肉桂

peroxidase[p?'r?ks?de?z]過氧化物酶.

★Someimportantcatecholamines兒茶酚胺類

suchas

epinephrine,norepinephrine

anddopamine[,ep?'nefr?(?)n]腎上腺素,[,n??rep?'nefr?(?)n]去甲腎上腺素

canbemetabolized[m?'t?b?la?z]代謝

bycatechol-O-methyltransferase(COMT)andmonoamineoxidase(MAO).

★Acetylcholineisakindofneurotransmitters.[,nj??r??tr?nz'm?t?]

神經遞質Itissynthesizedinthecytoplasmfrom['s?nθ?sa?z]合成['sa?t?(?)pl?z(?)m]

細胞質

acetyl-CoAandcholinethroughthecatalyticaction膽堿

[,k?t?'l?t?k]起催化作用的

oftheenzyme-cholineacetyltransferase(ChAT).

膽堿乙酰轉移酶Acetyl-CoAissynthesizedinmitochondriawhich

[,ma?t??'k?ndr??]線粒體,

arepresentinlargenumbersinthenerveending.Acetylcholinesterase(AChE)isanenzymethatcatalyzesthehydrolysisofacetylcholinetocholineandacetate.Aspirin

(acetylsalicylicacid;ASA)◆Clinicaluses臨床應用:Analgesia鎮(zhèn)痛,Antipyresis解熱,andAnti-inflammatory抗炎Effects

analgesia

[,?n(?)l'd?i?z??]n.痛覺缺失

algesia

[?l'd?i:zi?,-si?]痛覺,感覺過敏

anti-inflammatoryadj.抗炎的n.抗炎藥inflammatory[?n'fl?m?t(?)r?]adj.炎癥性的

★Aspirinisemployedformildtomoderatepainofvariedoriginbutisnoteffectiveforsevere

visceral['v?s(?)r(?)l]內臟的

pain.

AspirinandotherNSAIDs(NonsteroidalAnti-inflammatoryDrugs非甾體抗炎藥)

nonsteroidal[,n?nst?'r?id?l]非甾類化合物的,非類固醇的steroid

['st??r??d;'ster??d]類固醇;甾族化合物havebeencombinedwithopioidanalgesics

opioid['??p???d]類鴉片,阿片樣物質,阿片類

analgesic[,?n(?)l'd?i?z?k;-s?k]鎮(zhèn)痛藥

fortreatmentofcancerpain,wheretheiranti-inflammatoryeffectsactsynergistically協(xié)同地

synergistic[,s?n?'d??st?k]adj.協(xié)同的,協(xié)作的,協(xié)同作用withtheopioidstoenhanceanalgesia鎮(zhèn)痛.High-dosesalicylateareeffectivefortreatmentofrheumaticfever風濕熱,

rheumatoid類風濕性

arthritis

andotherinflammatoryjoint關節(jié)

conditions.rheumatic[r?'m?t?k]

風濕病(患者);風濕病的,風濕病引起的rheumatoid['ru?m?t??d]

患風濕癥的,類風濕性的arthritis[ɑ?'θra?t?s]關節(jié)炎B.OtherEffects★Aspirindecreasestheincidence

發(fā)病率oftransientischemicattacks短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作,unstableangina不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛,coronaryarterythrombosis冠狀動脈血栓形成withmyocardialinfarction心肌梗死,心肌梗塞,andthrombosisaftercoronaryarterybypassgrafting冠狀動脈旁路移植術.Epidemiologicstudies流行病學研究

suggestthatlong-termuseofaspirinatlowdosageisassociatedwithalowerincidenceofcoloncancer結腸癌,possiblyrelatedtoitscyclooxygenase(COX)-inhibitingeffects.

★

Sodiumnitroprussideisapowerfulparenterally(parenteral

[p?'rent(?)r(?)l]腸胃外的,不經腸道的,注射用藥物的)

administeredvasodilatorthatisusedintreating給藥[,ve?z??'da?le?t?]血管舒張藥hypertensiveemergencies高血壓急癥aswellassevereheartfailure.★

Nitroprussidedilatesbotharterialandvenous

[da?'le?t]使擴大動脈的['vi?n?s]靜脈的vessels,resultinginreducedperipheralvascularresistance外周血管阻力andvenousreturn.Theactionoccursasaresultofactivationofguanylylcyclase鳥苷酸環(huán)化酶,eitherviareleaseofnitricoxideorbydirectstimulationoftheenzyme.bisulfate硫酸氫鹽◆ammoniumbisulfateNH4HSO4sulfite亞硫酸鹽◆sodium,potassium+sulfite

bisulfite亞硫酸氫鹽

◆potassiumbisulfiteKHSO3

sulfide硫化物

◆hydrogensulfide

H2S

★

Thereare

six

common

airpollutants:

ozone

['??z??n]臭氧,

nitrogen

dioxide,carbonmonoxide,

lead鉛,

sulfur

dioxide

and

particulatematter粉塵.

★Hydrogen

sulfide

is

a

molecule

consisting

of

twohydrogen

atoms

and

onesulfur

atom.

★

Pharmacologyisanimportantsubjectstudyingtheinteractionsthatoccurbetweenalivingorganismandsomechemicalsandtheeffectsofthosechemicalsonthenormalandabnormalbiochemicalfunctionsoftheorganism.Thetwomainareasofpharmacologyarepharmacodynamicsandpharmacokinetics.Pharmacologyisanexperimentaldiscipline,whichdealswith

howdrugsinteractwithinbiologicalsystemsbyperformingexperimentalstudiesinvitro

[in'vi:tr?u,-'vi-]在體外,在試管內,exvivo間接體內法,體外andinvivo

[in'vi:v?u,-'vai-]在體內.

★Pharmacologyresearchisdividedintopre-clinicalandclinicaltrials.Theformerinvolvesinvitro(testtubeorcellculture)andinvivo(animal)experiments,whichproducecriticalpreliminaryresults.Theseresultsformthebasisforevaluationofdrugcandidatesandtheirpotentialforfurtherdevelopmentintonewdrugs.Thelatteristheclinicaltestingofdrugcandidatesinhumansubjects,thiswillnormallyproceedthroughfourphasesofclinicalstudies.★Drugdevelopmentsconsiderationsarefirst,thesafetyofthedrugs;second,theeffectivenessoftreatmentsandthird,thehighselectivityofdrugs.Intheprocessofdrugdevelopments,pharmacologyplaysacrucialroleintargetdiscoveryandevaluation,drugmechanismelucidation闡明,drugstructuraloptimization,targetproteinrecognition,drugsynergism['s?n?d??z?m]協(xié)同作用andtoxicitiesassessment.Pharmacokinetics(PK)★

Pharmacokinetics(PK)includestwointerrelatedprocesses.Thefirstprocessisdrugabsorption,distribution,metabolism

(biotransformation)andexcretion(ADME),andanotheristheevaluationofthequantitativekineticprocessesofADMEbykineticprinciplesandmathematicalmodels.★Absorptionisthepassageofthedrugfromitssiteofadministration給藥intotheblood.Besidesgastrointestinal

[,g?str???n'test?n(?)l]tract胃腸道thereareseveralotherroutesforabsorptionsuchasintramuscular[,?ntr?'m?skj?l?]肌肉內的

orsubcutaneous[,s?bkju?'te?n??s]皮下的

adminstration,andattimes,throughlungorskin,etc.Distributionisthedeliveryofdrugtothetissue.Toreachitssiteofaction,adrugmustcrossanumberofbiologicalbarriers(blood-brainbarrier,placental

[pl?'s?ntl]barrier胎盤屏障,etc)andthepredominantlylipid['l?p?d]membranes脂質膜.Bothmetabolismandexcretioncanbeviewedasprocessesresponsibleforeliminationofdrug(parentandmetabolite

[m?'t?b?la?t]代謝物)fromthebody.Drugmetabolismchangesthechemicalstructureofadrug,thisaltereddrugproductiscalledadrugmetabolite,whichisfrequentlybutnotuniversallylesspharmacologicallyactive.Metabolismalsorendersthedrugcompoundmorewatersolubleandthereforemoreeasilyexcreted.TheADMEprocessesofadruginvolveitspassageacrossacellmembrane.Thephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofthedrugmoleculesandthecellmembranesthataffectthistransferarethuscriticalinunderstandingthedisposition

[d?sp?'z??(?)n]處置ofdrugsinthehumanbody.

Therearetwowaysthatdrugmoleculespassthroughthemembrane:eitherbypassiveprocessesorbymechanismsinvolvingtheactive

participaitonofcomponentsofthemembrane.★Mathematicalmodelsareoftenusedtodescribethekinetics[k?'net?ks;ka?-]動力學ofdrugelimination.Thesemainlyincludefirstorderkinetics,zeroorderkineticsandMichaelis-MentenkineticswithimportantPK

parameters參數[p?'r?m?t?(r)z]suchast1/2,Vd,AUC,F,CLtot,Cssetc.

t1/2:half-lifeF:bioavailability[,ba????,ve?l?'b?l?ti]生物利用度

Vd:apparentvolumeofdistribution

AUC:areaundertheconcentration-timecurveCLtot:totalbodyclearance

Css:steady-stateplasmaconcentrationPhaseⅠandphaseⅡMetabolism★DrugbiotransformationreactionsareclassifiedaseitherphaseⅠfunctionalization[,f??k??n?lai'zei??n]

功能化(oxidation氧化,reduction還原

andhydrolysis)reactionsorphaseⅡbiosynthetic[,bai?usin'θetik]

生物合成的(conjugation[k?nd??'ge??(?)n]接合)reactions.PhaseⅠreactionsintroduceafunctionalgroup

官能團ontheparentcompound.PhaseⅠreactionsgenerallyresultinthelossofpharmacological

activity藥理活性,althoughthereareexamplesofretentionorenhancementofactivity.Inrareinstances,metabolismisassociatedwithanaltered['??lt?d]改變了的pharmacologicalactivity.

Prodrugs前藥arepharmacologicallyinactivecompounds,designedto旨在,目的在于maximize['m?ks?ma?z]最大化theamountoftheactivespeciesthatreachesitssiteofaction.Inactiveprodrugsareconvertedrapidlytobiologicallyactivemetabolites,oftenbythehydrolysisofanesteroramide

['e?ma?d;'?ma?d]linkage連接

['l??k?d?]酰胺鍵.Ifnotrapidlyexcretedintotheurine['j??r?n;-ra?n]

尿,theproductsofphaseⅠbiotransformationreactionscanthenreactwithendogenous[en'd?d??n?s;?n-]內源的,內生的compoundstoformahighlywatersoluble水溶性的conjugate

['k?nd??ge?t].

★PhaseⅡconjugationreactionsleadtotheformationofacovalentlinkagebetweenafunctionalgroupontheparentcompoundorphaseⅠmetabolitewithendogenously內生地derivedglucuronicacid葡萄糖醛酸,sulfate,glutathione[,glu?t?'θa???n]谷胱甘肽,aminoacids,oracetate.Thesehighlypolarconjugatesaregenerallyinactiveandareexcretedrapidlyintheurineandfeces['fi?si?z]糞便.Anexampleofanactiveconjugateisthe6-glucuronide葡糖苷酸[ɡlu:'kju?r?naid]metaboliteofmorphine嗎啡['m??fi?n],whichisamorepotent更強

analgesic

[,?n(?)l'd?i?z?k;-s?k]鎮(zhèn)痛藥thanitsparentcompound.

Thelipids['lipidz]脂類ofhumanplasma血漿['pl?zm?]

aretransportedinmacromolecular[,m?kr?um?u‘lekjul?]大分子的complexes復合物termedlipoproteins.Anumberofmetabolic

代謝的

[,met?'b?l?k]disordersthatinvolveelevationsinlevelsofanyofthelipoproteinspeciesarethustermedhyperlipoproteinemiasorhyperlipidemias.Thetermhyperlipemiadenotesincreasedlevelsof

triglycerides[tra?'ɡl?s?,ra?d]甘油三脂inplasma.

CompetitiveinhibitorsofHMG-CoAreductase(reductase-inhibitors;“statins”他汀類藥物

)

Thesecompoundsarestructuralanalogs類似物

ofHMG-CoA.Lovastatin['l?uv?,st?tin]洛伐他汀,atorvastatin[?,t?rv?'st?tin]阿托伐他汀,fluvastatin氟-,pravastatin普-,simvastatin辛-,

androsuvastatin瑞舒-belongtothisclass.TheyaremosteffectiveinreducingLDL.Ithasestandardpracticetoinitiatereductaseinhibitortherapyimmediatelyaftermyocardialinfarction,irrespectiveoflipidlevels.Reductaseinhibitorsareusefulaloneorwithresins,niacin

['na??s?n]煙酸,orezetimibe

依折麥布inreducinglevelsofLDL.Becausecholesterolbiosynthesisoccurspredominantlyatnight,reductaseinhibitors-exceptatorvastatinandrosuvastatin-shouldbegivenintheeveningifasingledailydoseisused.Absorptiongenerally(withtheexceptionofpravastatin)isenhancedbytakingthedosewithfood.※

dys-不良,困難,異常,障礙

dystrophy營養(yǎng)障礙,營養(yǎng)不良['distr?fi]dysfunction

機能不良,機能障礙[dis'f??k??n]dyslipoproteinemia

血脂蛋白異常

dysglycemia

血糖代謝障礙[disɡlai'si:mi?]dyspnea呼吸困難[disp'ni:?]dyspepsia[dis'pepsi?]

消化不良poordigestiondyskinesia運動障礙[,d?ska?'ni?z??][,d?sk?'ni??]dystonia肌張力障礙[d?s't??n??]◆tardivedyskinesia遲發(fā)性運動障礙

['tɑ:div]遲緩的,遲發(fā)的★Lecithin

[‘les?θ?n]卵磷脂may

prove

useful

in

alleviating

減輕the

symptoms

of

Senile

dementia老年癡呆癥,[‘si?na?l]

高齡(所致)的,老衰的[d?'men??]癡呆Alzheimer‘s

['?lz'?m?]disease

阿爾茨海默氏癥and

Tardive

dyskinesia.

★Dyslipoproteinemia

is

correlated

with

the

occurrence

and

development

ofatherosclerosis

[,?θ?r??skl??‘r??s?s;-skl?-]

動脈粥樣硬化,動脈硬化and

cardiocerebralvascular

diseases.

★Islet

['a?l?t]胰島transplantation移植

hasalreadybeen

able

to

maintain

long-term

euglycemiaand

noninsulin['?nsj?l?n]胰島素-dependence

inpatientswith

Type

1

Diabetes[,da??'bi?ti?z]糖尿病.

★TheFDA

hasalready

approved

DBS

asa

treatmentfor

neurologic[,nju?r?'l?d?ik?l]

disorders神經系統(tǒng)疾病,

includingessentialtremor原發(fā)性震顫,

Parkinson‘s

disease['pa:kinsnzdizi:z]帕金森癥,

dystonia,

and

severe

pulsivedisorder.※

-genesis起源,發(fā)生,形成

pathogenesis[,p?θ?'d?enisis]發(fā)病,致病,發(fā)病機制carcinogenesis[,kɑ:sin?u'd?enisis]致癌作用,癌發(fā)生teratogenesis[,ter?t?u'd?enisis]畸形發(fā)生,致畸作用mutagenesis[,mju:t?'d?enisis]誘變,突變發(fā)生atherogenesis[,?θ?r?u'd?enisis]動脈粥樣化形成atherosclerosis動脈粥樣硬化

lithogenesis[,liθ?'d?enisis]結石形成

★Thedisorderoflipid脂類metabolismismajorpathogenesisoffattyliver.★Safeuse:notproduceanyorganicchlorideandotherharmfulsubstancesthatmayleadtocarcinogenesis,teratogenesisandmutagenesis,suchastrihalomethane三鹵甲烷

andchloroform.※

abdomin/o-腹abdomen,belly,stomachabdominal腹部的

[?b'd?m?n(?)l]endoabdominal[,end?u'?bd?minl]腹內的abdominalgia腹痛abdominoscopy腹腔鏡檢查(法)※

lapar/o-腹laparotome剖腹刀laparotomy剖腹術

[,l?p?'r?t?m?]

laparoscope腹腔鏡['l?p?r?usk?up]

laparoscopy腹腔鏡檢查[l?p?'r?sk?pi]★Abdominoscopy---yourdoctorviewsyourabdominalcavitybymakingtinyincisionsinyourabdomen[?b'd?umen;'?bd?men]

andinsertingafiber-optic纖維光學tubewithasmallcameralens.adrenoceptor腎上腺受體

●Adrenoceptoragonists

adrenomimetics

擬腎上腺素藥

●Adrenoceptorantagonists★Adrenoceptoragonists(andantagonists)areclassifiedintothreetypes:α-

adrenoceptor

agonists(andantagonists),α,β-agonists(andantagonists)andβ-agonists(andantagonists).Theβ-antagonistshavewidespreadandimportantusesinthemanagementofcardiacarrhythmias心律失常,angina

[?n'd?a?n?]pectoris心絞痛,andhypertension.★Happinessisconnectedtotwokeymoodregulatorsthatourbrainsproduceserotonin

[,ser?'t??n?n]血清素,5-羥色胺(血管收縮素)andnoradrenaline.※

andr/o-雄

※

estr/o-雌androgen雄(性)激素(-gen致…物)['?ndr?d?(?)n]malehormone---

testosterone

[te'st?st?r?un]睪酮estrogen雌(性)激素['estr?d??n]

femalehormoneestradiol雌二醇[,estr?'dai?l]estriol雌三醇['e:stri?l]estrone雌酮['estr?un]★Naturalestrogensinclude

estradiol,estriolandestrone.Theestradiolproducesthemostactivelybiologicalfunction,subsequentisestriol,andthelastisestrone.★Theeffectsofestrogensaremediatedby

estrogenreceptor.※

ather/o粥樣沉積,動脈粥樣化atherogenesis動脈粥樣化形成atherogenic致動脈粥樣化的atherosclerosis,AS動脈粥樣硬化●coronaryatherosclerosis●aortaatherosclerosis●

carotid

atherosclerosis

[k?'r?t?d]n.頸動脈adj.頸動脈的●

femoralatherosclerosis

['f?m?r?l]adj.股骨的;大腿的;大腿骨的antiatherosclerosis抗動脈粥樣硬化●

antiatherosclerosisfactor–HDL

★Lack

of

physical

activity

may

increase

LDL,or

bad

cholesterol,and

decrease

HDL,orgoodcholesterol.

※

spir/o

螺旋spiral螺旋;螺旋形的['spa?r(?)l]spiramycin螺旋霉素[,spai?r?'maisin]acetylspiramycin乙酰螺旋霉素spirillum螺旋菌

[spa?'r?l?m]spirilla(pl)spirochete螺旋體['spa??r??ki?t]

spirochetemia,spirocheticidal,spirocheticidespirochetolysis,spirochetolysin,spirochetosis

★

Endotoxinisakindoflipopolysaccharideinthecellwalllayerofgramnegativebacteriumandothermicroorganismincludingchlamydia衣原體[kl?'m?d??],rickettsia立克次體[r?'kets??],spirocheteorsomethingelse.WhentheydiedorpropagatedactivelyamountofEndotoxinwillbereleased.※denti-牙※odont-牙toothdentofacial牙面的dentist牙醫(yī)dentosurgical牙外科的

[,dent?u's?:d?ik?l]odontolith牙垢,牙積石periodontitis牙周炎[,peri?d?n'taitis]dentiform,dentoid,odontoid齒狀的odontology,dentologyodontopathyodontalgia,dentalgiaodontoneuralgia※gingiv/o-齦gumgingivostomatitis齦口炎[,d?ind?iv?u,st?um?'taitis]gingivitisgingivalgiagingivectomy★Elderlypatientswithdiabetes[,da??'bi?ti?z]糖尿病areoftenpaniedbyvaryingdegrees不同程度ofgingivitisandperiodontitis.※

bronch-,bronchi-支氣管

bronchus['br??k?s]支氣管(pl)bronchi['br??ka?]bronchitis支氣管炎[,br??'kaitis]bronchiospasm支氣管痙攣※

trache/o-氣管

trachea氣管;導管[tr?'ki??;'tre?k??]tracheal

氣管的;導管的[tr?'ki??l]

endotracheal[,end?utr?‘ki(:)?l]氣管內的

tracheitis

氣管炎[,tre?k?'a?t?s]

tracheobronchitis氣管支氣管炎[,treiki?ubr??'kaitis]★

Tracheitis:

Inflammation

and

infection

ofthe

trachea.

※

pulm/o-,pulmon/o-肺※

pneumon/o-肺pulmonohepatic肺肝的pulmoaortic肺與主動脈的aorta主動脈

pneumonorrhagia肺出血pneumonitis;pulmonitis,pneumonia肺炎

●bacterialpneumonia[nju?'m??n??]

細菌性肺炎

pneumococcuspneumococcidepneumococcidalpneumococcemiapneumococcolysis

★

Pneumococcus

is

theleadingcauseof

pneumonia.★The

most

common

complications

of

flu

arebronchitis

and

secondary

bacterialpneumonia.※

salping-,tub-管,輸卵管

oviduct['??v?d?kt]

salpingectomy,tubectomy輸卵管切除術[,s?lp?n'd?ekt?m?]

salpingo-oophorectomy[,???f?'rekt?m?]

salpingo-ovariectomy[,??v?r?'ekt?m?]

輸卵管卵巢切除術

salpingitis[,s?lp?n'd?a?t?s]

輸卵管炎

★

Gynecological[,ɡa?n?k?'l?d??k?l]婦科的inflammation,suchasvaginitis[,v?d??‘na?t?s]陰道炎,

cervicitis[,s??v?‘sa?t?s]宮頸炎couldinfectoviduct,causesalpingitis.★Objective:Toexploretheclinicalvalueofgynecologicallaparoscopic[,l?p?r?'sk?p?k]

surgery腹腔鏡手術onhysteromyoma[hist?r?mai'?um?]子宮肌瘤.

lactate[l?k'te?t]

vi.分泌乳汁,喂奶n.乳酸鹽sodiumlactatelactic乳的,乳汁的lacticacidprolactin,PRL催乳(激)素[pr??'l?kt?n]●prolactin-releasinghormone,PRH★Hormoneimbalances,suchastestosterone

[te'st?st?r??n]睪酮,睪丸素deficiencyortoomuchoftheprolactin,cancauseerectile[?'rekta?l]

dysfunction,ED

勃起功能障礙.★

Papaya[p?'pa??]木瓜isgalactagogue

containingphytoestrogens植物雌激素,andasmallamountofnaturalprogesterone[pr?'d?est?r??n]黃體酮.sterone['sti?r?un]甾酮,固酮aldosterone醛固酮menorrhea行經,月經,月經過多hypermenorrhea,menorrhagia,menometrorrhagiamenalgia痛經painfulmenstruationdysmenorrhea痛經;月經困難[,d?smen?'r??]★Afterage60osteoporosisesmuchmorecommon,particularlyforwomenwhohavegonethroughthemenopause.★Menstrualdisordersincludedysmenorrheaandamenorrhea,anduterinebleeding.★Asthenia[?s'θi?n??]無力;衰弱cold虛寒caninducemanykindsofmenopathysuchashypomenorrhea,delayedmenorrhea,menostasis,menalgia,andsoon.★Three

main

problemscanoccurinthe

prostate

gland:

inflammation

or

infection,called

prostatitis;

enlargement,

called

benign[b?'na?n]良性的prostatic

hyperplasia(BPH);

andprostatecancer.

★Prostaglandin

E1(PGE1)

is

an

important

endogenous

[en'd?d??n?s;?n-]內源性的

substance

withmanyphysiological

andpharmacological

actionsand

has

widelyappliedinclinicalpractice.★Prostacyclin(PGI2),thromboxane

[θr?m'b?ksein]血栓素antagonist,isapowerfulvasodilator血管舒張藥

andinhibitsplatelet['ple?tl?t]

aggregation

[,?ɡr?'ɡe???n]

血小板聚集,soitcanpreventthethrombosis

[θr?m'b??s?s]血栓形成.antithyroid抗甲腺的(藥)['?nti'θair?id]

euthyroid甲狀腺機能正常的[ju:'θair?id]

hypoparathyroidism

甲狀旁腺功能減退['haip?u,p?r?'θair?idiz?m]

hypothyroidism甲狀腺功能減退

[,ha?p??'θa?r??d?z(?)m]hyperthyroidism甲狀腺機能亢進[,ha?p?'θa?r??d?z(?)m]thyrotoxicosis

甲狀腺功能亢進;甲狀腺毒癥[,θa?r??,t?ks?'k??s?s]

★

Congenital

hypothyroidism

(CH)

先天性甲狀腺功能減退癥is

the

most

prevalent

endocrine

disorder內分泌紊亂性疾病inthe

newborn

and

isroutinely

treatedwith

life-long

levothyroxine

replacementtherapy

替代療法.★

Thyroidstimulating

hormone（thyrotropin）

releasing

hormone

(TRH)

stimulates

theanteriorpituitary[p?‘tju??t(?)r?]垂體前葉to

liberate

the

thyroid-stimulating

hormone(TSH)

and

prolactin[pr??'l?kt?n]

催乳素.

★Adjuncts['?d???kts]

toantithyroidtherapyDuringtheacutephase[fe?z]

ofthyrotoxicosis(hyperthyroidism),β-adrenoceptor-blockingagentswithoutintrinsic

sympathomimeticactivity[,s?mp?θ??m?'met?k]擬交感的areextremelyhelpful.Propranolol

普萘洛爾,心得安[pr??'pr?n?l?l]20-40mgorallyevery6hours,willcontroltachycardia[,t?k?'kɑ?d??],hypertension,andatrialfibrillation

心房纖顫;房顫;心房纖維顫動

.Propranololisgraduallywithdrawn撤退

asserum['s??r?m]血清thyroxinelevelsreturntonormal.Diltiazem地爾硫卓,90-120mgthreeorfourtimesdaily,canbeusedtocontroltachycardiainpatientsinwhomβ-blockersarecontraindicated,eg,thosewithasthma['?sm?].Othercalciumchannelblockersmaynotbeaseffectiveasdiltiazem.Adequatenutritionandvitaminsupplements維生素添加劑areessential.Barbiturates[ba:'bitju?reits]

巴比妥類藥物accelerateT4breakdown(byhepaticenzymeinduction肝藥酶誘導)andmaybehelpfulbothassedatives['s?d?tivz]

鎮(zhèn)靜劑andtolowerT4levels.★Yogurt

['j?g?t;'j??-]酸奶supplies

the

brainwith

tyrosine['ta?r?si?n]

酪氨酸,

an

aminoacid

thatboosts

blood

levelsofthe

neurotransmitters

dopamine

and

norepinephrine,

resulting

inamood

andmental

boost.

★Constant

worrying

causes

cortisol

['k??t?s?l]皮質醇and

epinephrine[,ep?'nefr?n;-ri?n]

腎上腺素levelstorise-and

these

stresshormones應激激素,壓力激素can

weaken

the

body’s

overall

immunity

免疫力[?'mju?n?t?].

★

Thedrug

may

cause

histamine

release,

whichmaycause

cutaneous

flushing

皮膚潮紅

andeven

bronchospasm

and

hypotension

in

some

patients.※

-lemma膜

oolemma卵膜

[,?u?'lem?]basilemma基底膜neurolemma神經膜※

mening/o-腦膜,脊膜meningococcus腦膜炎雙球菌

intermeningeal腦脊膜間的

[,int?mi'nind?i?l]meningomalacia腦膜軟化meningoencephalomyelitis腦膜腦脊髓炎

meningitis腦(脊)膜炎

[,men?n'd?a?t?s]

meningomyelitis脊膜脊髓炎['meni?ɡ?u,mai?'laitis]meningocerebritis,meningoencephalitismeningocephalitis腦膜腦炎★Enterovirusinfectionscancausemyocarditis,pneumonia,meningoencephalitis,orevenleadtodeath.★Allofβ-lactam,glycopeptidesandfosfomycin

playtheirbactericidaleffectviainhibitionofsynthesisofcellwall.★

Penicillins[pen?'s?l?n]青霉素,cephalosporins,monolactams(aztreonam氨曲南),carbapenems碳青霉烯類(imi亞胺,mero美羅,pani帕尼,faro法羅,bia比阿,eta厄他+-penem-培南),

cephamycins頭霉素類(

Cefoxitin[si'f?ksitin]頭孢西丁,Cefmetazole頭孢美唑,Cefotetan頭孢替坦),andoxacephems氧頭孢烯類(latamoxef拉氧頭孢)areclassifiedasβ-lactamdrugsbecauseoftheiruniquelactamring.Theyinhibitbacterialgrowthbyinhibitingtranspeptidase[tr?ns'p?pt?dez]轉肽酶

activityinbacterialcellwallsynthesis.★Penicillinisactiveagainstnearlyallstaphylococciandgram-positive

bacilli桿菌.Semisynthesized半合成

Penicillinsarenotonlyagainstgram-positiveorganismsbutgram-negativeorganisms.Thepenicillinsaremarkablynontoxic,b