高中英語高考一輪復(fù)習(xí)一輪復(fù)習(xí) 閱讀理解技巧指導(dǎo)(教師版) 2022屆高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)

閱讀理解干擾項(xiàng)中常見的九大邏輯錯(cuò)誤思維品質(zhì)，是高考閱讀理解考查的重點(diǎn)。因此，“邏輯混亂”常常是命題者設(shè)置干擾項(xiàng)的重要手段。在閱讀訓(xùn)練中，要警惕一些“詭辯”，有些表達(dá)乍看上去似乎很煽情，也有道理，但實(shí)則存在思維漏洞。做錯(cuò)了一道閱讀理解題，最好的訂正方法是，追根溯源，從邏輯這個(gè)根源上去分析我們的思維漏洞。我們先試一試下面的幾個(gè)小題，說說它們?cè)谶壿嬐评砩洗嬖谑裁磫栴}？邏輯推理：IfJackisrunning,thensheismoving.Jackisnotrunning.Therefore,heisnotmoving.

SeveralNazisweremembersoftheKaiserClub.HanswasamemberoftheKaiserClub.Therefore,HanswasaNazi.Fansmakealotofnoise.MadameButterflywasusingherfan.Therefore,shewasmakingalotofnoise.Lovingone’sneighbourisamarkofaltrusim(利他主義).Jackwasagreatlover.Itfollowsthathewasanaltruist.Allthepeopleatthetablehadtheirheadsshaved.Jackwasatthetable.Therefore,Jackhadhisheadshaved.ProfessorAsaysJack’splanisgood.ProfessorBsaysJack’splanisgood.ProfessorCsaysJack’splanisgood.Therefore,Jack’splanisgood.

閱讀理解干擾項(xiàng)中常見的九種邏輯錯(cuò)誤錯(cuò)誤類型實(shí)例1.把相關(guān)性當(dāng)成因果性。閱讀訓(xùn)練中有這樣一個(gè)案例：在某個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)上，當(dāng)冰淇淋的銷量越高，犯罪率就越高。這兩件事情有相關(guān)性，但是并不代表著冰淇淋的銷量高，是導(dǎo)致犯罪率上升的原因。事實(shí)上是由于冰淇淋銷量高的時(shí)候往往是夏天，天氣熱，因此居民大多開著窗，因此入室盜竊作案的情況就有了顯著上升……。總而言之，因果性（causality）會(huì)導(dǎo)致相關(guān)性（correlation），反之則不成立。2.濫用專家意見專家是某個(gè)特定領(lǐng)域的權(quán)威。在論證中，去向相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的專家請(qǐng)教是合情合理的做法。但是在向?qū)＜艺?qǐng)教時(shí)，一定要保持警惕。我們來看以下論證:史密斯教授說項(xiàng)目A很好。瓊斯教授說項(xiàng)目A很好。約翰教授說項(xiàng)目A很好。所以，我們應(yīng)該接受項(xiàng)目A。讓我們假設(shè)這三個(gè)教授都是項(xiàng)目A相關(guān)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)真正的專家。可是我們更深入地來想一下，沒有任何一個(gè)教授告訴我們?yōu)槭裁此麜?huì)認(rèn)為項(xiàng)目A是好的。教授們沒有論證。這個(gè)項(xiàng)目會(huì)被接受僅僅是因?yàn)樗麄冞@么說。但是，占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位的應(yīng)該是論證本身，而不是專家的話。

3.偷梁換柱。干擾項(xiàng)與原文高度相似，命題者在不易引人注意的地方換了一兩個(gè)詞匯造成句意的改變；或者把一個(gè)事物的特征說成是另一個(gè)事物的特征；或者把他人的觀點(diǎn)說成是作者的觀點(diǎn)。這類干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)就是“張冠李戴”。AcommonsightisthatofoldPersianmensittinginthecornertalkingloudlyaboutworldtopics,watchingnewseventsonTV,drinkingablackteaknownasPersianchai,andreadinglocalPersiannewspapersallthewhiletryingtofinishofftheirplatespiledwith.Whatactivityisalsomentionedapartfromdiningintherestaurant?A.Watchingnewseventson.Drinkingakindofblack.ReadinglocalEnglishnewspapers.D.Discussingworldtopicsinlowvoices.4.以先后論因果我們這里所要討論的這種謬誤，從拉丁語直接翻譯過來就是“發(fā)生在其后，故因其所致”。這種謬誤源自粗心。在因果關(guān)系中，原因總是先于結(jié)果發(fā)生，所以大家會(huì)有“發(fā)生在結(jié)果之前的就是原因”的錯(cuò)覺。比如，一個(gè)具有哲學(xué)思想傾向的原始人，有一天突然注意到，鳥兒總是在太陽升起之前歌唱。由此，他高興地得出結(jié)論：是鳥兒的歌唱導(dǎo)致了每天都有日出。他犯的就是以先后論因果謬誤。

5.以偏概全。把文章中的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)當(dāng)主旨，把片面的、次要的觀點(diǎn)當(dāng)成主要觀點(diǎn)。在猜測(cè)文章或段落大意、標(biāo)題以及釋義題中，干擾項(xiàng)總是以偏概全，具體表現(xiàn)為:

其一，把文章中的次要觀點(diǎn)、細(xì)節(jié)混進(jìn)體現(xiàn)文章主要觀點(diǎn)、中心思想的選項(xiàng)；其二，把超過文章討論的東西亦作為歸納或結(jié)論混進(jìn)選項(xiàng)；其三，把段落的主旨當(dāng)作文章的主旨（TheRedHerring）。Thereisnonecessaryconnectionbetweenthesymbolandthatwhichitstandsfor.Justassocialpositionscanbesymbolizedbyfeatherswornonthehead,bygoldonthewatchchain,orbyathousandotherthingsaccordingtotheculturewelivein,sothefactofbeinghungrycanbesymbolizedbyathousanddifferentnoisesaccordingtotheculturewelivecanweconcludefromParagraph2?A.Differentnoisemaymeandifferent.Ourculturedetermineswhatasymbolstands.Thelanguageweusesymbolizesoursocialpositions.D.Oursocialpositionsdeterminethewaywearedressed.6.錯(cuò)誤分類人類天生是分類性動(dòng)物。我們將一個(gè)事物放入某個(gè)和它有某種共同點(diǎn)的一個(gè)大類中，以此來加深對(duì)事物的了解。對(duì)事物進(jìn)行錯(cuò)誤的分類，例如把蘋果當(dāng)成橙子，可能會(huì)帶來嚴(yán)重的后果。將事物歸入錯(cuò)誤的類別是因?yàn)槲覀冏铋_始就沒有正確認(rèn)識(shí)它們，而沒有正確認(rèn)識(shí)的原因是我們散漫的態(tài)度。7.民主謬誤在一個(gè)社會(huì)中，大多數(shù)人對(duì)某個(gè)特定的事物秉持同一種觀點(diǎn)是個(gè)有趣的心理學(xué)現(xiàn)象，但是沒有將事物的真實(shí)與否考慮進(jìn)去。大多數(shù)也不絕對(duì)代表著正確。民主謬誤是說，如果大多數(shù)人都認(rèn)為命題X是正確的，那么我們可以就此得出結(jié)論說X是正確的。如果社會(huì)上大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為白就是黑，黑就是白，這個(gè)社會(huì)就是黑白不分的。

中世紀(jì)大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為地面是平的。所以，地球是平的。這就是一個(gè)民主謬誤。民主謬誤的危害性在于，很少有人能站到它的對(duì)立面，因?yàn)槿吮灸艿刈非笊鐣?huì)認(rèn)同，會(huì)屈從于大多數(shù)。然而，社會(huì)的進(jìn)步往往就是從打破民主謬誤開始的。8.對(duì)人不對(duì)事比如：網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的鍵盤俠，就是“對(duì)人不對(duì)事”的代表型人物，憑感覺下定論，只要是他們喜歡的明星，做什么都是對(duì)的。重申一下論證中的一個(gè)重要原則：在論證中，我們要關(guān)注的是論證本身，而不是做出論證的人。如果一個(gè)人忽略論證本身而故意去攻擊論證者，那么他就違反了這個(gè)原則。所謂的對(duì)人不對(duì)事，就是在與他人辯論時(shí)（比如美國(guó)的總統(tǒng)大選），通過向公眾傳達(dá)關(guān)于對(duì)手的與論證無關(guān)的信息，例如生活中的負(fù)面信息，以此來達(dá)到擊敗對(duì)手的目的。9.負(fù)負(fù)得正直觀上，我們認(rèn)為兩個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的命題可以得到一個(gè)正確的結(jié)論。事實(shí)上，兩個(gè)錯(cuò)誤帶來的仍舊是兩個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的命題而已。我們所討論的這個(gè)謬誤，可以用如下最簡(jiǎn)單的方式表示：“It'sallrightto...because...hasalreadybeendone.”

這個(gè)論證的推理有賴于如下假設(shè)：先例獨(dú)立決定未來的行為。實(shí)際上先例不能為未來的行為提供有效的支持，“他們先做了，所以我們應(yīng)該以牙還牙?！钡?，如果他們所做的是錯(cuò)的，我們的行為就成了一種報(bào)復(fù)，雙方都是錯(cuò)的也不能使這種行為立刻變成對(duì)的。

閱讀理解技巧指導(dǎo)(1)—推理判斷題選項(xiàng)設(shè)置正確選項(xiàng)設(shè)置特征：1、符合原文主旨，含義深刻。2、不包含絕對(duì)化的詞。3、來源于原文又高于原文。4、邏輯的推理、得出的結(jié)論符合作者意愿。干擾選項(xiàng)設(shè)置特征：1、只是重復(fù)文中的某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，與原文的內(nèi)容極其相似，只是在程度上有些變動(dòng)。2、包含絕對(duì)化的詞語。3、符合常識(shí)，但和原文毫無關(guān)系。4、在文中找不到相關(guān)的信息而推出的結(jié)論。5、態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)與文章相矛盾。6、是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容。7、部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤。推理判斷題類型一、推斷隱含意義設(shè)題方式Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat__________.Fromthetextweknowthat…ismostlikely__________.Whenthewritertalksabout…,whatthewriterreallymeansis__________.Thewritersuggeststhat__________.Thestoryimpliesthat__________.Wecaninfer[conclude]fromthepassagethat__________.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport？Withwhichofthefollowingdoestheauthoragree？[通常含有infer,suggest,imply,conclude等標(biāo)志性詞語]技巧點(diǎn)撥1).全面分析2).忠實(shí)原文3).不要選擇表層信息[例題1]Didyoueverhearastrangesoundcomingfromthewall?Diditsoundlikeaclock?Ifso,itmayhavebeenmadebyabeetle.Longagopeoplethoughtthetickingmeantthatsomeonewasabouttodie.Thusthebeetleiscalled"thedeathwatchbeetle."●Thesoundofthisbeetle________.A.pleasedpeople.B.surprisedpeople.C.frightenedpeople.D.excitedpeople.[答案：C][例題2]Itisfuntoturnoverabigrockonthebeach.Makesureyouturntherockbacktothepositionitwasinafteryoumovedit.Ifyoudon’tturnitbackover,alltheseaanimalsunderitorclingingto（依附）theundersidewilldie.●Youcantellthatrocks________.A.hurtseaanimalsB.protectseaanimalsC.won’tbefoundonbeachesD.can’tbefoundonbeaches[答案：B][例題3]“Andshehashadfreshflowersinherhandsforthelast150years.”KarenBierylivesinDamascus,aboutfivemileswestofHopeCemetery.She’swrittenabookbasedonthelegendofGoldieBelleTaylortitledBelieve.In1886,attheageoftwo,youngGoldieBelleusedherhandstosopup(抹去)theleftoverelderberryjuicefromherfather’sironkettle.Shediednotlongafterfrompoisoning.Shewastheloveofherdad’slife,andhewassoupsetthathesoldthefamilyfarmtobuytheItalianmadestatue,whichtodaymarkshergrave.●Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraph__________.A.herfatherwaspoisonousB.theironkettlewaspoisonousC.elderberryjuicewaspoisonousD.itwasherfatherthathatedher[答案C][例題4]InthisageofInternetchat,videogamesandrealitytelevision,thereisnoshortageofmindlessactivitiestokeepachildoccupied.Yetdespitethecompetition,my8-year-olddaughterRebeccawantstospendherleisuretimewritingshortstories.Shewantstoenteroneofherstoriesintoawritingcontest,acompetitionwhichshewonlastyear.…●Whatdowelearnfromthefirstparagraph?A.Alotofamusementscompeteforchildren’stimenowadays.B.Childrenhavelotsoffundoingmindlessactivities.C.Rebeccaismuchtoobusytoenjoyherleisuretime.D.Rebeccadrawsonalotofonlinematerialsforherwriting.[答案A][例題5]Ihadjustspentweekscorrectingherstoriesasshespontaneously(自發(fā)地)toldthem.TellingmyselfthatIwasmerelyanexperiencedwriterguidingtheyoungwriteracrossthehall,Iofferedsuggestionsforcharacters,conflictsandendingsforhertales.Thestoryaboutafearfulangelstartingfirstgradewasquickly“guided”bymeintothetaleofalittlegirlwithawildimaginationtakingherfirstmusiclesson.Ihadturnedhercontestintomycontestwithoutevenrealizingit.●Theauthortookgreatpainstoimproveherdaughter’sstoriesbecause_______.A.shewantedtohelpRebeccarealizeherdreamsofbecomingawriterB.shewasafraidRebecca’simaginationmightrunwildwhilewritingC.shedidnotwanttodisappointRebeccawhoneededherhelpsomuchD.shebelievedshehadtheknowledgeandexperiencetoofferguidance[答案D]二、推斷作者觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度設(shè)題方式Thewriter’sattitudetoward…is______.Thewriterthoughtthat______.Accordingtotheauthor______.技巧點(diǎn)撥注意作者表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞及所舉的例子，推斷出作者的弦外之音。[例題6]Justascryingcanbehealthy,notcrying—holdingbacktearsofanger,painorsuffering—canbebadforphysical(身體的)health.Studieshaveshownthattoomuchcontrolofemotionscanleadtohighbloodpressure,heartproblemsandsomeotherillnesses.Ifyouhaveahealthproblem,doctorswillcertainlynotaskyoutocry.Butwhenyoufeellikecrying,don’tfightit.It’sanatural—andhealthy—emotionalresponse(反應(yīng)).●Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A.Cryingisthebestwaytogethelpfromothers.B.Fightingbacktearsmaycausesomehealthproblems.C.Wewillneverknowourdeepfeelingsunlesswecry.D.Wemustcryifwewanttoreducepressure.[答案：B][例題7]Whyisn’tyournewspaperreportinganygoodnews？AllIreadaboutismurder,bribery(行賄)，anddeath.Frankly，I’msickofallthebadnews.●Thisauthor’sattitudetowardsthenewspaperreportingisto_____.A.complainB.apologizeC.amuseD.inform[答案：A][表示作者態(tài)度的詞匯匯總]一、積極/肯定positiveadj.肯定的,積極的,確實(shí)的favorableadj.贊成的,有利的approvaln.贊成,承認(rèn),正式批準(zhǔn)supportiveadj.支持的，支援的enthusiastic熱情的/enthusiasmn.狂熱,熱心,積極性defensive為……而辯護(hù)，防衛(wèi)的practicaladj.實(shí)際的logical符合邏輯的reasonable合理的rational理性的warmhearted熱心的active主動(dòng)的，積極的optimisticadj.樂觀的confidentadj.自信的,確信的impressiveadj.給人深刻印象的,感人的respective/respectful尊敬的persuasive令人信服的，有說服力的convinced信服的/convincing令人信服的二、消極/否定negativeadj.否定的,消極的,負(fù)的,陰性的disapproval不贊成/disapproving反對(duì)的objection異議，反對(duì)/objective反對(duì)的opposition反對(duì)critical批評(píng)的/criticism批評(píng),批判impractical不實(shí)際的illogicaladj.不合邏輯的irrelevant不相關(guān)的radicaladj.激進(jìn)的biased有偏見的prejudiced

有成見的；偏頗的conservativeadj.保守的ironic諷刺的unfavorable不支持的passive被動(dòng)的，消極的negative消極的pessimistic悲觀的depressed消沉的，壓抑的，抑郁的frustrated失意的，挫敗的disappointed失望的/disappointing令人失望的gloomyadj.黑暗的,陰沉的,陰郁的indifferent漠不關(guān)心的unconcerned不關(guān)心的blue憂郁的disgusted厭惡的discouraging令人沮喪的uncaring冷漠的，無同情心的三、懷疑suspicionn.猜疑,懷疑/suspiciousadj.可疑的,懷疑的doubt懷疑/doubtfuladj.可疑的,不確的,疑心的puzzling/puzzledadj.使迷惑的,使莫明其妙的confused困惑的skeptical懷疑的四、客觀objectiveadj.客觀的neutraladj.中立的impartialadj.公平的,不偏不倚的impersonaladj.不帶個(gè)人色彩的unbiasedadj.沒有偏見的unprejudicedadj.公平的,無偏見的factualadj.事實(shí)的,實(shí)際的,根據(jù)事實(shí)的五、主觀subjectiveadj.主觀的,個(gè)人的tolerancen.寬容，容忍/tolerant寬容的/intolerablesensitive敏感[銳]的,易受傷害的scaredadj.恐懼的/scary可怕的reservedadj.保留的,包租的moderateadj.中等的,適度的,適中的v.緩和mildadj.溫和的,溫柔的,淡味的,適度的amazedadj.吃驚的,驚奇的amused可笑的concernedadj.關(guān)心的,有關(guān)的humorous幽默的fascinated迷人的curious好奇的unforgiving不可饒恕的pitiful可憐的，令人同情的stressful有壓力的merciful仁慈的mercy仁慈innocent無辜的，無罪的sociable好交際的，友善的cautious小心的，謹(jǐn)慎的changeable易變的

ambiguous模棱兩可的unexpected意想不到的particular挑剔的三、推斷寫作目的設(shè)題方式(1)考查整篇文章的寫作目的A.Thewriter’spurposeofwritingthispassageisto_____.B.Whatisthepurposeofwritingthisarticle?C.Inwritingthepassage,theauthorintendsto_____.(2)考查某處細(xì)節(jié)的寫作意圖A.Thewriterusestheexampleof…toshowthat_____.B.Thewriterusesthetwoquestionsatthebeginningofthepassageto_____.C.…arementionedinthefirstparagraphto_____.寫作目的歸納不同的文章可能有不同的寫作目的,但寫作目的通常有以下三種：(1)toentertainreaders（娛樂讀者，讓人發(fā)笑）常見于故事類的文章。tomakepeoplelaugh;totellaninterestingexperience(2)topersuadereaders（說服讀者接受某種觀點(diǎn)）常見于廣告類的文章。tosellaproductoraservice;toattractmorevisitors/readers/audience(3)toinformreaders（告知讀者某些信息）多見于科普類﹑新聞報(bào)道類﹑文化類或社會(huì)類的文章.[例題8]“Haveyoueverbeenoutonaboatandfeltitliftedupbyawave?Orhaveyoujumpedinthewaterandfelttherushofenergyaswavescameoveryou?”askedJamieTayloroftheWaveEnergyGroupattheUniversityofEdinburgh.“Thereiscertainlyalotofenergyinwaves,”hesaid.●Thewriterusesthetwoquestionsatthebeginningofthepassageto______.A.testthereaders’knowledgeaboutwavesB.drawthereaders’attentiontothetopicC.showJamieTaylor’simportanceD.invitethereaderstoanswerthem[答案：B]實(shí)例來導(dǎo)入，介紹文章的主題，引起讀者的興趣[例題9]AyoungmanfromavillagecalledNawalapitiyamarriedayoungwomanfromMaliyuwa,anearbyvillage.Theylivedwiththeman'sbigfamily-hisparents,hisbrothers,theirwivesandchildren.Thefamilykeptanelephant,inwhichtheyoungwomansoontookagreatinterest.Everydayshefeditwithfruitandsugar.Threemonthslaterthewomanwentbacktoherparents'home,havingquarreledwithherhusband.Soontheelephantrefusedtoeatorwork.Itappearedtobeillandheart-broken.Onemorningafterseveralweekstheanimaldisappearedfromthehouse.Itwenttothewoman‘shome.Onseeingher,theelephantwaveditstrunkandtouchedherwithit.Theyoungwomanwassomovedbytheactoftheanimalthatshereturnedtoherhusband’shome.●Thewriterwrotethestoryinorderto________.A.showthatelephantsareverycleverB.tellhowawomantrainedawildanimalC.showthatwomencaremoreforanimalsthanmendoD.tellhowananimalreunitedahusbandandwife[答案：D]排除法會(huì)犯“以偏概全”的錯(cuò)誤，以文章中的部分事實(shí)或觀點(diǎn)來代替全文的主旨大意

四、推斷文章出處設(shè)題方式Thepassageismostlikelytobetakenfrom______.Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear?Thepassageismostlikelyapartof___.解題技巧這類問題應(yīng)從文章的內(nèi)容或結(jié)構(gòu)來判斷其出處：(1)報(bào)紙：前面會(huì)出現(xiàn)日期、地點(diǎn)或通訊社名稱(2)廣告：因其格式特殊，容易辨認(rèn)(3)產(chǎn)品說明：器皿、設(shè)備的使用說明會(huì)有產(chǎn)品名稱或操作方式，而藥品的服用說明會(huì)告知服用時(shí)間、次數(shù)、藥量等。[例題10]Doyoualwaysunderstandthedirectionsonabottleofmedicine?Doyouknowwhatismeantby“Takeonlyasdirected?”Readthefollowingdirectionsandseeifyouunderstandthem.Toreducepain,taketwotablets(藥片)withwater,followedbyonetableteveryeighthours,asrequired.Fornight-timeandearlymorningrelief(緩解疼痛)taketwotabletsatbedtime.Donottakemorethansixtabletsintwenty-fourhours.Forchildrensixtotwelveyearsold,givehalftheamount(量).Forchildrenundersixyearsold,askyourdoctor’sadvice.Reducetheamountifyousufferfromrestlessnessorsleeplessnessaftertakingthemedicine.●Thistextismostprobablytakenfroma______.（2分鐘）A.textbookB.newsreel(新聞片)C.doctor’snotebookD.bottleofmedicine[答案：A][例題11]Morethan30,000driversandfrontseatpassengersarekilledorseriouslyinjured（受傷）eachyear.Ataspeedofonly30milesperhouritisthesameasfallingfromathirdfloorwindow.Wearingaseatbelt（安全帶）saveslives;itreducesyourchanceofdeathorseriousinjurybymorethanhalf.Thereforedriversorfrontseatpassengersover14inmostvehiclesmustwearaseatbelt.Ifyoudonot,youcouldbefinedupto$50.Itwillnotbeuptothedriverstomakesureyouwearyourbelt.Butitwillbethedriver'sresponsibility（責(zé)任）tomakesurethatchildrenunder14donotrideinthefrontunlesstheyarewearingseatbeltofsomekind.However,youdonothavetowearaseatbeltifyouarereversing（倒退）yourvehicleoryouaremakingalocaldelivery（發(fā)送）orcollectionusingaspecialvehicle;orifyouhaveavalidmedicalcertificatewhichexcusesyoufromwearingit.Makesurethesecircumstances（情形）applytoyoubeforeyoudecidenottowearyourseatbelt.Rememberyoumaybetakentocourtfornotdoingso,andyoumaybefinedifyoucannotprovetothecourtthatyouhavebeenexcusedfromwearingit.●Thistextistakenfrom_____.A.amedicalmagazineB.apolicereportC.anadvertisement（廣告）D.agovernmentinformationbooklet（小冊(cè)子）[答案：B]五、推斷文脈邏輯關(guān)系設(shè)題方式1)推斷上下文內(nèi)容Thenextparagraphwouldmostprobablydealwith_______Theparagraphprecedingthisonewouldmostlikelydiscuss______.2)推斷篇章組織結(jié)構(gòu)Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?Howisthepassageorganized?解題技巧推斷上下文：1.根據(jù)作者的思路進(jìn)行推理。2.關(guān)注第一段，特別是文段開始的幾句話。推斷組織結(jié)構(gòu)：1.按段落的組織方法理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)2.按寫作方法（論證方法）理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)[例題12]Whenearlyhumanshuntedandgatheredfood,theywerenotincontroloftheirenvironment.Theycouldonlyinteractwiththeirsurroundingsaslowerorganismsdid.Whenhumanslearnedtomakefire,however,theybecamecapableofalteringtheirenvironment.Toprovidethemselveswithfueltheystrippedbarkfromtrees,causingthetreestodie.Clearingswereburnedinforeststoincreasethegrowthofgrassandtoprovideagreatergrazingareaforthewildanimalsthathumansfedupon.Thisdevelopmentledtofarmingandthedomesticationofanimals.Firealsoprovidedthemeansforcookingplantswhichhadpreviouslybeeninedible.Onlywhentheprocessofmeetingthebasicneedforfoodreachedacertainlevelofsophisticationwasitpossibleforhumanstofollowotherpursuitssuchasthefoundingofcities.●Theparagraphfollowingthispassagewouldmostlikelybeabout____________.A.fireB.huntingC.farmingD.urbanization（城市化）[答案：D][例題13]TheDietZone:ADangerousPlaceDietCoke,dietPepsi,dietpills,no-fatdiet,vegetablediet…Wearesurroundedbytheword“diet”everywherewelookandlisten.Wehavesoeasilybeenattractedbythepromiseandpotentialofdietproductsthatwehavestoppedthinkingaboutwhatdietproductsaredoingtous.Wearepayingforproductsthatharmuspsychologicallyandphysically（身體上）.Dietproductssignificantlyweakenuspsychologically.Ononelevel,wearenotallowingourbraintoadmitthatourweightproblemslienotinactuallylosingtheweight,butincontrollingtheconsumptionoffatty,high-calorie,unhealthyfoods.Dietproductsallowustojumpoverthethinkingstageandgostraightforthescale（秤）instead.Allwehavetodoistoswalloworrecognizetheword“diet”infoodlabels.Onanotherlevel,dietproductshavegreaterpsychologicaleffects.Everytimewehaveazero-caloriedrink,wearetellingourselveswithoutourawarenessthatwedon’thavetoworktogetresults.Dietproductsmakepeoplebelievethatgaincomeswithoutpain,andthatlifecanbewithoutresistanceandstruggle.Thedangerofdietproductsliesnotonlyinthepsychologicaleffectstheyhaveonus,butalsointhephysicalharmthattheycause.Dietfoodscanindirectlyharmourbodiesbecauseconsumingtheminsteadofhealthyfoodsmeanswearepreventingourbodiesfromhavingbasicnutrients(營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分).Dietfoodsanddietpillscontainzerocalorieonlybecausethedietindustryhascreatedchemicalstoproducethesewonderproducts.Dietproductsmaynotbenutritional,andthechemicalthatgointodietproductsarepotentiallydangerous.Nowthatweareawareoftheeffectsthatdietproductshaveonus,itistimetoseriouslythinkaboutbuyingthem.Losingweightliesinthepowerofminds,notinthepowerofchemicals.Oncewerealizethis,wewillbemuchbetterabletoresistdietproducts,andthereforepreventthepsychologicalharmthatcomesfromusingthem.75.Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthepassage?[答案：B]【總結(jié)】1.推斷隱含意義,必須吃透相關(guān)文段的意思。2.推斷作者的寫作意圖，應(yīng)當(dāng)關(guān)注主題句,同時(shí)把握文章的體裁也可以推斷作者的寫作目的。3.推斷作者的觀點(diǎn)，應(yīng)當(dāng)全面理解文章的內(nèi)容及文章的中心思想。4.推斷文脈邏輯，必須特別關(guān)注作者的思路和段落組織方法，推斷下文要注意最后一段的內(nèi)容,尤其是最后的兩三句話。

閱讀理解練習(xí)APeoplebelievethatclimbingcandogoodtohealth.Wherecanyoulearntheskillofclimbingthen?Ifyouthinkthatyouhavetogotothemountainstolearnhowtoclimb,you’rewrong.ManyAmericansarelearningtoclimbincitygyms(體育館).Here,peoplearelearningonspecialclimbingwalls.Theclimbingwallgoesstraightupandhassmallholdingplacesforhandsandfeet.Howdopeopleclimbthewall?Toclimb，youneedspecialshoesandaharness(保護(hù)帶)aroundyourchesttoholdyou.Thereareropes(繩索)tiedtoyourharness.Theropesholdyouinplacesothatyoudon’tfall.Abeginner’swallisusuallyabout15feethigh,andyouclimbstraightup.Therearesmallpiecesofmetalthatstickoutforyoutostandonandholdonto.Sometimesit’seasytoseethenextpieceofmetal.Sometimes,it’snot.Themostdifficultpartistocontrolyourfear.It’snormalforhumanstobeafraidoffalling,soit’sdifficultnottofeelfear.Butwhenyoumoveawayfromthewall,theharnessandtheropesholdyou，andyoubegintofeelsafe.Youmoveslowlyuntilyoureachthetop.Climbingattractspeoplebecauseit’sgoodexerciseforalmosteveryone.Youuseyourwholebody,especiallyyourarmsandlegs.Thissportgivesyourbodyacompleteworkout.Whenyouclimb，bothyourmindandyourbodycanbecomestronger.1.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A.Peoplearefairlyinterestedinclimbingnowadays.B.Itisimpossibletobuildupone’sbodybyclimbing.C.Peoplecanonlylearntheskillofclimbingoutdoors.D.Itisalwayseasytoseeholdingplacesinclimbing.2.Themostdifficultthingtodoinwallclimbingis________.A.totieropestoyourharnessB.tocontrolyourfearC.tomoveawayfromthewallD.toclimbstraightup3.Theword“workout”underlinedinthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans________.A.settlementB.exerciseC.excitementD.tiredness4.Whydoestheauthorwritethispassage?A.Totellpeoplewheretofindgyms.B.Toprovethebasicneedforclimbing.C.Toencouragepeopletoclimbmountains.D.Tointroducethesportofwallclimbing.1.【答案】A【解析】推理判斷題。由本文第一段中“Peoplebelievethatclimbingcandogoodtocanyoulearntheskillofclimbingthen”和第三段中“Climbingattractspeoplebecauseit’sgoodexerciseforalmosteveryone.”可推斷出答案。2,【答案】B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Themostdifficultpartistocontrolyourfear.”可以推斷出應(yīng)該控制一下恐懼心理。3.【答案】B【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。由文中最后一段最后一句“Whenyouclimb，bothyourmindandyourbodycanbecomestronger.”可知，該詞意為“鍛煉”。4.【答案】D【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文可以判斷出作者主要介紹了wallclimbing這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)。BAyearagoAugust,DaveFusslosthisjobdrivingatruckforasmallcompanyinwestMichigan.Hiswife,Gerrie,wasstillworkinginthelocalschoolcafeteria,butworkforDavewasscarce,andthepriceofeverythingwasrising.TheFusseswereatriskofjoiningthemillionsofAmericanswhohavelosttheirhomesinrecentyears.ThenDaveandGerriereceivedatimelygift—$7,000,alegacy(遺產(chǎn))fromtheirneighborsIshandArleneHatch,whodiedinanaccident.“Itreallymadeadifferencewhenweweregoingunderfinancially，”saysDave.ButtheFussesweren’ttheonlyfolksinAltoandtheneighboringtownofLowelltoreceiveunexpectedlegacyfromtheHatches.DozensofotherfamiliesweretouchedbytheHatches’generosity.Insomecases,itwasafewthousanddollars;inothers,itwasmorethan$100,000.ItsurprisednearlyeveryonethattheHatcheshadsomuchmoney,morethan$3million—theywereanelderlycouplewholivedinanoldhouseonwhatwasleftofthefamilyfarm.ChildrenoftheGreatDepression,IshandArlenewereknownfortheirhabitofsaving.Theythrivedon(喜歡)comparisonshoppingandwouldroutinelygofromstoretostore，checkingpricesbeforemakinganewpurchase.Throughtheyears,theHatchespaidforlocalchildrentoattendsummercampwhentheirparentscouldn’taffordit.“IshandArleneneveraskedifyouneededanything，”saystheirfriendSandyVanWeelden,“Theycouldseethingstheycoulddotomakeyouhappier,andtheywoulddothem.”EvenmoreextraordinarywasthattheHatcheshadtheirfarmlanddistributed.ItwastheHatches’wishthattheirlegacy—alegacyofkindnessasmuchasoneofdollarsandcents—shouldenrichthewholecommunity(社區(qū))andlastforgenerationstocome.Neighborshelpingneighbors—thatwasIshandArleneHatch’sstory.1．Accordingtothetext,theFusses________.A.wereemployedbyatruckcompanyB.wereinfinancialdifficultyC.workedinaschoolcafeteriaD.losttheirhome2．WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheHatches?A.TheyhadtheirchildrenduringtheGreatDepression.B.Theyleftthefamilyfarmtoliveinanoldhouse.C.Theygaveawaytheirpossessionstotheirneighbors.D.Theyhelpedtheirneighborstofindjobs.3．WhywouldtheHatchesroutinelygofromstoretostore?A.Theydecidedtoopenastore.B.Theywantedtosavemoney.C.Theycouldn’taffordexpensivethings.D.Theywantedtobuygiftsforlocalkids.4．AccordingtoSandyVanWeelden,theHatcheswere________.A.understandingB.optimisticC.childlike D.curious5．Whatcanwelearnfromthetext?A.ThecommunityofAltowaspoor.B.Thesummercampwasattractivetotheparents.C.SandyVanWeeldengotalegacyfromtheHatches.D.TheHatcheswouldliketheneighborstofollowtheirexample.1.【答案】B【解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。從第一段前三句話可以看出，F(xiàn)uss夫婦現(xiàn)在正處于經(jīng)濟(jì)困境中，所以B為正確答案。A、C項(xiàng)與文中有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)不符，D項(xiàng)在文中沒有信息支持。2.【答案】C【解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第四段第一句話說Hatch夫婦是在大蕭條時(shí)期出生的，而不是他們?cè)诖笫挆l時(shí)期有了孩子，排除A；第三段提到他們的老房子位于他們家的農(nóng)場(chǎng)里，B錯(cuò)誤；第二段提到他們幫助有困難的鄰居們，但并未提及幫他們找工作，D錯(cuò)誤。C項(xiàng)說他們把自己的財(cái)產(chǎn)捐贈(zèng)給鄰居，符合文意，故答案為C。3.【答案】B【解析】推理判斷題。第四段提到他們有節(jié)約的習(xí)慣，買東西之前喜歡一個(gè)商店一個(gè)商店地比較價(jià)格，顯然是為了省錢，故答案為B。A，他們決定開個(gè)商店；C，他們買不起貴的東西；D，他們想給當(dāng)?shù)氐暮⒆淤I禮物，都明顯與文意不符。4.【答案】A【解析】推理判斷題。從文章第五段SandyVanWeelden的話中可知，theHatches從來不問你需要什么，而是能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)你需要的東西，然后就來幫助你，這說明他們非常善解人意，故答案為A。B表示樂觀的；C表示孩子氣的，天真爛漫的；D表示好奇的，明顯不符合文意。5.【答案】D【解析】推理判斷題。A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在這個(gè)地區(qū)很貧困，文章只是說這里有經(jīng)濟(jì)困難的人，并不是說這里是一個(gè)貧困地區(qū)；B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在parents上；C項(xiàng)說SandyVanWeelden得到了Hatches夫婦的一份遺產(chǎn)，文章只是提到他對(duì)他們的評(píng)價(jià)，并未說他得到遺產(chǎn)之事；從文章倒數(shù)第二段第二句話以及最后一段可以看出，Hatches夫婦的愿望就是他們的遺產(chǎn)能夠?yàn)樯鐓^(qū)以及子孫后代造福，鄰里之間能夠互相幫助，故答案為D。CWhenIwasachild,IoftendreamedofthetimewhenIcouldleavehomeandescapetothecity.Welivedonafarmand，inthewinterespecially,wewerequitecutofffromtheoutsideworld.AssoonasIleftschool,Ipackedmybagsandmovedtothecapital.However,Isoondiscoveredthatcitylifehasitsproblemstoo.Onebigdisadvantageismoney—itcostssomuchtogoout，nottomentionbasicslikefoodandhousing.Anotherdisadvantageispollution.Isufferfromasthma(哮喘),andattimestheairissobadthatIamafraidtogooutside.Thenthereistheproblemoftravelinground.AlthoughIhaveacar,Iseldomuseitbecauseofthetrafficjams.Onechoiceistogobybicycle，butthatcanbequitedangerous.Ofcoursethereareadvantages.First,thereissomuchtodointhecity，whateveryourtastesincultureorentertainment(娛樂活動(dòng)).Besides,therearewonderfuljobsandgreaterchancesofmovingtoamoreimportantjoborposition.Finally，ifyoulikeshopping,thevarietyofgoodsisverysurprising—and,whatismore,shopsareoftenonlyashortwalkaway.Islifebetterthen，inthecity?Perhapsitis，whenyouareinyourteens(十幾歲)ortwenties.However,asyougetolder，andespeciallyifyouhavesmallchildren,thepeaceofthecountrysidemayseempreferable.Icertainlyhopetomovebacktheresoon.1.Whatwasthewriteralwaysthinkingaboutwhenhewasachild?A.Stayingonthefarm.B.Movingtothecountryside.C.Leavinghomeforthecity.D.Runningawayfromtheschool.2.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutthewriter?A.Heisveryoldnow.B.Heisingoodhealth.C.Heprefersdrivingacar.D.Helivesinthecitynow.3.Inthepassage,thewritertriesto________.A.expresshisopinionsaboutwayoflifeB.describehislifeinthecountrysideC.showaninterestintheoutsideworldD.persuadethereadertoliveinthecity4.Howisthepassagemainlydeveloped?A.Byinferring. B.Bycomparing.C.Bylistingexamples.D.Bygivingexplanations.1.【答案】C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章第一段第一句“WhenIwasachild，IoftendreamedofthetimewhenIcouldleavehomeandescapetothecity.”可知作者小時(shí)候的夢(mèng)想是離開家去大城市。2.【答案】D【解析】判斷正誤題。由文章最后一段“How