2023年武漢大學(xué)考博英語真題

武漢大學(xué)2０２３年博士學(xué)位研究生外語綜合水平考試試題一、閱讀理解Justicｅiｎsociｅｔymusｔｉnclｕdｅｂotｈafairｔrialtoｔheａccｕsｅdanｄtｈeselｅctionofanaｐprｏpriatepｕnishmeｎtｆortｈｏsｅｐｒovｅｎｇｕilｔｙ．Bｅcaｕｓeｊｕsｔicｅisｒegardeｄasonefｏｒm.oｆeｑｕaｌitｙ,wefindｉnｉtｓearliｅｒｅｘpreｓｓionsthｅideaoｆapunｉshmeｎｔｅqｕaｌtothｅcrｉme.RecordedｉｎtheＯldＴestａmeｎｔistheeｘpｒession"aneyeforａneye,aｎdatooｔhfｏratooth.＂Thatis，theindividｕalwｈoｈａsdoｎｅｗrｏnghasｃommitteｄａｎoffｅncｅagainｓｔsｏcietｙ．Tｏmakｅｕpｆorhisｏｆｆｅnce,ｓocｉｅtymｕstgｅtｅｖen.Tｈｉsｃａnｂedoｎeoｎlｙbyｄoiｎganeqｕaliｎjurｙtohim.Thｉｓconceptionofretributiｖｅｊusticeisreflectedinmanyｐartsoftheｌｅgaldoｃumentsａndproceduｒeｓofmoｄerntimes．Itiｓillｕｓtratedｗhenwedemaｎｄｔhedｅathpenａltyｆorapeｒsｏnwhohaｓcｏmmitｔｅdmurdeｒ.ThisｐｈｉlosophyofpｕnishmeｎｔwasｓuｐpｏｒtedbyｔheGｅrmanｉdealｉstHegel.Hebeｌｉeｖｅdtｈaｔsocietyowedittotｈｅcｒimｉnaltoｇiveaｐｕnｉshｍｅntｅｑｕaltothecrimｅｈehadcoｍｍitted.Theｃrimｉnａlｈaｄbyｈiｓowｎacｔｉonｓｄenｉedｈiｓtrｕｅｓｅlfanditisneｃｅｓsarytｏdosomｅthiｎgtｈatwiｌｌｃｏuｎteracttｈisdｅｎialandrestｏreｔhｅｓeｌftｈａｔhaｓbeenｄｅnied．Tｏｔhemuｒderｅrnothinｇleｓｓthａngiｖinｇuｐhｉsｏｗnｗｉｌlpayhisｄebt．Ｔheｄemaｎdofthedｅathｐenalｔyｉsarighｔthestatｅowｅstheｃriminalanditｓhouldnotdｅnyhｉmhｉsdue．Mｏdernjuristsｈａｖetriedtorepｌaｃereｔributiｖejｕsticeｗiｔhthenoｔionｏｆcorｒectivejusｔice.Theaimoftheｌatterisｎottoａbandonｔhｅconｃeptｏｆｅｑuaｌitybuttｏfindａmoreadeｑuaｔｅwaｙtoexprｅsｓiｔ.Iｔtｒiestｏpreｓervetｈeｉdeaofｅqｕａｌoppｏｒｔunitｙfｏreachｉndiviｄualｔｏｒｅaｌｉzethebeｓttｈａｔｉｓinhｉm.Tｈecｒiminalisｒegａrｄedasbeingｓoｃiaｌlｙillａndinnｅedｏftｒｅａt(yī)mentthaｔwilleｎablｅhiｍｔｏｂecomeanｏrｍａｌmemberofｓociety．Befｏreatｒeaｔmentcaｎbeａdminｉsｔeｒed,thｅcauseofhisanｔｉsoｃｉａlｂehavior.ｍuｓtbefｏｕnd．Iｆtｈeｃausecaｎbｅrｅmｏｖed,proｖisｉoｎsmustbemadetohaｖethisｄone．Onlｙthosecｒiminalswｈoareinｃurａblesｈouｌdbeｐeｒｍanentlｙｓepaｒatedfｒonttｈereｓtofthesociｅty.Ｔhｉsdoesnｏｔｍeanthatｃrimｉｎalswｉllescapepunishmenｔｏｒbｅquｉｃｋｌyｒeｔｕrnedtotakｅｕｐｃareersoｆcriｍe.Itmeansthatｊusｔiceistoheａltheindividual,noｔｓiｍpｌｙtogeteｖenwｉｔhhｉm.Iｆsｅverepuniｓhmenｔsiｓthｅoｎｌyadequａｔemeａnsｆｏraccoｍpanyinｇｔｈｉs,ｉtｓhouｌdbeaｄminｉsｔeｒｅd.However,theｉｎdiｖidualｓｈouldbｅｇｉvenevｅｒｙｏｐportｕnitytoａｓsumｅanｏrｍaｌplａcｅiｎsoｃiety.Hisｃonvictｉoｎofcrimｅmｕstnoｔdeprｉｖehimofｔｈeopporｔｕnitｙｔomaｋeｈiswａｙｉntheｓocietｙofwhiｃｈheｉｓapａrｔ.1.Ｔhｅ

beｓt

tiｔｌe

for

this

sｅlecｔion

is

（)

A.Fiｔting

Puｎｉshｍｅnt

to

the

Ｃrimｅ

B.Ａｐproaches

to

Jusｔ

Punｉshmeｎt

C．Imprｏvｅmenｔ

in

Lｅｇａl

Justice

D.Attaining

Juｓtｉce

in

the

Ｃourts

2．Ｔｈe

passage

impｌies

that

thｅ

bａsic

diffｅrｅnｃe

beｔｗｅen

retｒiｂuｔive

jｕsｔicｅ

ａｎd

cｏrｒeｃｔｉve

ｊusｔｉce

is

ｔｈe

（)

.

A．

ｔype

ｏf

cｒiｍe

that

was

proven

B.

seｖerｉty

ｆor

ｔhｅ

ｐunisｈｍeｎt

C．

reason

fｏr

the

senｔeｎｃe

Ｄ.

oｕtcome

ｏf

the

trial

３.

The

pｕｎｉshmenｔ

ｔhａt(yī)

woulｄ

be

most

iｎconsistent

wｉth

tｈｅ

ｖiewｓ

of

cｏrrｅctive

justiｃe

would

ｂe（）.A.

ｆorced

brａiｎ

surgｅｒｙ

Ｂ.

whipping

C.

ｓｏliｔary

cｏnfiｎement

D.

ｔhe

elｅctｒic

chaｉr

4.

The

Bｉｂlical

ｅxpression

"an

eye

for

an

eye，

and

a

tooth

fｏr

a

tooｔh”

was

prｅsｅｎted

in

ordｅr

to

().

A.

proｖe，ｔhat

equalｉtｙ

demands

jｕst

puniｓhmeｎｔ

B.

ｊustiｆy

ｔhｅ

need

fｏｒ

puｎishmenｔ

aｓ

a

ｐart

of

law

C．

gｉｖe

moral

bａcｋing

ｔo

rｅtribｕtive

jusｔice

Ｄ.

proｖe

thaｔ

man

has

ｌｏng

been

inteｒeｓted

iｎ

justice

＂Iｎ

ｅverｙ

known

humａn

society

the

mａle＇s

ｎeｅdｓ

foｒ

achieｖemｅｎt

ｃａn

be

ｒeｃoｇnｉzed..．

In

agrｅat

number

of

humａn

sｏｃieties

men's

sureｎess

of

their

sex

rｏｌe

is

tied

up

ｗith

ｔhｅｉr

right,

ｏｒabiliｔｙ,

to

pｒactｉce

sｏme

actｉviｔｙ

tｈaｔ

ｗｏmen

are

ｎot

allｏwed

ｔo

practice.

Theｉr

ｍaleness

in

facｔhas

ｔｏ

be

undeｒwｒittｅｎ

by

ｐreｖｅnting

womｅn

from

enteｒiｎｇ

soｍe

fiｅｌd

or

performｉng

somefeat."Ｔhis

ｉｓ

thｅ

ｃｏnｃlｕsioｎ

of

the

ａnthｒｏpｏlogist

Ｍarｇａret

Ｍead

about

the

ｗaｙ

iｎ

which

thｅ

rｏlｅsof

men

and

womｅn

ｉn

sｏcｉety

should

bｅ

distinguｉｓhｅｄ.If

talｋ

and

print

aｒe

conｓiｄered

iｔ

wｏuld

ｓeem

ｔhat

tｈe

ｆorｍａl

eｍanｃiｐation

of

women

ｉs

ｆar

fｒomcomｐｌeｔe.

Ｔheｒｅ

ｉｓ

a

fｌｏw

ｏf

ｐubｌicatiｏnｓ

about

ｔｈe

cｏntinuiｎg

domestiｃ

boｎdage

oｆ

womｅnand

ａbｏｕt

the

cｏmｐlicated

ｓystem

oｆ

defｅｎces

which

ｍen

have

tｈrｏwn

up

aroｕnd

theｉｒhiｔheｒtｏ

ａccｅpted

ａdvanｔages,

tａｋing

ｓｏmetiｍｅs

ｔhｅ

oｂｖｉous

forｍ

of

excluｓiｏn

froｍ

typｅs

ｏfoccupatiｏｎ

anｄ

sociabｌｅ

ｇroｕｐingｓ，

and

sometimｅs

the

mｏre

ｓubtle

form

oｆ

automatic

ｄoubtof

ｔhe

ｓeｒｉousness

ｏf

ｗoｍen's

ｐretｅnｓｉoｎｓ

ｔo

the

leveｌ

ｏf

inｔelｌect

anｄ

resolution

ｔhａt(yī)

men,

itis

suｐpoｓed,

brinｇ

to

ｔｈｅ

ｂusiｎess

of

ｒｕnｎｉng

ｔhｅ

worｌd.Ｔhｅre

are

a

gｏod

ｍany

objective

pieceｓ

of

ｅvｉｄｅnce

fｏr

the

eｒｏsion

ｏf

ｍeｎ＇s

sｔａt(yī)us．

In

thefｉrst

plaｃe，

therｅ

ｉs

tｈｅ

widesprｅad

postｗaｒ

phenoｍｅｎon

ｏｆ

the

womaｎ

Prｉme

Miｎister，

ｉnIndia,

Sｒi

Lanｋａ

ａnd

Ｉsｒael．Secoｎｄly,

there

is

the

very

lａｒge

incｒeａse

iｎ

thｅ

ｎumber

ｏｆ

wｏmen

who

wｏrk,

espeｃｉaｌlymａrriedwomen

ａｎd

ｍoｔhｅrｓ

of

childｒeｎ.

Ｍore

difｆuｓeｌy

there

aｒe

thｅ

inｃｒeasingly

nｕmeroｕｓconvergences

betwｅen

mａle

ａnd

ｆemale

beｈａviｏur:

ｔhe

aｐprｏxiｍａt(yī)ion

to

ｉdentical

sｔｙles

iｎdress

and

coｉffｕｒｅ,

tｈe

shariｎg

ｏf

domｅstic

ｔasｋｓ,

aｎd

the

admｉｓｓion

oｆ

women

tｏ

all

sorts

ofhitｈｅrto

exｃｌｕsiｖｅlｙ

malｅ

leiｓure-ｔime

ａcｔiviｔies.Ｅveryoｎe

carries

rｏｕnd

with

him

a

ｆａirｌy

dｅfｉｎitｅ

iｄea

oｆ

tｈｅ

pｒimitｉvｅ

or

nａｔｕral

ｃｏnditｉons

ofｈuman

life．

Iｔ

is

acquｉred

ｍorｅ

bｙ

the

sｔuｄｙ

of

hｕmoroｕs

carｔoonｓ

than

of

ａrchaeoｌogy,

ｂutthat

does

not

ｍatter

sｉnｃe

iｔ

is

not

signifｉcaｎt

aｓ

tｈeoｒｙ

bｕt

oｎly

ａs

aｎ

ｅxｐression

of

ｉnwardｌyfelt

expｅctａt(yī)ｉons

ｏf

peｏple's

sense

ｏｆ

wｈat

is

fuｎｄaｍｅｎtally

propｅｒ

in

the

diffｅrentiaｔｉonｂetween

ｔhe

ｒoleｓ

ｏf

the

tｗo

sｅxeｓ.

In

tｈis

rudｉmentaｒy

ｎaturaｌ

society

mｅn

go

out

to

ｈｕnｔand

ｆiｓｈ

ａnｄ

ｔo

fiｇht

ｏｆｆ

ｔhe

tribe

ｎext

dｏor

whiｌｅ

women

keｅp

tｈe

fiｒe

goinｇ.

Aｍoｒoｕsinitiａt(yī)ｉve

iｓ

fiｒｍly

ｒeserｖed

ｔo

the

ｍａn,

who

sｅts

aboｕt

ｃouｒtship

with

a

cluｂ.5.

The

pｈrase

"men＇s

sureneｓｓ

of

tｈeir

sex

ｒole＂

in

ｔhe

ｆiｒｓt

ｐａragraｐh

suggeｓts

thａt(yī)

they（）A.

aｒe

cｏnfｉdeｎｔ

in

theｉr

aｂiｌity

ｔo

cｈarｍ

women.B.

take

the

iｎitiatｉvｅ

in

courtshｉp．C.

hａｖe

a

cｌｅar

iｄea

of

ｗｈａt(yī)

is

ｃonsｉｄered

"ｍanly＂.D.

tend

ｔo

be

moｒｅ

immoｒal

thａｎ

wｏmen

arｅ.6.

The

ｔhird

paｒagrａph（）A．

geｎｅralｌy

ａgｒeeｓ

wｉth

tｈe

ｆiｒst

paragｒaphB．

has

no

cｏnnectｉｏn

with

thｅ

first

ｐaragraphＣ.

ｒｅｐeａt(yī)s

the

ａrgument

of

the

sｅｃoｎｄ

ｐaｒagrapｈD．

contｒａdiｃts

ｔhｅ

ｌast

pａｒagrapｈ7.

The

usｕal

ｉdea

oｆ

ｔhe

caｖe

maｎ

in

ｔhe

last

pａraｇraｐh（）A.

ｉｓ

baseｄ

on

ｔhe

stuｄy

of

ａrchaeologyＢ.

ilｌustｒateｓ

ｈow

peopｌe

eｘpect

meｎ

to

beｈavｅＣ.

is

dｉsｍissed

ｂy

ｔｈe

ａuthor

aｓ

aｎ

irreｌｅvanｔ

ｊokｅD.

provｅｓ

thａｔ

tｈｅ

man,

not

womａｎ，

ｓｈｏuld

be

ｔhｅ

wooer8．

Ｔhe

ｏpening

quoｔation

froｍ

Ｍarｇaret

Ｍead

sｕms

ｕp

a

rｅlaｔioｎshｉp

between

mａn

ａｎｄ

ｗoman

whiｃh

the

ａｕthor（)Ａ.

approves

ｏfB.

argueｓ

is

ｎaturalＣ.

coｍｐleｔeｌｙ

rejectsD．

exｐects

to

go

on

cｈanｇingＦarmerｓiｎthedevelopｉｎｇworldhatepriｃｅfluｃｔｕatiｏns.Ｉｔmａkeｓithardtoｐlａｎahead．Butmostofthemｈａvelittleｃhoｉcｅ:ｔhｅｙseｌlatthepricｅthｅmarketsets.FarmersinEuropｅ,ｔheU.S.andJaｐanarelucｋier：tｈeyreceiveｍasｓivegovｅｒnmenｔsuｂsidiesｉntheｆoｒmｏfguarａnｔeedpｒiceｓoｒｄｉｒeｃｔｈandｏuts.LａstmｏnthＵ.S.PreｓidenｔBushsignedａｎewfaｒmbillthaｔｇivesAmeriｃaｎfarｍｅrｓ$190ｂｉllioｎoveｒtheｎeｘｔ1０yearｓ，or$83biｌlｉonmoｒｅthaｎtｈeyｈaｄbeｅnsｃhedｕledtｏｇｅt,andpｕｓｈeｓＵ.S.agriｃulturalsuｐportclosetocrazｙEurｏpeanｌeｖeｌｓ.Ｂｕshsaiｄtｈeｓｔepｗasｎecessaryto"pｒｏｍotｅfarmerindｅpeｎdenceandpreｓｅrveｔｈefarmｗayoflifeforgeｎｅrationｓ".ＩtisaｌsodesｉｇnedｔｏhelpｔｈeRｅｐｕbliｃanＰartywｉnｃｏntrｏｌoｆｔｈeSenateiｎＮovembｅr'sｍidｔｅrmeｌeｃｔｉｏｎs．Ａgｒicｕｌｔuralpｒoduｃtiｏnｉnｍｏｓtpｏorcｏuｎtrieｓaccoｕntsfoｒupｔo5０%ofGDP,comｐaredtoonｌy3%ｉnｒichcounｔｒieｓ．Ｂutmoｓtｆarｍersinpoｏrcouｎｔｒｉｅsｇｒowｊuｓtｅnouｇhfｏrthemｓelvｅsandtｈeｉrfamｉlies．TｈosewｈｏｔryeｘpｏrtingｔｏtｈｅWestfindtheirgoｏdswｈackedwithｈugｅtarｉffsorcｏmｐeｔiｎgagainsｔchｅapersuｂsiｄｉzｅdｇｏods.In1999thｅUnitｅdNａｔionsCｏnfereｎceoｎTｒadｅandＤｅvelopmentｃoｎcludedtｈaｔfoｒｅacｈｄoｌｌａrｄevelopｉngcouｎtrｉesreceiveinａidtheyloseupto$14ｊustbeｃａuseoftradebａｒｒiersｉｍpｏｓedontｈｅexpｏrtoｆtｈeiｒmａnｕfaｃtｕｒeｄgｏｏds.Iｔ'snotasｉｆｔｈedevelｏpingwｏrldwaｎtsanyfavours,saysGeralｄSsendｗula,Ｕgａｎdａ'sＭinisterofFinａncｅ．"Wｈａt(yī)wewantisfｏｒtherichcｏuｎtriｅstolｅｔuscomｐetｅ.＂ＡｇricｕlｔuｒeisｏｎeofｔhefｅｗareaｓiｎwhichtheThirdWorldcancｏmｐｅte.Lａｎdａnｄlabouraｒｅｃheap,anｄaｓｆarmingmeｔhodｓdｅveｌoｐ,newtｅchnｏｌoｇｉｅsshouldｉmｐroveoutｐut.Tｈisiｓｎｏpieｉnthesｋyｓｐeｃulaｔｉon.TｈebiggestsucｃessinＫeｎｙa＇seconomyoverthepasｔdecaｄehａsbeeｎthｅboominexｐoｒtsofｃutfｌｏwersanｄveｇetａblestoEurｏpｅ.Buｔthatmayaｌlcｈangeｉn20２3，wｈeｎKeｎyaｗiｌlbesｌightlyｔoｏricｈｔoqualiｆｙfortｈe"lｅaｓtdeveｌopedcｏuｎtry"stａt(yī)usthatalloｗsAfricａnｐroduｃersｔoaｖoｉdｐayiｎｇｓtiffEurｏpeaｎｉmｐoｒｔdutiesonｓelectedaｇricultｕｒalproｄｕctｓ.Withtｒaｄebarrieｒｓinplace，thehorticuｌtureｉnduｓtrｙiｎKenyａwiｌlsｈrivelaｓquiｃｋlｙasａdiscardｅdｒose.Anｄwhileaｇricultuｒeｅｘportｓremａinｔhegreａt(yī)hoｐeforｐooｒcｏuｎｔrｉes,reducｉngtrａｄebarriersiｎotheｒsｅctｏrsａlsｏｗorks:ＡｍeｒiｃasAｆriｃanGroｗthandOpｐortuｎｉtｙＡｃt，whichcuｔsdｕtiｅｓonｅxｐｏrtsofeverythｉngfromｈandiｃraftstoｓhｏes,haｓproveｄaboontoAfrｉｃa'ｓmanufａcturers.Thelｅssｏn:theThirｄWorldｃanprosｐｅｒiftheｒichwoｒｌｄgivｅsitａfairgo.ThiｓiswhatmakesBush'sdｅｃiｓiｏｎtoincrｅaseｆarmsｕbsidiｅｓlastｍｏｎthaｌltheｍｏredeprｅssiｎg.Poorcountrieshavelｏngsuｓpecteｄthattｈerichwｏrldｕrｇestradｅliberａlｉｚａt(yī)iｏｎｏnlｙsoiｔcａnwａngleｉtsｗaｙｉntoneｗmａrkets.SucｈｓuspicｉｏｎｓcausedtｈｅSeａｔtleｔradetａlkstｏbｒeakdowｎｔhｒeeyeａrｓａgo．ButｌastNoｖembｅrmemｂersofｔheWoｒｌdTraｄeOrgａniｚatioｎ,ｍeetinｇinＤoｈa,Ｑatar，finaｌlyａgreｅdtｏａneｗrouｎdoftaｌkｓdesiｇｎeｄtoopenuｐｇloｂａlｔraｄeiｎａgricuｌｔureaｎdtｅxtiles.Ｒichcounｔriesａssｕredpooｒｃouｎtrｉes,thattheｉrconｃernswereｆｉnalｌyｂeingaｄｄｒessｅd.Ｂuｓh'shandoutlastmonthmaｋeｓaｌieofAmeｒｉca'scｏｍｍitmeｎｔtｏthoｓetaｌksaｎdhｉspersoｎaｌdevotionｔofreeｔrade.９.By

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()？A.fａvｏurablｅB.ambｉguoｕsC.cｒiｔｉcaｌD.reservｅｄＲoｇerＲosenbｌatt’ｓboｏkBｌaｃkＦiction，inattemptinｇｔｏapplylｉteraryrathｅrthaｎsociｏｐｏｌiｔicaｌcriｔeriatoitssubjｅｃt,suｃcｅｓsfｕlｌyalteｒstheapproachtakenbyｍostpreviouｓstudies.AｓRosenblaｔtｎotes，cｒitiｃismofＢlａｃkwｒitinghａｓoｆtenservedasaprｅtextfｏrｅxpounｄｉnｇonＢlacｋｈｉstory.AdｄisoｎGayle’srecenｔwork,ｆｏrexamｐle,jｕｄgestheｖaｌueofＢlａcｋｆｉｃｔionbyｏverｔlｙpoliｔicalstanｄaｒds，ratingeａchwｏｒkａccoｒｄingtothｅnotiｏnsofBｌackｉdeｎtｉtywhichiｔprｏpounds．

Ａlｔhoughfictioｎassureｄlysprinｇｓfroｍpoliticalcircｕmstances,itsauthｏrsｒeacttothoｓecircumstanceｓinwaｙｓotherｔhanｉdeoloｇiｃal，andtalｋiｎgabouｔnoｖｅlsandstorｉesprimaｒｉlyaｓiｎstrumeｎtsofｉｄeolｏgyｃｉrcumｖｅntsｍuchofthefiｃtiｏnalenterprise.Roｓenblaｔt’sｌitｅｒaｒyaｎalｙsｉｓdiscｌosesaｆfinitｉesandｃonnecｔionsａmonｇｗorｋｓofＢｌａckｆicｔioｎwhichsｏleｌyｐolitiｃaｌstudieshaｖeｏverlooｋedｏrignｏrｅd．

WritingａcceｐtablｅｃriｔｉcismofＢｌaｃｋfｉcｔion,however,ｐｒesｕppｏｓesｇivingｓatisfactorｙanｓwerstoaｎumｂerofqueｓtioｎs．Ｆｉｒstofall,iｓｔｈｅreasuｆｆｉｃiｅｎtreaｓｏn,otｈerthａntheracｉａliｄｅntｉｔｙofｔheauthorｓ，ｔogrｏuptogethｅrｗoｒkｓｂyBｌacｋauthoｒs?Secoｎd，hoｗdoｅｓBlaｃｋficｔｉonmａｋｅｉｔselｆdisｔiｎctｆroｍoｔhｅrmoderｎfictionwithwhichitｉslａｒgelycoｎｔempoｒａneoｕs?Rosenbｌａt(yī)tsｈoｗsthaｔBlackficｔioｎconstｉtutesadistincｔbｏdyoｆwritingｔhathasaｎｉdeｎｔiｆiablｅ,ｃoherenｔliｔerarｙtradiｔiｏｎ.LookinｇatnovｅlswriｔtｅｎｂyＢlaｃksｏverthelaｓｔeightｙｙeａrs,heｄiscoversrecurｒｉngconcerｎsａｎｄdesignsinｄependentoｆchronology．Ｔheｓeｓtrｕcｔｕresaｒetｈematｉc,anｄthｅysprｉng，nｏtsurprｉsｉngｌy,ｆroｍｔheｃentｒalｆaｃtｔhaｔtheBlaｃｋchａractersinthesenovｅlsexiｓtinapredoｍiｎantlyＷhｉtecuｌｔurｅ,wｈeｔhｅrtheytryｔｏconforｍtothatｃulｔuｒeorｒｅbelagainstit.

BlackＦictｉondoesleavesomeaestｈeｔｉｃqueｓｔionsｏpen.Rosenbｌatt’stｈematｉcaｎａｌysiｓpermitsconsiｄerabｌeｏbｊｅctiviｔy；ｈeevenｅｘｐlｉcｉtlｙsｔａt(yī)ｅｓthaｔitｉsｎothisinteｎtiｏntojudgethemeritofthevａriousｗorksyethisreｌucｔaｎceｓeeｍsmisplaced,esｐecｉａllysiｎｃeanａt(yī)ｔｅmptｔｏappraiｓｅmiｇhｔhａvｅlｅdtｏintｅrestiｎｇｒeｓulｔs．Foriｎｓtancｅ，sｏmeｏｆthenovelsａppｅartｏｂesｔrｕctuｒallｙdｉffuse.Ｉstｈisａdｅｆeｃt，ｏｒａretheauthｏｒsｗorkiｎｇoｕtof，ｏrｔrｙingtofｏrｇe,adｉfｆereｎｔｋｉndofａesthetiｃ?Ｉnaｄｄｉtioｎ,thestｙleｏfsomeＢlacknovｅls,lｉkeＪeanTooｍeｒ’sCane，ｖergeｓoｎexｐreｓsｉonismorsurｒeaｌiｓm;doesthiｓtechniqueｐroｖidｅacounterpoｉnttｏtｈepreｖaｌenｔtｈｅｍethatportｒayｓthｅfateagａｉnstwhichBｌackheroesarepitteｄ,ａt(yī)hｅｍeusualｌyconveyedbyｍorenａt(yī)uｒａlisｔicmoｄesoｆexｐｒessｉoｎ?

Ｉnspiteofｓuchoｍiｓsionｓ,whatRoseｎblattdoesincludｅiｎhisｄiｓcｕsｓioｎmａkesｆoranaｓtuteanｄｗortｈwhilｅstudy.BｌacｋFictｉonｓurveysawidevarｉetyofnovｅｌｓ，bringinｇｔoｏuratｔentioninｔhepｒｏcesssomｅfaｓcinatiｎｇandlittle-kｎｏwnwoｒｋslikｅJamｅｓWeｌdonJohnsoｎ’sAutoｂiograｐｈyｏfanEx-CｏｌｏrｅdMaｎ.Ｉtsargumenｔｉstiｇｈtlyｃoｎstructed，anditsforthrｉght,luｃｉdstｙｌｅexeｍpｌiｆieslevelhｅａdeｄandpenetratｉngcritiｃism．13

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