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一、最初投稿CoverletterDearEditors:Wewouldliketosubmittheenclosedmanuscriptentitled“PaperTitle”,whichwewishtobeconsideredforpublicationin“JournalName”.No ofinterestexitsinthesubmissionofthismanuscript,andmanuscriptisapprovedbyallauthorsforpublication.Iwouldliketodeclareonbehalfofmyco-authorsthattheworkdescribedwasoriginalresearchthathasnotbeenpublishedpreviously,andnotunderconsiderationforpublicationelsewhere,inwholeorinpart.Alltheauthorslistedhaveapprovedthemanuscriptthatisenclosed.Inthiswork,weevaluated……(簡要介紹一下的創(chuàng)新性).Ihopethispaperissuitable“JournalThefollowingisalistofpossiblereviewersforyourNameAE-mail:NameBE-mail:Wedeeplyappreciateyourconsiderationofourmanuscript,andwelookforwardtoreceivingcommentsfromthereviewers.Ifyouhaveanyqueries,pleasedon’thesitatetocontactmeattheaddressbelow.Thankyouandbestregards.Yourssincerely,CorrespondingName:E-mail:××××@××××DearProf.Sorryfordisturbingyou.Iamnotsureifitistherighttimetocontactyoutoinquireaboutthestatusofmysubmittedmanuscripttitled“PaperTitle”.(ID:文章稿號),althoughthestatusof“WithEditor”hasbeenlastingformorethantwomonths,sincesubmittedtojournalthreemonthsago.Iamjustwonderingthatmymanuscripthasbeensenttoreviewersornot?Iwouldbegreatlyappreciatedifyoucouldspendsomeofyourtimecheckthestatusforus.Iamverypleasedtohearfromyouonthereviewer’scomments.Thankyouverymuchforyourconsideration.Bestregards!CorrespondingName:E-mail:××××@××××三、修改稿Cover用通用的Editors）:Onbehalfofmyco-authors,wethankyouverymuchforgivingusanopportunitytoreviseourmanuscript,weappreciateeditorandreviewersverymuchfortheirpositiveandconstructivecommentsandsuggestionsonourmanuscriptentitled“PaperTitle”.(ID:文章稿號).Wehavestudiedreviewer’scommentscarefullyandhavemaderevisionwhichmarkedinredthepaper.Wehavetriedourbesttoreviseourmanuscriptaccordingtothecomments.Attachedpleasefindtherevisedversion,whichwewouldliketosubmitforyourkindconsideration.Wewouldliketoexpressourgreatappreciationtoyouandreviewersforcommentsonourpaper.Lookingforwardtohearingfromyou.Thankyouandbestregards.Yourssincerely,CorrespondingName:E-mail:ListofDearEditorsandThankyouforyourletterandforthereviewers’commentsconcerningourmanuscriptentitled“PaperTitle”(ID:文章稿號).Thosecommentsareallvaluableandveryhelpfulforrevisingandimprovingourpaper,aswellastheimportantguidingsignificancetoourresearches.Wehavestudiedcommentscarefullyandhavemadecorrectionwhichwehopemeetwithapproval.Revisedportionaremarkedinredinthepaper.Themaincorrectionsinthepaperandtherespondstothereviewer’scommentsareasflowing:Respondstothereviewer’sReviewerResponsetocommentResponse:××××××ResponsetocommentResponse:××××××Weareverysorryforournegligenceof……...Weareverysorryforourincorrectwriting……...ItisreallytrueasReviewersuggestedthat……WehavemadecorrectionaccordingtotheReviewer’scomments.Wehavere-writtenthispartaccordingtotheReviewer’ssuggestionAsReviewersuggestedthat……ConsideringtheReviewer’ssuggestionwehave……Specialthankstoyouforyourgoodcomments.Reviewer#2:ReviewerOtherLine60-61,thestatementsof“……”werecorrectedas Line107,“……”wasLine129,“……”wasWetriedourbesttoimprovethemanuscriptandmadesomechangesinthemanuscript.Thesechangeswillnotinfluencethecontentandframeworkofthepaper.Andherewedidnotlistthechangesbutmarkedinredinrevisedpaper.WeappreciateforEditors/Reviewers’warmworkearnestly,andhopethatthecorrectionwillmeetwithapproval.Onceagainthankyouverymuchforyourcommentsandsuggestions.DearProf.××××××:Thanksverymuchforyourkindworkandconsiderationonpublicationofourpaper.Onbehalfofmyco-authors,wewouldliketoexpressourgreatappreciationtoeditorandreviewers.Thankyouandbestregards.Yourssincerely,CorrespondingName:E-mail:DearSorryfordisturbingyou.Iamnotsureifitistherighttimetocontactyoutoinquireaboutthestatusofouracceptedmanuscripttitled“PaperTitle”(ID:文章稿號),sincethecopyrightagreementforpublicationhasbeensenttoyoutwomonthsago.IamjustwonderingthathowlongIcanreceivetheproofofourmanuscriptfromyou?Iwouldbegreatlyappreciatedifyoucouldspendsomeofyourtimeforareply.Iamverypleasedtohearfromyou.Thankyouverymuchforyourconsideration.Yourssincerely,CorrespondingName:E-mail:××××@××××DearMr.Thanksverymuchforyourkindletterabouttheproofofourpapertitled“PaperTitle”(ID:文章稿號)forpublicationin“JournalName”.WehavefinishedtheproofreadingandcheckingIn******shouldbe****(Page***,Rightcolumn,In****the“*****”shouldbe“****”(Page****,Rightcolumn,line****)Answersfor“authorqueries”:Wegreatlyappreciatetheefficient,professionalandrapidprocessingofourpaperbyyourteam.Ifthereisanythingelseweshoulddo,pleasedonothesitatetoletusknow.Thankyouandbestregards.Yourssincerely,CorrespondingName:E-mail:HowtopublishinTopJournalsKwanChoi,Editor,RIERevised,March7,SinceFebruary1,Inresponsetopopulardemands,thisbriefnoteisprovidedforthebenefitofallacademicauthors.Theoriginalintentwastoproduceabookofadvice,buttimeisascarcecommodityandyoumayhavetowaitindefiniyforabook-lengthsummary.Thisbriefmanualprovidesusefulsuggestionsfortoday'sauthors.Thegoalisto"fosterthegreatestgoodtothegreatestnumberofpeople."1Ifthisnoteisusefultoyou,pleaselyourfriendsaboutit.Ifyoufollowmostoftheserules,theprobabilityofachievingtenureorpromotionmayincreasesignificantly.Ifmostauthorsacquiredthebasicskillsmentionedhere,theywouldthenbecompetingintermsofthebeautyoftheirideas,notintermsofcosmeticskills.DiPleasenotethattheadvicecontainedheremaynotnecessarilyimprovethechancesyouresearchpaperswillbepublished.Bydownloadingoracquiringacopyofthisguide,youagreethat:Innoeventshalltheauthorbeliableforanyindirect, al,collal,exemry,consequential,orspecialdamagesorlossesarisingoutofyouruseofrulessuggestedinthisPDFPurpose,acceptancerates,referencesGeneralPublicationStrategiesPDFThissectioncovers28long-term,generalsuggestions.WritingStrategiesPDFThissectionexins39helpful mendationsaboutwritingpapers.PreparationandSubmissionPDFItcovers18dosanddon'tswhensubmittingapapertoajournal.RejectionandRevisionPDFThissectionincludes12waystodealwithrejectionandhowtorevisemanuscriptswhenyoureceiveaninvitationtorevise.BeingaGoodPDFOfcourse,youhavetobeagoodrefereeto easuccessfulwriter.11rulestoguidegoodreviewingareofferedhere.QustionsandPDFHerearesomequestionsraisedby*InternetExplorerdisysthesepagesmoreaccura ythanNetscape.Forprinting,downloadPDFfiles.CommentsorIfyouhavecommentsorquestions,pleasecontactme.Ithankallthosewhomadehelpfulcommentsandsuggestions.Theusualcaveatsapply.UrantiaBook(p.1488)Theeditorialprocessis al;donottake ally.KeepWillthenextsubmissionbeaffectedbypreviousNo.Yourpasthistoryofsuccessorfailurehasnobearingonyournextsubmission.Nocausality,period.Editorialdecisionsarebasedonthecontentsortheideascontainedinthatparticularpaper.Somepapersarerejectedbecausetheideasarenotwelldevelopedinyourpaper.Inthiscase,youmayfurtherrefinethepaper.If,asaresult,thepaperisdifferentinsubstance,itcanbesubmittedasanewpaper."'Thestupidreferee'didnotunderstandmypaper."Thisisusuallyanexpositionalproblemonyourpart.Youmayrequestareconsiderationofyourpaperifthenegativedecisionwasbasedonpetenceofreferees,orallegedfactualormathematicalerrors,wheninfacttherefereemadeaBothofthesecanbeverified,inprinciple,byothers.Wewilltrytogetanotheropinion.However,donotclaimthistoofrequently,oryoumaylosecredibilityinthefuture.ToRequesta<Whenyourequestasecondorthirdopinion,sendamessageviae-mail,fax,orsnailmail,specifyingthereasons:(i) petentreferee,or(ii)mathematical/factualerrors.Ifitisdeemedthatyourpaperdeservesasecondorthirdopinion,youwillbeinformedso.Thenproceedwiththenextstep.Otherwise,theprocessendshere.Include(i)2copiesofthelatestversion,(ii)anadditionalsubmissionfee,and(iii)aletter,statingthesamereasonabove(e-mailmessagesdonotcontainsignaturesandhencecannotbetreatedasofficial).Remember,whenyourequestareconsideration,thepapershouldnotbesubmittedelsewheresimultaneouslyforpublicationconsideration.Theeditorialofficeintendstoprovideafairrefereeingprocesstoallauthors.However,additionalrefereesmustbepersuadedtoreviewthepaper.(Theeditorialoffice aone-yearsubscriptiontoreviewers.)Yourlettershouldspecifythemanuscriptnumber.Inaddition,itshouldcontaincompletecorrespondenceinformationabouttheauthor:(i)address,(ii)ephoneandfaxnumbers,and(iii)e-mailaddress.Thisenablestheeditorialofficetocontactyouquicklyshouldtheneedarise.KnowAbouttheTwoVariantsofWorldEnglish—AmericanandAlthoughAmericanandBritishEnglisharebothvariantsofWorldEnglish,thevastculturaldifferencesbetweenthetwohaveledtothecreationoftwodistinctstylesofspokenandwrittenAmericanEnglishisspokenintheUS,Canada,andmanyPacificRimcountrieswhereAmericahasexertedaninfluence.BritishEnglish,ontheotherhand,isspokenthroughouttheBritishCommonwealthof54countries(forinstance,UnitedKingdom,Australia,NewZealand,andSouthAfrica)withCanadabeingtheexception.AlthoughpartoftheCommonwealth,CanadianstendtospelltheBritishwaybutspeakamixtureofBritishandAmericanEnglishduetotheirproximitytotheUS.AmericanEnglishacquiredinternationalsignificanceafterWorldWarIIwhentheUnitedStatesassumedamoreglobalroleandpolitical,economic,andtechnologicaldevelopmentspromotedUSinfluenceworldwide.ThedominanceofAmericanEnglishcanbeattributedtothefollowing:MagnitudeofhighereducationMagnitudeofthepublishingindustryMagnitudeofglobalmassmediaandInfluenceandappealofAmericanpopularcultureonlanguageandhabitsInternationalInfluenceGiventhepopularityofAmericanEnglish,severalnewwordsandtermshavebeenadoptedinBritishEnglish(forexample,inthefieldofcomputing).Interestingly,duetotheinfluxofnonnativespeakers,theAmericanvocabularyisalsoexpandingtoincludewordsthatare monorunheardofinBritishEnglish.Forexample,tycoonisfromtheJapanesewordtaikunmeaningsuccessfulbusiness ortitleofa shogun,machoandpatioofSpanishoriginortheItalianbologna.AuthorsneedtobewellversedwithboththesestylesbecausesomejournalspublishtheirpapersinAmericanEnglishandothersinBritishEnglish.Toconformtoajournal'slanguagespecificationwhilewritingamanuscript,authorsshouldbeawareofhowpunctuationsandspellingsarerepresentedinthetwostyles.Further,withtheincreasingpopularityofAmericanEnglishamongjournals,someBritishjournalshavestartedusingablendofthesestyles.Forinstance,theBritishMedicalJournalspecifiesthatBritishspellingsandAmericanpunctuationsshouldbeused.AuthorsneedtoreadjournalguidelinesverycarefullytoincreasetheirawarenessaboutsuchmixedstylesHonestyinHonestyisdefinedbyMerriam-Webster'sonlinedictionaryas"fairnessandstraightforwardnessofconduct"andas"adherencetothefacts"( /dictionary/honesty).Thesedefinitionsofhonestysumupwhatisrequiredforscientificintegrityinresearchaswell.Honestyinresearch,andinthecommunicationofthatresearch,iscrucial.Whenaresearchpaperisread,thereaderassumesthattheexperimentsdescribedwereactuallyperformedandtheresultsmentionedwereactuallyobtained.Researchthathashaditsexperimentsfabricated,itsresultsfalsifiedorcreated,andresearchbasedonideasstolenfromanotherresearcherdamagesthefuturecredibilityoftheconcernedresearcher.ExamplesofdishonestThescientificcommunityhasnumerousanecdotalexamplesofscientistswhowerenothonestinreportingtheirresearch.Oneofthewell-knownearlycasesisthatofPiownManin1912.ItwasreportedbyCharlesDawsonandothersthatfragmentsofaskullandjawbonefromanearlyhumanhadbeenfoundinacecalledPiowninEngland.Thisdiscoverywasproclaimedasthefossilizedremainsofanunknown,earlyformofhumananditcausedmuchexcitementinarcheologicalcircles.Itwasonlysome40yearslaterthatitwasrevealedtobeacompletehoax,consistingofamodernhumanskullandmodifiedjawbonefromanorangutan.Inthephysicalsciences,thereisthewell-knownNinovcase.In1999,VictorNinovandhiscolleaguesworkingattheLawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratoryinUSApublishedareportthattheyhadfoundElement118.Lateron,Ninov'scolleaguesretractedthepaperwhenaninvestigationrevealedthatthedatahadbeenaltered,anditwasfoundthatthedescribedexperimentcouldnotbeIn2002,Lucent'BellLabsfiredJanHendrikSchonafteraninvestigationcommitteediscoveredthathisresearchclaimswerefraudulent.Schonwasanawardwinningscientistwho,in2001,publishedapaperinNature,claimingtohaveproducedatransistorbyusingorganicdyemolecules.Thiswaspath-breakingresearch,butdiscrepanciesinthepublishedgraphs,etc.,drewtheattentionofotherscientists.AninvestigationlaterpointedoutthatSchonalonewasresponsibleforthefraud.AveryrecentcasefromthefieldofbiomedicalresearchisthatofHwangWoo-Suk,abiomedicalscientistfromSouthKorea.Hewasconsideredabrilliantscientistngpioneeringstemcellresearch.However,inarticlespublishedinSciencein2004and2005hedescribedthefirst-evercloningofahumanembryoniccell,usingthesomaticcellnucleartransfermethod.ThisclaimwaslatershowntobefraudulentandhewasdismissedfromSeoulNationalUniversityinMarch2006aftertheuniversityprobeconfirmedtheallegationsagainsthim.Theexamplesabovearejustafewfromthelargenumberofknowninstanceswhereresearchershavenotbeenhonestintheirresearch.Thequestionthatnaturallyarisesis"WhydotheydoWhyaremanyresearchersnotItisoftendifficultforaresearchertoremainhonestwhileconductingorreportingresearch.Likehumanbeingsinothersettings,sometimesresearchersperformactionsthatarelessthanHerearesomeofthecommonreasons"Publishorperish":Competitionforfunds,tenuredpositions,andinstitutionalsupportisveryintense.Asaresult,thereistremendouspressureonresearcherstopublish.Fundingagencies,universities,andreviewboardsliketoknowthattheresearcherhasasteadyoutputofresearchthathasbeenpublished,preferablyinhighimpactjournals.Toshow,atleastintermsofnumbers,thatthishighoutputofpapersisoccurring,aresearchermaybetemptedtopublishonelargepieceofworkasanumberofsmallerpapers(colloquiallytermedsalami-slicing).Evenworse,theresearchermayfabricateoralterdataobtainedinanexperimenttomakethepapermoreattractivetoajournalforpublication.Prideand alambition:Anambitiousresearcherwhoiseagertoreachthetopoftheladderquickly,aresearcherwhohaspublishedonehigh-impactpaperandiskeentoshowtheworldthat(s)hecandoitagain,aseniorresearcherwhowouldliketheworldtothink(s)heisstillngcuttingedgeresearch,oraresearcherwhoiswillingtobendtherulesinordertogetthefundingneededforresearchmightpresentdishonestresearch.Alltheseexamplesshowyouthatresearchersare,afterall,onlyhuman.Theysufferfromtheemotionsofprideand ambitionjustlikehumanbeingsinothersituations.However,itisimportantforresearcherstorememberthattheresultstheypublishserveasabasisforfutureresearchonthetopicand,inthebiomedicalsciences,fortreatmentmodalities.Itisnotjusttheresearcher'scareerandreputationthatwillsuffer,butalsothewell-beingofTooconfidentofknowingtherightanswer:Itmayhappenthatresearchershaveapreconceivednotionabouttheresultsoftheirresearch.Theyaresurethatwhattheythinkorfeelshouldbetheresult,actuallyisthecorrectresult.So,whentheirdatadoesnotdeliverthepreconceivedresult,theyseenothingwronginmanipulatingtheirdataalittlebitorinfalsifyingjustafewnumberstoachievetheresulttheyaresureistherightone.Itisimportantforresearcherstorememberthattheresultsofaresearchprojectmaythrowupsurprises.Theresultsmayprovetheinitialhypothesiswrongandmaypointtoanentirelynewdirectionforfutureresearch.Researchersmustrememberthattherearenorightandwrongresults—thereareonlyresults.Thesehavetobeinligentlyinterpretedtoadvanceourunderstandingofaparticulartopic.Manipulatingthedatatoachievedesiredresultsmayactuallymisguidefutureworkersonthetopic,sometimeswithseriousconsequencesinfieldslikebiomedicalresearch.Assumingthatnoonewilleverfindout:Someresearcherswhofabricateoralterdataoftenfeelthatifthestatisticalysisormathlookslogicalorifthepaperisverytechnicallycomplicatedandobscure,theaveragereaderwillaccepttheresultatfacevalueandnottrytoverifyit.Theywillthenbeabletogetawaywiththeirfraud.Thisisanotherhumanfailing—ofthinkingthatAbrahamLincolnwaswrongandthatitispossibletofool"allofthepeople,allofthetime"!TypesofscientificWhenaresearcherisnothonestinperformingorcommunicatingresearch,itistermedscientificmisconduct.Thereare6maintypesofscientificmisconduct.ofinterestUnethicaltreatmentofresearchGiftauthorshipFabricationisthedeliberateinclusionoffalseormisleadingdatainaresearchpaper.ReadmoreaboutonesuchinstancewherearesearchernamedSudbobasedhissubmissiontotheLancetonfabricateddata.Falsificationmeansalteringresearchdatainaresearchpaperoromittingrelevantdatafromthepaperormanipulatingexperimentalprocedurestoachieveadesiredresult.ReadmoreaboutSirCyrilBurt,whoisaccusedoffabricatingdatainhisstudiesonbehaviorgeneticsusingtwinsassubjectsforthestudy.hasbeendefinedbyWikipediaas"thepracticeofdishonestlyclaimingorimplyingoriginalauthorshipofmaterialwhichonehasnotactuallycreated."Thetermincludesself-,i.e.,publishingthesamematerialindifferentjournalsorwithdifferenttitles,andcitation,i.e.,notgivingduecredittoearlierworkonthesubject.ReadmoreaboutintheCenterforResearchWritingResources'articleonthisofinterestAofinterestisasituationwherearesearcherhascompeting alandprofessionalinterests.Forexample,aresearcherworkingonaparticulardrugmaybeprovidedanallexpensespaidvacationbythedrug Thecorrectthingtodowouldbetorefusethevacation,butunfortunaytherearemanyresearcherswhodonotfeelthatbyacceptingagiftofstockoptionsorpaidvacationstheyarecompromisingontheintegrityoftheirresearchinanyway.Forawell-writtenarticleonthistopic,youmaywishtoreadShannonBrownlee'sarticleDoctorsWithoutBordersintheWashingtonMonthly.UnethicaltreatmentofresearchThisisaveryseriousformofscientificmisconduct.Itcanbeconsideredtooccurwhenresearchersdonotprovideadequateinformationabouttheexperimentsandanysideeffectstothehumansubjectsortopeoplewhowillbeindirectlyaffectedbytheresearch,donotprovideforhumanecareofanimalknowinglyundertakestudiesthatwillcauseproblemsforthesubjects(readabouttheTuskegeestudy—anunethicalstudythatwasconductedinUSAandledtomanyoftherulesnowframedforpatientprotection),anddonotdiscloseallthedetailsoftheexperimentsthatwillbeconductedalongwiththeirpotentialsideeffectstothehumansubjectsparticipatinginthestudy.GiftGiftauthorshipisthetermusedtodescribethepracticeofmakingthelaboratorydirector/seniorprofessoroneofthecoauthorsofapaper,evenifthedirector/professordidnoactualworkontheproject.Theproject,however,wassupportedbyfundsobtainedbythedirector/professorfromfundingagenciesastheprincipalinvestigatorofthelaboratory.AclassiccaseisthatofProfessorEugeneBraunwaldandJohnDarseeatHarvard.ReadmoreabouttheDarseecaseandlearnhowthispracticeofgiftauthorshipmusthaveembarrassedaseniorandrespectedProfessorlikeEugeneBraunwald,becauseJohnDarseehadfabricateddatainpapersinwhichEugeneBraunwaldwasalsoacoauthorbasedonthepracticeofgiftauthorship.Honestyinresearchisvitalacrossallaspectsofresearch—fromdesigningastudytocollectingandyzingdataandpublishingtheresultsinapaper.Itisequallyimportanttogivecreditwhereitisdueandalsotonottakecreditifnocontributionwasmadetoastudy(i.e.,giftauthorship).Itisveryimportanttomaintainproperrecordsoftheworkdoneandthedatacollected.AllresearchproposalsthatinvolvehumanoranimalsubjectsmustbeclearedbyanEthicscommittee.Honestyinperformingandreportingresearchiscrucialbothformaintenanceofgoodscientificpracticeandtoavoidadverseeffectsonhealthorenvironmentforothers.Honestyinresearchisthefoundationonwhichacademicknowledgeinallsubjectsstands.SubmitanError-Manuscript:5ProofreadingTipsforProofreadingerrorsleaveanegativeimpressionwiththeeditorandthereferee.Smallmistakesandoversightsinamanuscriptoftenleadtomisinterpretationorconfusethereader.Inthisarticle,weillustratethecommonlanguageandformattingerrorsthatauthorsarelikelytospotwhentheyproofreadamanuscript.Thelistoferrorsisfollowedby5simpletipsonhowauthorscanavoidsucherrorsinfuture.Thisarticlewillhelpyouidentifyerrorsinyourwritingandsubmitanerror-copytothejournal.Whatdoesproofreadingmean?Toproofmeanstoexaminetextcarefullytofindandcorrecttypographicalerrorsanderrorsinpunctuationandspelling.Thus,proofreadingistheprocessofcheckingtexttoensurethatitreadscorrectandisreadyforpublicationWhyisproofreadingAninstructorhasquitehumorously,butaptly,pointedouttheeffectsofbadproofreading:havingbrushedyourteeththatmorning.Basically,badproofreadingmakesyoulookcarelessanddumb,whichyouarenot.Onamoreseriousnote,anumberofmanuscriptsthatarereturnedafterpeerreviewincluderefereecommentssuchasPleasecheckthespellingsinthemanuscriptAnumberof ticalerrorsarestillevidentintheEnglishwritingneedstobeimproved;themanuscriptstillcontainslanguageBesidesleavinganegativeimpressionwiththeeditorandthereferee,smallmistakesandoversightsoftenleadtomisinterpretationorconfusethereader.Forinstance,atypographicalerrorintheconcludingsentenceofastudycouldreducetheoverallimpactoftheentirestudy.ThefollowingexamplesillustratethispointThisstudyindicatedthattheautonomicnervoussystemisthemajorpathwayconveyingghrelin'ssignalsforinhibitoryeffectsoninsulinsecretionfromtheportalvain(insteadofvein)tothepancreas.Ofthe36respondents,5(insteadof5%)indicatedthattherewasapositiveeffect.Intheabovesentence,themeaningoftheentiresentencewillbemisinterpreted.Thesentencereads5outof36(14%)indicatedthattherewasapositiveeffect,whereastheauthorintendedtosaythat5%(1.8respondents)indicatedthattherewasapositiveeffect.Thus,proofreadingamanuscriptisveryimportant.Inthisarticle,welistthecommonerrorsthatauthorsarelikelytospotwhentheyproofreadamanuscript.CommonproofreadingerrorsobservedinmanuscriptsLanguageErrorsIncorrectIncorrectormissingpunctuation(especiallycommasandIncorrectIncorrectorinconsistentuseofpresentandpastIncorrectsubject-verbagreementFormattingErrorsInconsistentformatforheadingsandInconsistentspacingandInconsistentuseofacronyms,abbreviations,numbers,andInconsistentnumberingofsections,pages,andSomelanguageerrorssuchasincorrectspellingandcapitalizationcanbequiteeasilyavoided.It'simportanttoknowtherulesofEnglishgrrtobeabletospotandcorrecttheotherserrors.Formattingerrorsleadtopoorpresentation.Sucherrorscanbeeasilyavoidedbypayingmoreattentiontothestyleandlayoutofyourmanuscript.Spottingerrorsintextrequiressharpobservationskills.Italsorequiresonetobeawareofthedifferenterrorsonecanfind.Thesamplepassageonpage2willhelpyouunderstandtheseerrorsandspottheminyourwriting.ProofreadcopyofRolloverontheboldtexttoseethetypeofFinalcopyofNote:ThecorrectedtexthasbeenhighlightedinToproofreadwellyouneed2veryimportantthings:aneffectiveprocessandgoodknowledgeofgrrandpunctuationrules.Grrrulestakealongtimeandconsistentpracticetomaster;whileyoucontinuelearningtheserules,these5easytipswillhelpyoucheckandcorrectotherminorerrorsinyourmanuscript.5tipstoavoidproofreadingAlwaysproofreadonaprintout.UseacoloredpentomarktheDividetheproofreadingprocessinto2Inthefirstround,readthe andfocusonlanguage.Specificallycheckforspelling,capitalization,punctuation,andgrr.Inthesecondround,checkonlytheformatandconsistencyofnumbersandabbreviations.Highlightsectionheadings,subheadings,andtableandfigurecaptionsandcheckifthefontsizeandtypeappearsthesame.Markanydoubtfultextandrecheckthefontsizeandtypeonline.Followthesameprocesstochecktheconsistencyofallnumbers,abbreviations,andindentsin Useadictionarytorefertothecorrectspellingandcapitalization.IfyouuseWordtocreate sClickF7ThiswillrunaSpellingand rCheckonIfyouuseanyotherwordprocessor,searchforanyspellingandgrrfeatureinitandlearnhowtouseit.Ifitdoesn'thaveabuiltinfeature,checkonthevendorwebsitetoseeifthereisanysuchplug-inavailablethatcanbeusedtocheckspelling.Note:Manywordprocessingprogramshighlightspellingandgrrmistakesonscreen.However,aspellingcheckerwon'tcatchmistakeswithhomonyms(e.g.,they're,their,there)orcertaintypographicalmistakeswherethemistypedwordisalsoawordinthedictionary(e.g.,heforthe).Therefore,it'spreferabletocheckspellingsinadictionary.TheSpellingandGr rcheckwillalsohighlightanymissingspacesinthetext.Forexample,ifyouhavetyped"andthe"insteadof"andthe,"thischeckwillshowthisasanerror.LookoutforextraormissingspaceswhileClickIntheFindWhatbox,clickthespacebarkeyClickThiswillscan foranydoublespacesandhighlightCtrl+Fcanalsobeusedtofindandhighlighttermsin Doabackwardproofreadtocheckgr randpunctuationcarefully.WhatisabackwardNormally,weproofreada byreadingitfromstarttoend.Inabackwardproofread,youneedtostartreadingfromtheend.Readeachsentenceindividually.Errorsareoftenspottedthiswaybecausewhenyoureadbackwardsyouremovethemeaningfromthetext,focusinginsteadonthespellingofeachword,wordchoice,theuseoftense,articles,andprepositions,andTofocusonthelogicalflowofthesentences,youcanalsotryreadingaloudasifyouweretalkingtoanaudience.Stopwhenyoufeelthatsomesentencemaybeuncleartothelistenerorifyouthinksomebodymayaskyouaquestion.Markthoseareasout.Youmightwanttoaddsomeinformationtoclarifyyour