讀寫任務(wù)概括summary

英語讀寫任務(wù)專題突破--概括Summary一、概括的標準：拋棄次要，瞄準寫作目的。標準的概括采用浮凸式的表達方式，第一句話是主題句，清楚明白地告訴了讀者文章的寫作目的，這句話的質(zhì)量決定了概括的成敗。后面的句子對主題句進行解釋和支撐，凡是意義在主題之外的要毫不吝嗇地予以刪除。二、概括的寫作步驟：1.確定主題句。確定閱讀文章的主題句，一般在段首。沒有主題句的需要自己組合。2.尋找關(guān)鍵詞。分析主題句意義，確定關(guān)鍵詞，關(guān)鍵詞一般體現(xiàn)為名詞、形容詞，關(guān)鍵詞的數(shù)目決定了概括的信息濃度。3.重構(gòu)主題句。概括的主題句邏輯上要統(tǒng)攝后面所有的支撐句。可以從作者的寫作目的逆推，反映寫作目的主題句是高度抽象的，它基本決定了概括的質(zhì)量。4.重組支撐句。支撐句的意義在邏輯上受制于主題句，可以是補充過程或者提供證據(jù)?？谠E：簡括為：縮長見短，省卻細膩。（括：概括性。見：間接引語。短：短的連詞。細膩：細節(jié)和例子）三、概括的形式：“主題句+支撐句”即“主題+主題的什么”。文體主題句支撐句議論文文章論點（一句）文章論據(jù)（兩三句）記敘文故事的寫作目的/主題（一句）故事大意（兩三句）說明文說明的對象/觀點/現(xiàn)象解釋/分述附：廣東高考概括部分評分細則：1．完全糊涂地照抄原文，連人稱都不改的，得0分；2．機械死板地照抄原文，只改人稱的，得1分；3．稍微靈活地抄原文，改主語，賓語、原文詞序的，得2分；4．創(chuàng)造性地抄，改主語，賓語、原文詞序還有句子結(jié)構(gòu)的，最多得3分。5．結(jié)構(gòu)、用詞，詞性變化比較好的4至5分。四、寫概括的具體方法1、定時態(tài)：如果閱讀材料是過去時，那么基本時態(tài)用過去時；如果是現(xiàn)在的，那么基本時態(tài)用現(xiàn)在時；不過，模板的開頭語一般為現(xiàn)在時Thepassagetellsusthat….2、定人稱：一般情況下采用第三人稱來寫作。（特殊如書信的，可能會使用第一、二人稱；）3、定技巧：結(jié)合相關(guān)技巧，重新組句。1)同義替換法Ididn’tcatchanyfishowingtothefactthatIwasnotpatient.Ididn’tcatchanyfish_________Iwasnotpatient.2)正話反說法Youwillfail.=Youwill____________.3)詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法Patienceisveryimportant.=Patienceisof_____________________.4)句式變化法語態(tài)變換：Parentsshouldgivechildrenmorepraise.→Childrenshould________morepraise.簡單句變復(fù)合句：Childrenshouldbeencouragedmore.Thiswillhelpthemlearnfaster.Childrenshouldbeencouragedmore,_______willhelpthemlearnfaster..5)連詞銜接法注意使用一些短而精的連詞，如but,and,so,while,however,then,yet,for,therefore,thus,including,insteadof等。Weshouldencouragechildren.Weshouldnotscoldthem.Weshouldencouragechildren__________scoldingthem.6)詞序改變法4、下列是常規(guī)的實用技巧。我們需要謹記下面的六種技巧skill1:省略細節(jié)Skill2:省略重復(fù)了的內(nèi)容Skill3:省略例子Skill4:用概括性的語言而不是精確的語言Skill5:用間接引語表達對話內(nèi)容。:五、寫摘要時可以采用下列幾種小技巧：1)刪除細節(jié)。只保留主要觀點。2)避免重復(fù)。在原文中，為了強調(diào)某個主題，可能會重復(fù)論證說明。但是這在摘要中是不能使用的。應(yīng)該刪除那些突出強調(diào)的重述句。3)刪除具體例子。不過，閱讀材料本身是由幾個具體例子構(gòu)成的，如閱讀材料是談西方種種節(jié)日的，如刪除具體例子，則概括很難達到30個詞，那就選擇一至兩個例子（即一兩個主要節(jié)日）。注：原文中可能包括5個或更多的例子，你只需從中篩選一至二個例子。4)使用概括性的名詞代替具體的詞，比如：“ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweekandsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewintervocation.”可以概括為：“Shebroughthomealotofbookstoreadduringthevocation.”5)把文章的對話或直接引語(的要點)改成間接引語敘述。6)把長段的描述變成短小、簡單的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十個句子，那么你只要把它們變成一兩句即可。7)壓縮長的句子。如下列兩例：“Hiscourageinbattlemightwithoutexaggerationbecalledlion-like.”可以概括為：“Hewasverybraveinbattle.”“Hewashardupformoneyandwasbeingpressedbyhiscreditor.”可以概括為：“Hewasinfinancialdifficulties.”8)你還可以使用詞組代替整句或者從句。六、練習篇----學(xué)以致用。(Task1:Pleasefollowtheexampletochoosetheproperskillfromtheaboveones.)1.Then,youcanthinkofawaytomakebothsideshappy.Herearesometips1)Maketimetotalk.Youcouldtalkaboutyourschoollifeandyourplansforthefuture.2)..Keepadiary.Itcanhelpyouunderstandmoreaboutyourselfandyourfeelings.3)Showyourparentsyouaregrowingup.Washyourownclothesandhelparoundthehouse.Summary:___________________________________________________________2.Sometimes,kidsdon’tthinktheirparentsarefairtothem.Whenyouwanttodressinamodernway,yourmumdoesn’tlikeyoutowearamini-skirt.Whenyouaremakingphonecallstofriends,theyaskwhetheryou’respeakingtoaboyoragirl.Summary:______________________________________________________________3.KatelookedatPauldisapprovingly,“Youusetoomuchsaltonyourfood,Paul.It’snotatallgoodforyou!”Paulputdownhisknifeandfrowned,“Whyonearthnot!Ifyoudidn’thavesaltonyourfooditwouldtasteawful…likeeatingwoodorsand…justimaginebreadwithoutsaltinit!”Summary:______________________________________________________4.ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweek,andsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewintervacation.Summary:_____________________________________________________________Ⅲ.Task2:findouthowtosummarizethewholepassage段意合并法(說明文、應(yīng)用文)第一步,通讀全文,領(lǐng)略大意;第二步,小結(jié)每一段的大意;第三步,根據(jù)每一段的大意以及作者的側(cè)重點,綜合歸納全文的大意.對于說明性或描述性短文，可以用概括性文字說明某一現(xiàn)象。比如，可以概括如下“Thisarticlepointsoutthecommonphenomenon…”要素串聯(lián)法（記敘文）記敘文主要是記敘所發(fā)生的事情和經(jīng)歷。常見的形式有：故事、日記、新聞報道、游記等。記敘文通常要交待清楚五要素的內(nèi)容，即where,when,what,who,how,給讀者一個內(nèi)容完整、細節(jié)清晰的故事。事情的敘述通常按時間的順序敘述，讓讀者易于把握所敘述內(nèi)容之間的內(nèi)在關(guān)聯(lián)，我們必須抓住記敘文的寫作特點或思路，從而更好地理解文章主題，概括出比較中肯的短文中心大意。主題概括法（議論文）第一、找出關(guān)鍵詞和全文或段落的主題句。任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點之一是有一個反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般地說，主題詞通常是名詞、動詞或形容詞。第二、根據(jù)原文的詞句(一般指關(guān)鍵詞和全文或段落的主題句),進行改寫:或用相應(yīng)的同義詞，或進行句型轉(zhuǎn)換(如主動句改為被動句等等).千萬不要原封不動地抄寫原文的詞句.第三、用連詞連接各部分，使它連貫；第四、整合中心要點，使用形容詞、介詞短語、非謂語動詞短語合并、簡化句子，使之符合概括短文內(nèi)容要點的詞數(shù)(30個詞左右)。議論文通常用來講明道理、議論是非、提出觀點和看法。作者先正面或反面提出論點，然后用事實論證論點，最后以重申論點或提出建議的方式得出結(jié)論。議論文的主題句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。盡可能客觀簡要地轉(zhuǎn)述閱讀材料的觀點?？梢圆捎萌缦路椒ǜ爬ǎ篢hewriterofthisarticlethinksthat…或者你認為本材料的觀點代表了一些人的思想，就可以說Somepeoplethink…還可以從中立的角度或用“無人稱”的方式來說Thearticlegivestheviewthat…Exercise:Matchthemainideawiththeproperskill.5.ItmusthavebeenabouttwointhemorningwhenIreturnedhome.Itriedtowakeupmywifebyringingthedoorbell,butshewasfastasleep,soIgotaladderfromtheshedinthegarden,putitagainstthewall,andbeganclimbingtowardsthebedroomwindow.Iwasalmosttherewhenasarcasticvoicebelowsaid,“Idon’tthinkthewindowsneedcleaningatthistimeofthenight.”IlookeddownandnearlyfellofftheladderwhenIsawapoliceman.IimmediatelyregrettedansweringinthewayIdid,butIsaid,“Ienjoycleaningwindowsatnight.”“SodoI,”answeredthepolicemaninthesametone.“Excusemyinterruptingyou.Ihatetointerruptamanwhenhe’sbusyworking,butwouldyoumindcomingwithmetothestation?”“Well,I’dprefertostayhere,”Isaid.“Yousee,I’veforgottenmykey.”“Yourwhat?”hecalled.“Mykey,”Ishouted.Fortunately,theshoutingwokeupmywifewhoopenedthewindowjustasthepolicemanhadstartedtoclimbtowardsmeWhichskill:____________________________點撥：這是一篇記敘文，請從原文中劃出時間、地點、人物、事情的經(jīng)過和結(jié)果。填充下面所給的summary,注意如何借用詞法，語法簡化句子。Summary:Onarrivinghome__________inthemorning,thewriterfailedtowakeup__________byringingthedoorbell.Hetriedto_______________,butwasfoundby_____________.Soonhisshoutingwokehiswife.6.Advertisingcanbeaservicetocustomers.Thisistruewhenadvertisementsgivereliableinformationaboutthegoodsadvertised.Suchinformationisneededifthecustomeristomakeasensiblechoicewhenhebuyssomething.Itisusefulinthatitletshimknowofthekindsofgoodsintheshops.Printedadvertisementsdothisjobbest.Customerscancollectthemandcomparethem.Theycanbetakenalongtotheshopsandtheirstatementscanbecheckedagainstandactualgoodsintheshops.Someadvertisementsarenotveryusefultothecustomers.Insteadofhelpingthecustomertosatisfyhisrealneeds,theysetouttomakehimwantthings.Theysetouttomakeusbelievethatwhattheyadvertisewillmakeuscleverer,prettier,morehandsome,ifonlyweuseit.ThevoiceonTVsays,“GetawaypeopleuseXYZpetrol.”Thescreenshowsapictureofpetrolpumpforafastexpensivecarownedbyaboywithaprettygirlfriend.Theydriveofftothewonderfulcountryoralovelybeach.Somepeoplemayfeelthatclever,successfulpeopleuseXYZpetrol.Somemightchoosethatpetroleverytimetheyfilluptheircars.Skill:_______________________Summary:7..Studentsshouldthinknowaboutwhatextracurricular(課外的)activitiesthey'dliketoparticipatein.Participatinginextracurricularactivitiesmayhelpyoudeepenyourphysical,creative,social,political,andcareerinterestsbybringingyouintocommunicationwithotherlike-mindedpeopleyoudidn’tpreviouslyknow.Youcanjoingroupsasawaytogetsupportfromotherstudents.Acluborgroupcanalsobeagreatwaytomeetpeoplewhoaredifferentfromyou.Lotsofyouthprogramsbringpeopletogetherwiththosewhoaredifferentasawaytobreakdownthebarriersbetweenpeople.Participatinginextracurricularactivitieshelpsyouinotherways,too.Itlooksgoodoncollegeandjobapplicationsandshowsadmissionsofficersandemployersyou'rewell-roundedandresponsible.Specificactivitieshelpwithspecificgoals.Themostbasicreasonforjoiningacluborteamisthatitgivesyousomethingbettertodothanstaringatthewall,wanderingthehall,orsleepingallafternoon.Peoplewhoareparticipatingarelesslikelytopickupbadhabits,likesmokingordrinking.Skill:______________________________________Summary:Ⅳ.積累模板SomeSummaryModelsforYou要注意歸納和積累summary中常用的句式或模板。A.如議論文的概要通常可以如此開頭：Theessay/passage/authorhighlightstheimportanceofencouragementforstudents.Theessay/passage/authorarguesinsupportof…,statingthat…Theessay/passage/authorarguesthatwemustnotonlyvaluethosewhocomefirstorarethebestinanyfieldbuttheotherswhoseeffortpushthemtosuccess.Theessay/passage/authordiscussestheimpactofemail.Theessay/passage/authorcomparesfriendshipwiththecomfortofhome.Theessay/passage/authoroutlinestheharmfuleffectsofsmoking.B.而記敘文的概要則可以從以下模板中選擇：Thepassage/storyisaboutamisunderstandingbetweenastudentandateacher.Theauthortellsusastoryabouta________.Thepassageisastoryabout________.Accordingtothepassage,theherointhestory________.C.通用型模板：Accordingtothepassage,weknow…Thisarticleismainlyabout…Thewriterstatesthat…Ascanbelearnthispassage,---Thepassagesaysthat…Inthispassage,thewritermainlytellsushisexperienceof另外，更具體一點：(1)記敘文概要模板a.點明寫作目的類：Thewritertellsus…（主題）byshowingusanexampleof…,who/which…（故事情節(jié)）.b.作者經(jīng)歷類：Inthepassage,thewritermainlytellsushisexperienceofdoingsth,which……c.他人經(jīng)歷類：Thispassageismainlyaboutsb’sexperienceofdoingsth…..(2)議論文概要模板Thearticlegivestheviewthat…should/shouldn’t…（主題）.…..（補充論據(jù)）.Thepassagehighlights(強調(diào))theimportanceofsth…..Theauthorarguesthat…(3)說明文概要模板a.現(xiàn)象揭示類：Thisarticlepointsoutthecommonphenomenon----（主題),which….（補充解釋）.b.利弊對比類：Thearticlecomparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.A…whileB…Thepassagediscussestheimpact(影響)ofsth.Onthepositiveside…,butitmayalso….c.研究顯示類：Thestudyreveals(揭露)that…Thepurposeofthereportistoshowthat…附：練習參考答案：I.“定技巧：結(jié)合相關(guān)技巧，重新組句?！本毩?)because2)notsucceed3)ofgreatimportance4)begiven；which5)insteadofII.練習篇----學(xué)以致用。:OmitthedetailsTherearesometipsforchildrentofollowsothattheycangetonwellwiththeirparents.2.Skill2:Omittheexam