機(jī)械類畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯范文

機(jī)械類畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外譯文題目：軸承的摩擦與潤滑10月15日外文文獻(xiàn)原文：Friction,LubricationofBearingInmanyoftheproblemthusfar,thestudenthasbeenaskedtodisregardorneglectfriction.Actually,frictionispresenttosomedegreewhenevertwopartsareincontactandmoveoneachother.Thetermfrictionreferstotheresistanceoftwoormorepartstomovement.Frictionisharmfulorvaluabledependinguponwhereitoccurs.frictionisnecessaryforfasteningdevicessuchasscrewsandrivetswhichdependuponfrictiontoholdthefastenerandthepartstogether.Beltdrivers,brakes,andtiresareadditionalapplicationswherefrictionisnecessary.Thefrictionofmovingpartsinamachineisharmfulbecauseitreducesthemechanicaladvantageofthedevice.Theheatproducedbyfrictionislostenergybecausenoworktakesplace.Also,greaterpowerisrequiredtoovercometheincreasedfriction.Heatisdestructiveinthatitcausesexpansion.Expansionmaycauseabearingorslidingsurfacetofittighter.Ifagreatenoughpressurebuildsupbecausemadefromlowtemperaturematerialsmaymelt.Therearethreetypesoffrictionwhichmustbeovercomeinmovingparts:(1)starting,(2)sliding,and(3)rolling.Startingfrictionisthefrictionbetweentwosolidsthattendtoresistmovement.Whentwopartsareatastateofrest,thesurfaceirregularitiesofbothpartstendtointerlockandformawedgingaction.Toproducemotionintheseparts,thewedge-shapedpeaksandvalleysofthestationarysurfacesmustbemadetoslideoutandovereachother.Therougherthetwosurfaces,thegreaterisstartingfrictionresultingfromtheirmovement.Sincethereisusuallynofixedpatternbetweenthepeaksandvalleysoftwomatingparts,theirregularitiesdonotinterlockoncethepartsareinmotionbutslideovereachother.Thefrictionofthetwosurfacesisknownasslidingfriction.Asshowninfigure,startingfrictionisalwaysgreaterthanslidingfriction.Rollingfrictionoccurswhenrollerdevcesaresubjectedtotremendousstresswhichcausethepartstochangeshapeordeform.Undertheseconditions,thematerialinfrontofarollertendstopileupandforcestheobjecttorollslightlyuphill.Thischangingofshape,knownasdeformation,causesamovementofmolecules.Asaresult,heatisproducedfromtheaddedenergyrequiredtokeepthepartsturningandovercomefriction.Thefrictioncausedbythewedgingactionofsurfaceirregularitiescanbeovercomepartlybytheprecisionmachiningofthesurfaces.However,eventhesesmoothsurfacesmayrequiretheuseofasubstancebetweenthemtoreducethefrictionstillmore.Thissubstanceisusuallyalubricantwhichprovidesafine,thinoilfilm.Thefilmkeepsthesurfacesapartandpreventsthecohesiveforcesofthesurfacesfromcominginclosecontactandproducingheat.Anotherwaytoreducefrictionistousedifferentmaterialsforthebearingsurfacesandrotatingparts.Thisexplainswhybronzebearings,softalloys,andcopperandtiniolitebearingsareusedwithbothsoftandhardenedsteelshaft.Theiolitebearingisporous.Thus,whenthebearingisdippedinoil,capillaryactioncarriestheoilthroughthespacesofthebearing.Thistypeofbearingcarriesitsownlubricanttothepointswherethepressuresarethegreatest.Movingpartsarelubricatedtoreducefriction,wear,andheat.Themostcommonlyusedlubricantsareoils,greases,andgraphitecompounds.Eachlubricantservesadifferentpurpose.Theconditionsunderwhichtwomovingsurfacesaretoworkdeterminethetypeoflubricanttobeusedandthesystemselectedfordistributingthelubricant.Onslowmovingpartswithaminimumofpressure,anoilgrooveisusuallysufficienttodistributetherequiredquantityoflubricanttothesurfacesmovingoneachother.Asecondcommonmethodoflubricationisthesplashsysteminwhichpartsmovinginareservoiroflubricantpickupsufficientoilwhichisthendistributedtoallmovingpartsduringeachcycle.Thissystemisusedinthecrankcaseoflawn-mowerenginestolubricatethecrankshaft,connectingrod,andpartsofthepiston.Alubricationsystemcommonlyusedinindustrialplantsisthepressuresystem.Inthissystem,apumponamachinecarriesthelubricanttoallofthebearingsurfacesataconstantrateandquantity.Therearenumerousothersystemsoflubricationandaconsiderablenumberoflubricantsavailableforanygivensetofoperatingconditions.Modernindustrypaysgreaterattentiontotheuseoftheproperlubricantsthanatprevioustimebecauseoftheincreasedspeeds,pressures,andoperatingdemandsplacedonequipmentanddevices.Althoughoneofthemainpurposesoflubricationisreducefriction,anysubstance-liquid,solid,orgaseous-capableofcontrollingfrictionandwearbetweenslidingsurfacescanbeclassedasalubricant.VarietiesoflubricationUnlubricatedsliding.Metalsthathavebeencarefullytreatedtoremoveallforeignmaterialsseizeandweldtooneanotherwhenslidtogether.Intheabsenceofsuchahighdegreeofcleanliness,adsorbedgases,watervapor,oxides,andcontaminantsreducefrictio9nandthetendencytoseizebutusuallyresultinseverewear;thisiscalled“unlubricated”ordrysliding.Fluid-filmlubrication.Interposingafluidfilmthatcompletelyseparatestheslidingsurfacesresultsinfluid-filmlubrication.Thefluidmaybeintroducedintentionallyastheoilinthemainbearingofanautomobile,orunintentionally,asinthecaseofwaterbetweenasmoothtubertireandawetpavement.Althoughthefluidisusuallyaliquidsuchasoil,water,andawiderangeofothermaterials,itmayalsobeagas.Thegasmostcommonlyemployedisair.Boundarylubrication.Aconditionthatliesbetweenunlubricatedslidingandfluid-filmlubricationisreferredtoasboundarylubrication,alsodefinedasthatconditionoflubricationinwhichthefrictionbetweensurfacesisdeterminedbythepropertiesofthesurfacesandpropertiesofthelubricantotherthanviscosity.Boundarylubricationencompassesasignificantportionoflubricationphenomenaandcommonlyoccursduringthestartingandstoppingoffmachines.Solidlubrication.Solidsuchasgraphiteandmolybdenumdisulfidearewidelyusedwhennormallubricantsdonotpossesssufficientresistancetoloadortemperatureextremes.Butlubricantsneednottakeonlysuchfamiliarformsasfats,powders,andgases;evensomemetalscommonlyserveasslidingsurfacesinsomesophisticatedmachines.FunctionoflubricantsAlthoughalubricantprimarilycontrolsfrictionandordinarilydoesperformnumerousotherfunctions,whichvarywiththeapplicationandusuallyareinterrelated.Frictioncontrol.Theamountandcharacterofthelubricantmadeavailabletoslidingsurfaceshaveaprofoundeffectuponthefrictionthatisencountered.Forexample,disregardingsuchrelatedfactorsasheatandwearbutconsideringfrictionalonebetweenthesamesurfaceswithonlubricant.Underfluid-filmconditions,frictionisencountered.Inagreatrangeofviscositiesandthuscansatisfyabroadspectrumoffunctionalrequirements.Underboundarylubricationconditions,theeffectofviscosityonfrictionbecomeslesssignificantthanthechemicalnatureofthelubricant.Wearcontrol.wearoccursonlubricatedsurfacesbyabrasion,corrosion,andsolid-to-solidcontactwearbyprovidingafilmthatincreasesthedistancebetweentheslidingsurfaces,therebylesseningthedamagebyabrasivecontaminantsandsurfaceasperities.Temperaturecontrol.Lubricantsassistincontrollingcorrosionofthesurfacesthemselvesistwofold.Whenmachineryisidle,thelubricantactsasapreservative.Whenmachineryisinuse,thelubricantcontrolscorrosionbycoatinglubricatedpartswithaprotectivefilmthatmaycontainadditivestoneutralizecorrosivematerials.Theabilityofalubricanttocontrolcorrosionisdirectlyrelatlytothethicknessofthelubricantfilmremainingonthemetalsurfacesandthechermicalcompositionofthelubricant.OtherfunctionsLubricationarefrequentlyusedforpurposesotherthanthereductionoffriction.Someoftheseapplicationsaredescribedbelow.Powertransmission.Lubricantsarewidelyemployedashydraulicfluidsinfluidtransmissiondevices.Insulation.Inspecializedapplicationssuchastransformersandswitchgear,lubricantswithhighdielectricconstantsactsaselectricalinsulators.Formaximuminsulatingproperties,alubricantmustbekeptfreeofcontaminantsandwater.Shockdampening.Lubricantsactasshock-dampeningfluidsinenergytransferringdevicessuchasshockabsorbersandaroundmachinepartssuchasgearsthataresubjectedtohighintermittentloads.Sealing.Lubricatinggreasefrequentlyperformsthespecialfunctionofformingasealtoretainlubricantsortoexcludecontaminants.Theobjectoflubricationistoreducefriction,wear,andheatingofmachineparswhichmoverelativetoeachother.Alubricantisanysubstancewhich,wheninsertedbetweenthemovingsurfaces,accomplishesthesepurposes.Mostlubricantsareliquids(suchasmineraloil,siliconefluids,andwater),buttheymaybesolidforuseindrybearings,greasesforuseinrollingelementbearing,orgases(suchasair)foruseingasbearings.Thephysicalandchemicalinteractionbetweenthelubricantandlubricatingsurfacesmustbeunderstoodinordertoprovidethemachineelementswithsatisfactorylife.Theunderstandingofboundarylubricationisnormallyattributedtohardyanddoubleday,whofoundtheextrememlythinfilmsadheringtosurfaceswereoftensufficienttoassistrelativesliding.Theyconcludedthatundersuchcircumstancesthechemicalcompositionoffluidisimportant,andtheyintroducedtheterm“boundarylubrication”.Boundarylubricationisattheoppositeendofthespectrumfromhydrodynamiclubrication.Fivedistinctofformsoflubricationthatmaybedefined:(a)hydrodynamic;(b)hydrostatic;(c)elastohydrodynamic(d)boundary;(e)solidfilm.Hydrodynamiclubricationmeansthattheload-carryingsurfacesofthebearingareseparatedbyarelativelythickfilmoflubricant,soastopreventmetalcontact,andthatthestabilitythusobtainedcanbeexplainedbythelawsofthelubricantunderpressure,thoughitmaybe;butitdoesrequiretheexistenceofanadequatesupplyatalltimes.Thefilmpressureiscreatedbythemovingsurfacesitselfpullingthelubricantunderpressure,thoughitmaybe.Thefilmpressureiscreatedbythemovingsurfacetocreatthepressurenecessarytoseparatethesurfacesagainsttheloadonthebearing.hydrodynamiclubricationisalsocalledfullfilm,orfluidlubrication.Hydrostaticlubricationisobtainedbyintroducingthelubricant,whichissometimeairorwater,intotheload-bearingareaatapressurehighenoughtoseparatethesurfacewitharelativelythickfilmoflubricant.So,unlikehydrodynanmiclubrication,motionofonesurfacerelativetoanotherisnotrequired.Elasohydrodynamiclubricationisthephenomenonthatoccurswhenalubricantisintroducedbetweensurfaceswhichareinrollingcontact,suchasmatinggearsorrollingbearings.Themathematicalexplanationrequiresthehertziantheoryofcontactstressandfluidmechanics.Whenbearingmustbeoperatedatexetremetemperatures,asolidfilmlubricantsuchasgraphiteormolybdenumdisulfidemustbeuseusedbecausetheordinarymineraloilsarenotsatisfactory.Mustresearchiscurrentlybeingcarriedoutinaneffort,too,tofindcompositebearingmaterialswithlowwearratesaswellassmallfrictionalcoefficients.Inajournalbearing,ashaftrotatesoroscillateswithinthebearing,andtherelativemotionissliding.inanantifrictionbearing,themainrelativemotionisrolling.afollowermayeitherrollorslideonthecam.Gearteethmatewitheachotherbyacombinationofrollingandsliding.pistionsslidewithintheircylinders.Alltheseapplicationsrequirelubricationtoreducefriction,wear,andheating.Thefieldofapplicationforjournalbearingsisimmense.Thecrankshaftandconnectingrodbearingsofanautomotiveenginemustpoerateforthousandsofmilesathightemperaturesandundervaryingloadconditions.thejournalbearingsusedinthesteamturbinesofpowergeneratingstationissaidtohavereliabilitiesapproaching100percent.Attheotherextremetherearethousandsofapplicationsinwhichtheloadsarelightandtheservicerelativelyunimportant.asimple,easilyinstalledbearingisrequired,suinglittleornolubrication.Insuchcasesanantifrictionbearingmightbeapooranswerbecausebecauseofthecost,theclose,theradialspacerequired,ortheincreasedinertialeffects.Recentmetallurgydevelopmentsinbearingmaterials,combinedwithincreasedknowledgeofthelubricationprocess,nowmakeitpossibletodesignjournalbearingswithsatisfactorylivesandverygoodreliabilities.參考文獻(xiàn)：1.ChambersT.L.,ParkinsonA.R.,1998,“KnowledgeRepresentationandConversionofHybridExpertSystems.”TransactionsoftheASME,v120,pp468-4742.Koelsch,JamesR.,1999,“Softwareboostsmolddesignefficiency“MoldingSystems,v57,n3,p16-23.3.Lee,Rong-Shean,Chen,Yuh-Min,Lee,Chang-Zou,1997“Developmentofaconcurrentmolddesignsystem:Aknowledge-basedapproach”,ComputerIntegratedManufacturingSystems,v10,n4,p287-3074.SteadmanSally,PellKynricM,1995,“Expertsystemsinengineeringdesign:Anapplicationforinjectionmoldingofplasticparts“JournalofIntelligentManufacturing,v6,p347-353.5.FernandezA.,CastanyJ.,SerrallerF.,JavierreC.,1997,“CAD/CAEassistantforthedesignofmoldsandprototypesforinjectionofthermoplastics“InformationTechnological,v8,p117-124.6.DouglasMBryce,1997,“Plasticinjectionmolding-Materialselectionandproductdesign”,v2,pp1-48.7.DouglasMBryce,1997,“Plasticinjectionmolding-Molddesignfundamentals”,v2,pp1-120中文譯文：軸承的摩擦與潤滑現(xiàn)在看來，有很多這種情況，許多學(xué)生在被問到關(guān)于摩擦的問題時(shí)，往往都沒引起足夠的重視，甚至是忽視它。實(shí)際上，摩擦從某種程度上說，存在于任何兩個(gè)相接觸并有相對運(yùn)動(dòng)趨勢的部件之間。而摩擦這個(gè)詞，本身就意味著，兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上部件的阻止相對運(yùn)動(dòng)趨勢。在一個(gè)機(jī)器中，運(yùn)動(dòng)部件的摩擦是有害的，因?yàn)樗档土藱C(jī)械對能量的充分利用。由它引起的熱能是一種浪費(fèi)的能量。因?yàn)椴荒苡盟鋈魏问虑?。還有，它還需要更大的動(dòng)力來克服這種不斷增大的摩擦。熱能是有破壞性的。因?yàn)樗a(chǎn)生了膨脹。而膨脹能夠使得軸承或滑動(dòng)表面之間的配合更緊密。如果因?yàn)榕蛎泴?dǎo)致了一個(gè)足夠大的積壓力，那么，這個(gè)軸承就可能會(huì)卡死或密封死。另外，隨著溫度的升高，如果不是耐高溫材料制造的軸承，就可能會(huì)損壞甚至融化。在運(yùn)動(dòng)部件之間會(huì)發(fā)生很多摩擦，如1.啟動(dòng)摩擦2.滑動(dòng)摩擦3.轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)摩擦。啟動(dòng)摩擦是兩個(gè)固體之間產(chǎn)生的傾向于組織其相對運(yùn)動(dòng)趨勢的摩擦。當(dāng)兩個(gè)固體處于靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)時(shí)，這兩個(gè)零件表面的不平度傾向于相互嵌入，形成楔入作用，為了使這些部件“動(dòng)”起來。這些靜止部件的凹谷和尖峰必須整理光滑，而且能相互抵消。這兩個(gè)表面之間越不光滑，由運(yùn)動(dòng)造成的啟動(dòng)摩擦（最大靜摩擦力）就會(huì)越大。因?yàn)?，一般來說，在兩個(gè)相互配合的部件之間，其表面不平度沒有固定的圖形。一旦運(yùn)動(dòng)部件運(yùn)動(dòng)起來，便有了規(guī)律可循，滑動(dòng)就能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)。兩個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)部件之間的摩擦就叫做滑動(dòng)摩擦。啟動(dòng)摩擦一般都稍大于滑動(dòng)摩擦。轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)摩擦一般發(fā)生在轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)部件和設(shè)備上，這些設(shè)備“抵觸”極大的外作用力，當(dāng)然這種外力會(huì)導(dǎo)致部件的變形和性能的改變。在這種情況下，轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)件的材料趨向于堆積而且強(qiáng)迫運(yùn)動(dòng)部件緩慢運(yùn)動(dòng)，這種改變就是一般所說的形變。能夠使分子運(yùn)動(dòng)。當(dāng)然，最終的結(jié)果是，這種額外的能量產(chǎn)生了熱能，這是必須的。因?yàn)樗軌虮ＷC運(yùn)動(dòng)部件的運(yùn)動(dòng)和克服摩擦力。由運(yùn)動(dòng)部件的表面不平度的楔入作用引起的摩擦能夠被部分的克服，那就需要靠兩表面之間的潤滑。可是，即使是非常光滑的兩個(gè)表面之間也可能需要一種物質(zhì)，這種物質(zhì)就是一般所說的潤滑劑，它能夠提供一個(gè)比較好的、比較薄的油膜。這個(gè)油膜使兩個(gè)表面分離，而且組織運(yùn)動(dòng)部件的兩個(gè)表面的相互潛入，以免產(chǎn)生熱量使兩表面膨脹，又引起更近的接觸。減小摩擦的另一種方式是用不同的材料制造軸承和轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)零件。能夠拿黃銅軸承、鋁合金和含油軸承合金做例子進(jìn)行解釋。也就是說用軟的或硬的金屬組成表面。含油軸承合金是軟的。這樣當(dāng)軸承在油中浸泡過以后，因?yàn)槊?xì)管的作用，將由帶到軸承的各個(gè)表面。這種類型的軸承把它的潤滑劑帶到應(yīng)力最大的部位。對運(yùn)動(dòng)部件潤滑以減小摩擦，應(yīng)力和熱量，最常見的是油、脂、還有合成劑。每一種潤滑劑都有其各自不同的功能和用途。兩個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)部件之間的運(yùn)動(dòng)情況決定了潤滑劑的類型的選擇。潤滑劑的分布也決定了系統(tǒng)的選擇。在低速度運(yùn)動(dòng)的部件，一個(gè)油溝足以將所需要的數(shù)量的潤滑劑送到相互運(yùn)動(dòng)的表面。第二種通用的潤滑方法是飛濺潤滑系統(tǒng)，在每個(gè)周期內(nèi)這個(gè)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)一些零件經(jīng)過潤滑劑存儲(chǔ)的位置，帶起足夠的潤滑油，然后將其散布到所有的運(yùn)動(dòng)零件上。這種系統(tǒng)用于草坪修剪機(jī)中發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的曲軸箱，對曲軸、連桿和活塞等零件進(jìn)行潤滑。在工業(yè)裝置中，常見的有一種潤滑系統(tǒng)是壓力系統(tǒng)。這種系統(tǒng)中，一個(gè)機(jī)器上的一個(gè)泵，能夠?qū)櫥瑒У剿械妮S承表面。而且以一種連續(xù)的固定的速度和數(shù)量。關(guān)于潤滑，還有許多其它的系統(tǒng)，針對各種類型的潤滑劑，對不同類型的運(yùn)動(dòng)零件是有效的。由于設(shè)備或裝置的速度、壓力和工作要求的提高，現(xiàn)代工業(yè)比以前任何時(shí)候都更注重選用適當(dāng)?shù)臐櫥瑒１M管潤滑的主要目的之一是為了減小摩擦力，任何能夠控制兩個(gè)滑動(dòng)表面之間摩擦和磨損的物質(zhì)，不論是液體還是固體或氣體，都能夠歸類于潤滑劑。潤滑的種類無潤滑滑動(dòng)。經(jīng)過精心處理的、去除了所有外來物質(zhì)的金屬在相互滑動(dòng)時(shí)會(huì)粘附或熔接到一起。當(dāng)達(dá)不到這么高的純凈度時(shí)，吸附在表面的氣體、水蒸氣、氧化物和污染物就會(huì)降低摩擦力并減小粘附的趨勢，但一般會(huì)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的磨損，這種現(xiàn)象被稱為“無潤滑”摩擦或者叫做干摩擦。流體膜潤滑。在滑動(dòng)面之間引入一層流體膜，把滑動(dòng)表面完全隔離開，就產(chǎn)生了流體膜潤滑。這種流體可能是有意引入的。例如汽車主軸承中的潤滑油；也可能是無意中引入的，例如在光滑的橡膠輪胎和潮濕的路面之間的水。盡管流體一般是油、水和其它很多種類的液體，它能夠是氣體。最常見的氣體是空氣。為了把零件隔離開，潤滑膜中的壓力必須和作用在滑動(dòng)面上的負(fù)荷保持平衡。如果潤滑膜中的壓力是由外源提供的，這種系統(tǒng)稱為流體靜壓潤滑。如果滑動(dòng)表面之間的壓力是由于滑動(dòng)面本身的形狀和運(yùn)動(dòng)所共同產(chǎn)生的，這種系統(tǒng)就稱為流體動(dòng)壓力潤滑。邊界潤滑。處于無潤滑滑動(dòng)和流體膜潤滑之間的潤滑被稱為邊界潤滑。它能夠被定為這樣一種潤滑狀態(tài)，在這種狀態(tài)中，表面之間的摩擦力取決于表面的性質(zhì)和潤滑劑中的其它性質(zhì)。邊界潤滑包括大部分潤滑現(xiàn)象，一般在機(jī)器的啟動(dòng)和停止時(shí)出現(xiàn)。固體潤滑。當(dāng)普通潤滑劑沒有足夠的承受能力或者不能在溫度極限下工作時(shí)，石墨和二硫化鉬這一類固體潤滑劑得到廣泛應(yīng)用。但潤滑劑不但僅以脂肪、粉末和油脂這樣一些為人們所熟悉的形態(tài)出現(xiàn)，在一些精密的機(jī)器中，金屬也一般作為滑動(dòng)面。潤滑劑的作用盡管潤滑劑主要是用來控制摩擦和磨損的，它們能夠而且一般也確實(shí)起到許多其它的作用，這些作用隨其用途不同而不同，但一般相互之間是有關(guān)系的?？刂颇Σ亮??；瑒?dòng)面之間潤滑劑的數(shù)量和性質(zhì)對所產(chǎn)生的摩擦力有很大的影響。例如，不考慮熱和磨損這些相關(guān)因素，只考慮兩個(gè)油膜潤滑表面見的摩擦力，它能比兩個(gè)同樣表面，但沒有潤滑時(shí)小200倍。在流體潤滑狀況時(shí)，摩擦力與流體黏度成正比。一些諸如石油衍生物這類潤滑劑，能夠有很多黏度，因此能夠滿足范圍寬廣的功能要求。在邊界潤滑狀態(tài)，潤滑劑黏度對摩擦力的影響不象其化學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響那么顯著。磨損控制。磨蝕、腐蝕與固體和固體之間的接觸就會(huì)造成磨損。適當(dāng)?shù)臐櫥瑒⒛軒椭朔鲜鎏岬降囊恍┠p現(xiàn)象。潤滑劑經(jīng)過潤滑膜來增加滑動(dòng)面之間的距離，從而減輕磨料污染物和表面不平度造成的損傷，因此，減輕了磨損和由固體與固體之間接觸造成的磨損?？刂茰囟?。潤滑劑經(jīng)過減小摩擦和將產(chǎn)生的熱量帶走來降低溫度。其效果取決于潤滑劑的用量和外部冷卻措施。冷卻劑的種類也會(huì)在較小的程度上影響表面的溫度。控制腐蝕。潤滑劑在控制表面腐蝕方面有雙重作用。當(dāng)機(jī)器閑置不工作時(shí)，潤滑劑起到防腐劑的作用。當(dāng)機(jī)器工作時(shí)，潤滑劑經(jīng)過給被潤滑零件涂上一層可能含有添加劑，能使腐蝕性材料中和的保護(hù)膜來控制腐蝕。潤滑劑控制腐蝕的能力與潤滑劑保留在金屬表面的潤滑膜的厚度和潤滑劑的化學(xué)成分有直接的關(guān)系。其它作用