綜英(四)復(fù)習(xí)資料

HUNANNORMALUNIVERSITYCOLLEGEOFFOREIGNLANGUAGESTUDIESENGLISHDEPARTMENTREVISIONMATERIALSummarizedMaterialForComprehensiveEnglishBook4&OtherArticlesCLASS2ENGLISH08‘,REVISIONOFCOMPREHENSIVEENGLISH7/27/2013STRUCTURALANALYSES,CENTRALIDEAS&AUTHORS’OPINIONSUnit1：TheAmbivalenceofAbortionCLOSEREADING:TheAmbivalenceofAbortion-LindaBirdFranckeStructuralAnalysis:PartI(1-2):Iwaspregnantagain,butwetriedtorationalizeandagreednottohaveanotherbaby.PartII(3-23):IntheWomen‘sServices,Iexperiencedtheambivalenceoftheabortion.PartIII(24-26):Theabortioninfluencedmylaterlifephysicallyandspiritually.Centralidea:BytellingherownexperienceofabortionintheWomen‘sServiceswithherhusband‘scompany,theauthordescribesherambivalenceoftheabortionclearly.Author’Opinion:Theauthorisapro-choice,butwhileshewasabortingababy,shebecomesambivalent.Ononehand,shestillsupportedabortion;ontheotherhand,shefeltsorrytheabortedbabyArticle:TheMonster-DeemsTaylorStructuralAnalysis:PartI(para.1--9)Itdescribesamanwhoseemstohaverolledallkindsofdemeritsintoone,arealmonster.PartII(para.10)It‘satransitionalparagraph,clarifyingthismonsterisafamousmusicianbythenameofRichardWagner.PartIII(para.11--13)ItjustifiesallthebehaviorsofRichardWagner.Centralidea:Thearticletoldatruththatgoldcan‘tbepureandmancan‘tbeperfect.Everymanhashisfaults,butifhecandowellinoneaspectoflife,heissuccessful.Andhisfaultswillbeforgivenbyothers.Author’sOpinion:Noonecandowellineveryaspect.So,eveniftherearealotofshortagesinthe―monster‖,heisstillagreatman.Becausehehasputallhiseffortsintomusicandhismusicwassogreatthatpeoplewouldforgivehimforallthemisdeedsthathehaddoneandthegooddeedsthathefailedtodo.Unit3:CapitalPunishmentCLOSEREADING:Death&Justice:HowCapitalPunishmentAffirmsLife-EdwardI.KochStructuralAnalysis:PartⅠ(1-3):Theauthorarguestheimportanceofthedeathpenalty.ALLCOPYRIGHTSRESERVED-1-CLASS2ENGLISH08‘,REVISIONOFCOMPREHENSIVEENGLISH7/27/2013PartII(Para.4-13):Theauthorarguesagainsttheexcusesofthedeathpenaltyopponents.PartIII(Para.14-16)：Theauthorarguestheethicsandpoliticstowardstheimportanceandsupportofthedeathpenalty.Centralidea:Byexaminingtheargumentsmostfrequentlyheardinopposition,theauthormaintainedhisposition,thatis,hesupportedcapitalpunishment.Author’sOpinion:It‘sthedeathitselftheyconsiderbarbaric,notthemethod.UnitedStateshasabigmurderproblem,soitshouldsupportthedeathpenalty.Humanlifedeservesspecialprotection,andoneofthebestwaystoguaranteethatprotectionistoassurethatconvictedmurdersdonotkillagain.Onlythedeathpenaltycanaccomplishthisend.Thedeathpenaltystrengthensthevalueofhumanlife.Rightsandresponsibilitiessurrenderedbytheindividualarewhatgivethestateitspowertogovern.whenweprotectguiltylives,wegiveupinnocentlivesinexchange.Allinall,hesupportedthedeathpenalty.Article:AFrenchFourth-CharlesTrueheartStructuralAnalysisPartI(Para.1-3):awayofcelebratinghishomecountry‘snationalDay,i.e.theIndependenceDayoftheUnitedStates;PartII(Para.4-9):theexpatriatedlifeoftheauthor‘schildrenandthecostsaswellasbenefits;PartIII(Para.10-12):thecontrastoftheexpatriatedchildhoodbetweentheauthor‘schildrenandtheauthorhimself,alongwiththecauseofthedifference–globalization.CentralideaBydescribingtheexpatriatedlifetheyhaveinadifferentcountry,theauthorreiterateshispointthatitisdifficulttomakethechildrenunderstandandidentifythevirtuesoftheirnativeculturewithoutlivinginitandthecauseofthedifferencebetweentheauthor‘sexpatriatedchildhoodthehischildren‘sisglobalization.Author’sopinionItisdifficult,accordingtotheauthor,tomakethechildrenunderstandandidentifythevirtuesoftheirnativeculturewithoutlivinginit.Accordingly,theyhavetogobacktotheirnativecountrytocompensatefortheineffectivefamilyeducation,whilethebenefitsincludeacquiringaforeignlanguageandcultureandavoidingbeingexposedtotheproblemsofthenativeculture.Unit6:EnvironmentalProtectionCLOSEREADING:CarryingCapacity:Earth’sBottomLine-SandraPostelStructuralAnalysisALLCOPYRIGHTSRESERVED-2-

CLASS2ENGLISH08‘,REVISIONOFCOMPREHENSIVEENGLISH7/27/2013AProblem-SolutionPattern:Solutions↓TheGeneralProblem↓AdvocacyTheCentralProblem(andCauses)PartI(Para.1-2):Theauthorpresentsthattogainmorefromtheearth,wehumanbeingshavebeenchangingtheearthattheexpenseofitscarryingcapacity.PartII(Para.3-7):Theauthorproposesthatasaresultofpopulationsize,consumptionpatterns,andtechnologychoices,wehaveenteredintoanageinwhichthecarryingcapacityoftheearthhasbeenexceededPartIII(Para.8-10):Theauthorsuggestsweshouldrationallyusetechnologyandtradeinordertosolvetheproblemofbreachingtheearth‘scarryingty.capaciPara.IV(Para.11):Theauthoradvocatesunearthingtherootsofenvironmentaldamagetorealizesustainabledevelopment.MainIdeaThearticleisaimedatproposingthathumanbeingshavebeendamagingtheenvironmentoftheearthtotheextentthatwehaveexceededtheearth‘scarryingcapacityandthatpropermeasuresintechnologyandtrademustbetakensoontoreversethedamage.TheAuthor'sOpinionEnvironmentisdamagedbyourhumanbeings.Wearechangingtheearthattheexpenseofitscarryingcapacity.Thinkaboutthecarryingcapacity,morefactorsshouldbeingconsidered.Thepopulationsize,theconsumptionpatternsandthetechnologychoices.Takingpropermeasuresisimportant.Itcanensureourhumanbeingstomakegooduseoftheresourceoftheearth.Article:TheSellingofthePresident-EdwardJayWhetmoreStructuralAnalysisPartI(Para1):Thethesisoftheauthor,i.e.presidentialelectionhasbeendeterminedlargelybyheavyspotbuyingonelectronicmediainrecentyears.PartII(Para2—11):InthemainbodyofthearticletheauthordiscussestheimpactoftelevisiononAmericanpresidentialelection.PartIII(Para12):Intheconclusiontheauthorreiterateshispointthatitisveryimportanttodevelopasenseofwhatkindofpersonweareelectingtothenation‘shighestoffice.CentralideaBydiscussingtheimpactoftelevisiononAmericanpresidentialelection,theauthoremphasizethatitisveryimportanttodevelopasenseofwhatkindofpersonweareelectingtothenation‘shighestoffice.Author’sopinionPresidentialelectionhasbeendeterminedlargelybyheavyspotbuyingonelectronicmediainrecentyears.HeintendstoputacrosstheideathattheimportantissuebeingALLCOPYRIGHTSRESERVED-3-CLASS2ENGLISH08‘,REVISIONOFCOMPREHENSIVEENGLISH7/27/2013talkedaboutnowinpresidentialelectionwillbeoflittlesignificanceinthefuture,soitisfarmoreimportanttoknowwhatkindofpersonwearechoosingtobeourpresident.Unit7:RegulatingtheInternetCLOSEREADING:TheLawsofCyberspace:WhatCollegesNeedtoKnow-StevenMcDonaldStructuralAnalysisAProblem-SolutionPatternPart1(Para.1)Thefirstparagraphservesasanintroduction,wheretheauthorstateshisthesis:ContinuedincidentsofmisuseoftheInternetoncollegecampusessuggestthatweneedtoreexamineourexistingapproachestotheproblem.Part2(Para.2-16)Thispartisthemainbodyoftheessay,wheretheauthorsupportshispointwithevidencesandreasons:WhyandhowshouldweregulatetheInternet?Part3(Para.17)Thisistheconcludingparagraph,wheretheauthorreiterateshispointandstateshishopeofthereductionofmisuseoftheInternetCentralIdeaTheauthorpointsouttheproblemsofthemisusecomputerincampus,andgivessomeexamplestosupportheropinion.Shefindsoutthedisadvantagesofthe?Internetlaw‘.Shegivesusthewaytosolvetheproblemandpointsoutthatthemosteffectivewayshouldbeeducation.SetanexampleintheOhioState.Theeducationwayalsoneedstesting.Nomatterhoweffectivethewayis,wealsodonotwantproblems.Soanounceofpreventionisworthapoundofcure.TheAuthor'sOpinionTheauthorthinksitisnecessarytofindawaytoreducethemisusecomputer.Shefindssomeexamplestosupportheropinionaboutmisusecomputerincampus.Shefindsouttheproblemsofthemisusecomputerinthecampus.Shethinkseducationisthebestwaytosolvethemisusecomputer.Educationismoreeffectivethanlaw.Anounceofpreventionisworthapoundofcure.Article:TheDiscusThrower-RichardSelzerStructureAnalysis:PartI(Para.1):Anintroductiontothebackgroundofthestory.PartII(Paras.2-13):Presentstheauthor‘smeetingwiththeparticularpatientdubbedthediscusthrower,hisconflictswiththeheadnurseandadetailedportrayalofhowthepatient―throwsthediscus‖.PartIII(Paras.14-15):Tellsofthepatient‘sdeath.Centralidea:TheDiscusThrowerissymbolicincharacterization.Thenamelesspatientin"Rom542"standsforaneverymaninhissociety.Hisblindnessshowsthatheisamanindarkness.Anddarknessisuponthefaceofthemodernsociety.Hisleglessconditionshowsthathehaslosthisfreedomofactionintheso-calledlandofliberty.Hisironicwordsimplyhisindignationathisadversefortune.ThecrackofthebrokenplatesymbolizesahopeforALLCOPYRIGHTSRESERVED-4-

CLASS2ENGLISH08‘,REVISIONOFCOMPREHENSIVEENGLISH7/27/2013thespan-newlife.Thedoctor-narratorrepresentsacommontoilerwhosupportsthesociety.Theheadnurserepresentsarulerinthemodernwesternworld.Thesymbolicmeaningsreflecttheauthor'scarefulobservationandmeditationontheexistentsociety.Theauthor’sopinion:Thisportraitofadifficultandonlysemi-communicativepatientismoreasketchthanastory,butitposesinterestingchallenges:Whattothinkofthisman,howtounderstandhim,andhowtotreathim?Clearlytheman'senigmaticspeechandactionsaresayingsomething,andauthorsuggeststhatfewarelistening.Thestoryoffersnoanswers,andthiscauseonetothinkdeeplyabout.CULTURALBACKGROUNDSUnit1:TheAmbivalenceofAbortionCLOSEREADING:TheAmbivalenceofAbortion-LindaBirdFrancke1.Theauthor:LindaBirdFranckeaformereditoratNewsweekandaward-winningjournalistacolumnistforTheNewYorkTimesandauthorofseveralbookscurrentlyworkingwithBarbaraWaltersonherforthcomingmemoirsfocusingonwomen‘ssocialdilemmainmodernAmericanlifeHerbook:InthebookTheAmbivalenceofAbortion,Lindatellsthestoriesofwomenwhohavehadabortions,themenwhoaretheirpartners,andtheclinicworkerswhodealwithabortiononadaytodaybasis.Shegivesaninsidelookatwhatwomengothroughwhencontemplatingabortion,thendecidingtoabort,goingthroughtheprocedure,anddealingwiththeaftermath.[Thetextinthecoursebookisoneofthestoriesinthewholebook.]2.TheabortiondebateinUSThetwomaingroupsinvolvedintheabortiondebatearethepro-choice(abortionrights)movement,andthepro-life(anti-abortion)movement.U.S.judicialinvolvementRoev.Wadestruckdownstatelawsbanningabortionin1973.Over20caseshaveaddressedabortionlawintheUnitedStates,allofwhichupheldRoev.Wade.SinceRoe,abortionhasbeenlegalthroughoutthecountry,butstateshaveplacedvaryingregulationsonit,fromrequiringparentalinvolvementinaminor'sabortiontorestrictinglate-termabortions.ALLCOPYRIGHTSRESERVED-5-CLASS2ENGLISH08‘,REVISIONOFCOMPREHENSIVEENGLISH7/27/20133.Organizations.FriendsoftheFetus---anti-abortion,pro-lifeZeroPopulationGrowth---pro-abortion,pro-choiceThesetwoorganizationsholdquitedifferentattitudestowardsabortion,whichshowsafiercecontroversyforalongtimeintheUS.Article:TheMonster-DeemsTaylor1.RichardWagnerGermancomposer,wasborninLeipzigon22May1813,anddiedinVeniceon13February1883.Hedidmorethananyothercomposertochangemusic,andindeedtochangetheartandthinkingaboutit.Hislifeandhismusicarousepassionslikenoothercomposer‘s.Hisworksarehatedasmuchastheyareworshipped;butnoonedeniestheirgreatness.BesideshisactivityasacomposerandalibrettistWagnerwroteanastonishingnumberofbooksandarticles,infactabout230titles.Hisliteraryspectrumrangesfromtheoriesofoperatopoliticalprograms.Hehasbeenclassifiedasananarchistandasocialistand,simultaneously,asaproto-fascistandnationalist,asavegetarianandananti-Semite…Infact,hisnamehasappearedinconnectionwithalmostallmajortrendsinGermanhistoryofthe19thand20thcenturies.2.Author’smainideas:Heseemedtohaverolledallkindsofdemeritsintooneincludinghisundersizedandsicklyappearance,hisconceit,hismaniaforbeingintheright,hisnotmindingwhetherotherpeoplearoundhimwouldhavegreatinterestinhimashehimselfdid,hischildishemotionalstability,hisirresponsibility,hisunscrupulousbehaviorinmoneymanagementandmarriageandhisselfishinpersonalrelationships.Hewasrightallthetimewhilehewasoneofthegreatestdramatists,agreatthinker,oneofthemoststupendousmusicalgeniusesthattheworldhaseverseen.Hisworksarestillholdingthestageandrankingamongtheworld‘sgreatmusic-dramaticmasterpieces.Hedevotedhimselftomusicwhichwaspopularandfavoredbypeople.Hewasagreatgeniusandwhathedidinlittlespaceofseventyyearswasamiracle.UnitThree:CapitalPunishmentCLOSEREADING:DeathandJustice:HowCapitalPunishmentAffirmsLife-EdwardI.Koch1.Theauthor:EdwardI.Koch,ALLCOPYRIGHTSRESERVED-6-

CLASS2ENGLISH08‘,REVISIONOFCOMPREHENSIVEENGLISH7/27/2013Hewasalawyer,partyofficial,andcouncilmanwasbornonDecember12,1924.HewasaUnitedStatesCongressmanfrom1969to1977andtheMayorofNewYorkCityfrom1978to1989.Inhisessay,Kochclaimsthedeathpenaltyisjustanddefendshisstatementbyusinghisformerpublicserviceasethos客觀因(素),stronglanguageandconcreteexamplesaspathos(情感因素）,andbydisprovingcapitalpunishmentrebuttalsasameansofdevelopinglogos（理性）.2.Capitalpunishment:Capitalpunishment,orthedeathpenalty,istheexecutionofapersonbyjudicialprocessasapunishmentforanoffense.Crimesthatcanresultinadeathpenaltyareknownascapitalcrimesorcapitaloffences.Argumentsforandagainstcapitalpunishmentarebasedonmoral,practical,religious,andemotionalgrounds.Historically,severalstateshavebeenwithoutcapitalpunishment-theearliestbeingMichigan.ActofMar.7,1995,chapter1,1995N.Y.Laws1reinstatesdeathpenaltyeffectiveSept.1,1995.3.AppealsprocessToappealistoaskahighercourttoreviewthedecisionofalowercourt,ortoaskacourttoreviewtheorderofanadministrativeagency.Invaryingforms,alllegalsystemsprovideforacertaintypeofappeal.Therationalforthissystemistomakesurenomisjudgmentismadeatacertainlevelandtoprovideremedywhenanerrorinjudgmentoccurs.4.FirstdegreemurderAlthoughitvariesfromstatetostate,itisgenerallyakillingwhichisdeliberateandpremeditatedinconjunctionwithfeloniessuchasrape,burglary,arson,involvingmultipledeaths,thekillingofcertaintypesofpeople(suchasachild,apoliceofficer,aprisonguard,afellowprisoner),orwithcertainweapons,particularlyagun.ThespecificcriteriaforfirstdegreemurderareestablishedbystatuteineachstateandbytheUnitedStatesCode.Itisdistinguishedfromseconddegreemurderinwhichpremeditationisusuallyabsent,andfrommanslaughterwhichlackspremeditationandsuggeststhatatmosttherewasintenttoharmratherthantokill.5.ThenaturallawInethics,theology,lawandsocialtheory,thenaturallawissupposedtobeasetofprinciplesthatarebasedonwhatisassumedtobepermanentcharacteristicsofhumannature.Thenaturallawisconsideredtobefundamentallyunchanginganduniversallyapplicable.ALLCOPYRIGHTSRESERVED-7-

CLASS2ENGLISH08‘,REVISIONOFCOMPREHENSIVEENGLISH7/27/2013Article:AFrenchFourth-CharlesTrueheart1.OnJuly4,1776,theUnitedStatesclaimeditsindependencefromEnglandandDemocracywasborn.EachyearonJuly4th,alsoknownasIndependenceDay,Americanscelebratetheirindependencewithpicnics,barbecues,fireworksandfamilygatherings.AllAmericansareentitledtoIndependenceDayoffwork-althoughsomepeoplehavetowork.(likepolicemenandfiremen).IndependenceDayisconsideredaFamilyDaywithpicnics,barbecues,fireworks,parades,tocelebrateindependenceandfreedom.AmericansproudlyflytheAmericanflagandspendthedaywiththeirfamilies.2.HowtoFoldtheU.S.FlagFoldtheflaginhalfwidth-wisetwice.Foldupatriangle,startingatthestripedend...andrepeat...untilonlytheendoftheunionisexposed.Thenfolddownthesquareintoatriangleandtuckinsidethefolds.3.DisplayoftheAmericanflagWhentheflagoftheUnitedStatesisdisplayedfromamastprojectinghorizontallyoratananglefromthewindowsill,balcony,orfrontofabuilding,thestarfieldoftheflagshouldbeplacedatthepeakofthestaffunlesstheflagisathalf-mast.Ifitcannotbemovedtohalfmast,theflagmaybeflownatthetopofthemastbutshouldbehorizontal.Innormaltimes,theflagshouldbeangledtowards4.Aesop'sFablesorAesopica:AcollectionoffablescreditedtoAesop,aslaveandstory-tellerwholivedinancientGreece.Aesop'sFableshavebecomeablankettermforcollectionsofbrieffables,especiallybeastfables.Thefablesremainapopularchoiceformoraleducationofchildrentoday.ManystoriesincludedinAesop'sFables,suchas…TheFoxandtheGrapes(fromwhichtheidiom"sourgrapes"wasderived),TheTortoiseandtheHare,TheBoyWhoCriedWolfarewell-knownthroughouttheworld.5.LaFontaine’sfables:LaFontaine‘sFablesarethecollectionoffableswrittenbytheFrenchauthorlaFontaineinthe17thcentury.Eachstoryincludesanimalcharactersandtriestoteachamorallesson.6.TheAmericanRevolutionary(1775–1783):OrAmericanWarofIndependence,beganasawarbetweentheKingdomofGreatBritainandthirteenformerBritishcoloniesinNorthAmerica,andconcludedinaglobalwarbetweenseveralEuropeangreatpowers.7.ThomasJefferson(April13,1743–July4,1826):ThethirdPresidentoftheUnitedStates,theprincipalauthoroftheDeclarationofIndependence(1776),andoneofthemostinfluentialFoundingFathers.8.FranklinDelanoRoosevelt:The32ndPresidentoftheUnitedStates,leadingtheUnitedStatesduringatimeofworldwideeconomiccrisisandworldwar.TheonlyAmericanpresidentelectedtomorethantwoterms,hewasoftenALLCOPYRIGHTSRESERVED-8-

CLASS2ENGLISH08‘,REVISIONOFCOMPREHENSIVEENGLISH7/27/2013referredtobyhisinitials,FDR.Rooseveltwonhisfirstoffourpresidentialelectionsin1932,whiletheUnitedStateswasinthedepthsoftheGreatDepression.HeledtheUnitedStatesthroughmostofWorldWarII,anddiedinofficeofacerebralhemorrhage,shortlybeforethewarendedAuthor’smainidea:Ithasbothcostsandbenefitsofraisingchildreninaforeignculture.Costs:It‘sdifficulttomakethechildrenunderstandandidentifythevirtuesoftheirnativeculturewithoutlivinginit.Accordingly,theyhavetogobacktotheirnativecountrytocompensatefortheineffectivefamilyeducation.Benefits:Thechildrencanacquireaforeignlanguageandcultureandavoidbeingexposedtotheproblemsofthenativeculture.TimeandglobalizationhavemadeFrancemuchmoreliketheUnitedStatesthanitwasinmyyouth.Ontheonehand,ourchildrenareconfrontingamuchlessjarringculturaldividethanIdid,andtheyhavemoreaccesstotheirnativeculture.Ontheotherhand,theyarelessthanfullyimmersedinatrulyforeignworld.Unit6EnvironmentalProtectionCLOSEREADING:CarryingCapacity:Earth’sBottomLine-SandraPostel1.TheCarryingCapacityoftheEarthWhatiscarryingcapacityaccordingtothetext?―Carryingcapacityisthelargestnumberofanygivenspeciesthatahabitatcansupportindefinitely”(Para.4).2.OriginoftheTheoryIn1798,anEnglishclergymannamedThomasMalthuspredictedthattheearthcouldnotindefinitelysupportanever-increasinghumanpopulation.ThetheorypublicizedbyMalthusisknownasthecarryingcapacityoftheearth.Thebasicideaoftheearth'scarryingcapacityissustainabilityrequiresbalance.Asustainablehabitatisoneinwhichsupplyofanddemandfortheseresourcesarebalanced.3.Author’smainidea:1,Humanbeingshavebeendamagingtheenvironmentoftheearthtotheextentthatwehaveexceededtheearth‘scarryingcapacity.2,Propermeasuresintechnologyandtrademustbetakensoontoreversethedamage.Article:TheSellingofthePresident-EdwardJayWhetmore1.TheelectionofthepresidencyThepresidentandvicepresidentaretheonlypublicofficialsintheUnitedStateschoseninanationwideelection,whichtakesplaceeveryfouryears.Therearethreemajorstepsinapresidentialcandidate‘sjourneytowardtheWhiteHouse:primaryelections,theALLCOPYRIGHTSRESERVED-9-

CLASS2ENGLISH08‘,REVISIONOFCOMPREHENSIVEENGLISH7/27/2013partyconvention,andthecampaignforthegeneralelectionbetweenpartynominees.AfterwinningelectionthepresidenttakesanoathofofficeonInaugurationDay.Thelongandexpensiveprocessfromprimaryelectionsthroughthegeneralelectionweedsoutmostpotentialcandidates.Thepresidentandvicepresidentareelected538byElectoralCollegevoters,onepersenatorandrepresentativefromeachstate,whousuallycastaballotforthecandidatewhowinsthepopularvote.Inaddition,theDistrictofColumbiahasthreevotes.Acandidatemustreceiveamajorityof270votestowintheelection.2.PoliticalParties:DemocraticParty:oneofthetwomainpoliticalpartiesoftheUnitedStates.ItsoriginscanbetracedtothecoalitionformedbehindThomasJeffersoninthe1790storesistthepoliciesofGeorgeWashington‘sadministration.Thiscoalition,originallycalledtheRepublican,andlatertheDemocratic-RepublicanParty,splitintotwofactionsduringthepresidentialcampaignof1828.One,theNationalRepublicanParty,wasabsorbedintotheWhigPartyin1834;theotherbecametheDemocraticParty.RepublicanParty:oneofthetwomajorUnitedStatespoliticalparties,foundedbyacoalitionin1854.ThecoalitionwascomposedofformermembersoftheWhig,Free-Soil,andKnow-Nothingparties,alongwithNorthernDemocratswhoweredissatisfiedwiththeirparty‘sconciliatoryattitudeontheslaveryissue.TheearlyRepublicanswereunitedintheiroppositiontoextendingslaveryintotheWesternterritories.3.WatergateScandalWatergate,designationofamajorUnitedStatespoliticalscandalthatbeganwiththeburglaryandwiretappingoftheDemocraticParty‘scampaignheadquarters,laterengulfedPresidentRichardM.Nixonandmanyofhissupportersinavarietyofillegalacts,andculminatedinthefirstresignationofaU.S.president.TheburglarywascommittedonJune17,1972,byfivemenwhowerecaughtintheofficesoftheDemocraticNationalCommitteeattheWatergateapartmentandofficecomplexinWashington,D.C.TheirarresteventuallyuncoveredaWhiteHouse-sponsoredplanofespionageagainstpoliticalopponentsandatrailofcomplicitythatledtomanyofthehighestofficialsintheland,includingformerU.S.AttorneyGeneralJohnMitchell,WhiteHouseCounselJohnDean,WhiteHouseChiefofStaffH.R.Haldeman,WhiteHouseSpecialAssistantonDomesticAffairsJohnEhrlichman,andPresidentNixonhimself.4.Author’smainideas:Sincethe1896campaign,theelectionofaPresidenthasbeendeterminedlargelybypublicity,especiallybyTVcommercials.TVcommercialsseemtoworkbestincloseelectionsorinthosewherethereisalargeundecidedvote.TVhasgreateffectonthecandidatesthemselves----thephysicalappearanceofthecandidateisincreasingimportant.TVhaschangedtheimportanceofissues.(Televisionisimages,notissues.)Issuescomeandgo,butweelectpeopletothepresidency.ALLCOPYRIGHTSRESERVED-10-

CLASS2ENGLISH08‘,REVISIONOFCOMPREHENSIVEENGLISH7/27/2013Unit7:RegulatingtheInternetCLOSEREADING:TheLawsofCyberspace:WhatCollegesNeedtoKnow-StevenMcDonald1.TheprosoftheInternet:easyaccesstoinformationfasterandmoreeffectivecommunicationsmorecolorfullifewithentertainmentforgettingourmiseries---atleasttemporarilybetterimageonline(confident,secure)freespeechpromotionofwritingskillbroadeningourvision2.TheconsoftheInternet:harmfultoyourhealthaddictivenetfraudskewone‘ssenseofrealityincreasefeelingsofisolationandlonelinesscontaininformationofviolence,obscenity,pornography,indecencyannoyingbecauseofvirusesandoccasionalbreakdownofthecomputersystem3.WhatisActualMalice?ActualmaliceinUnitedStateslawisaconditi