重新思考非洲出口多樣化的基礎(chǔ)：商業(yè)和金融服務(wù)的催化作用（英）

UNITEDNATIONSCONFERENCEONTRADEANDDEVELOPMENTUNITEDNATIONSCONFERENCEONTRADEANDDEVELOPMENTAica dependentonexportsofprimaryproductsintheagricultural,miningandextractiveefiveofthemarket,characterizedbyperiodsofpriceboomandbust.Whilemanypartsofomicinstabilityespeciallyduringtimesofcommoditypricevolatilityandglobalshocks,suchasthoseaffectingsupplyandrevenues(bothgovernmentandincome)andinvestment.Commoditypriceshocksarealsoassociatedwithlowerlevelsoffinancialsectordevelopmentincommodity-ntcountriesthesecountriescanprosperintheglobaleconomyandsurvivevulnerabilitiesandeatcompetitivenessThesuccessfulimplementationoftheAfricanContinentalFreedriverofexportdiversification,growthandstructuralmationinAfricaHowever,whenexaminingthevariousstrategiesputinplacebyAfricancountries6whatbecomesapparentistheunderestimatedpotentialoftheservicessectorasngAfricaneconomiesfinancialservicescanserveasaEconomicDevelopmentinAfricaReportRethinkingtheFoundationsofExportselsvatesectorandcatalyticfinancialservicesopportunitieswithinthecontextoftheAfricanedicaBetween2005and2019,servicesaccountedforonly17percentoftotalexportsinAfrica,ofwhichtravelandtransportaccountedforabouttwothirds,representingahighconcentrationoftraditionalservicessectorsinitstotaltradeinservices.ThehoweverareunderrepresentedinAfricanservicesexports,accountingforonly20percentofraveltransportandmaintenanceandrepairservicesinfacilitatingproductionandsupplylinkages,withsignificantimplicationsfortheoverallcompetitivenessoffirmsservicesscbusinessandcommunicationservicesinputsislowinmostAfricancountrieswithanaverageofabout10percentinproductionandexportedoutput.Whileservicesaccountformorethan0percentoftheinputsinproduction,thelargestpartcomesTheservicessectorcouldbeaforcefulimpetusforeconomicdiversification,growthespeciallymanufacturing.TheimplementationoftheAfricanContinentalFreeTradeIfAfricaistobetterharnessitsservicestradepotential,servicespoliciesandtheircompetition,thehighcostsoftradeinservices,protectionistpolicies,lowlevelsof8cessfricaHoweverrestrictedaccesstofinance,poorintegrationinregionalandglobalmarkets,andavewaytoeinncegapsandalackofskillsessentialtooutsourcingtheirservices.InmanycountriesinAfrica,theinformaleconomyremainspervasiveandconstitutesasignificantshareofthetotaleconomy.From2010–2018,theinformaleconomyaccountedfor36perssdomesticproductinAfricaLimitedaccesstofinanceandcumbersomeregulatoryandadministrativeprocessesareamongthekeyfactorscontributingtoicagetoalldevelopingregionstheproblemisworseinAfrica.Intheregion,thereareabout50millionformalmicro,smallandmedium-erpriseswithanunmetfinancingneedofbillioneveryyearExportinglecoststoredesignexportingproductsthatmeetdemandstandardsforaspecificmarketandestablishnewprocessestocomplywithforeignerscustomsancingneedsofAfricanfirmsandthedifficultytoobtainfundingrtnsionanddiversificationinAfricathepotentialforalternativefinancetoexpandrameworksandancialsectordevelopsfirmsaccesstocreditalsoimprovesstrengtheningresourceallocationwithinthetraditionalbankingsectorandcanusetheirleveragetosupportthefinancingofvaluedaddedproductiveactivities.Nonetheless,initscurrentstateofdevelopment,financialtechnologycanprovideAfricanfirmswithincreasedaccesstofinancialservicesopportunitiesbyexpanding$2billion*in20212020associatedwithfinancialtechnologybusinessmodels,therecouldbeaheightenedriskoflossincurredbyfraudulentactivitiesormisconductbyoperators,usersandotherthirdparties.MostAfricaneconomieslacktherobustregulatorystructurestoefficientlytackletheseissues,whichcancreateadditionalchallengesindevelopingialrnativefinanceasanenablerofprivatesectorgrowthindustrialexpansionandexportdiversification,itisimportanttounderstandthatvariousdimensionsoffinancialdeepeningcanhavedifferentimplicationsfordiversification.arlyicaandbusinessestheoutlookforfinancialtechnologyandalternativefinancehascontinuedtoimproveain2021stoodat215percent,higherthaninanyotherregion.Africahasover500ngedandingmultipliereffectsandexportdiversificationinAfricawillrequirechangesintheregulatorylandscapeiffinancialtechnologysolutionsintheindustryandafinancialservicesecosystemaretobeadopted,andiffinancialtechnologyistobeagamechangerinthefinancialormonetaryauthority,whoseabilitytoembraceandregulateanemergingandfast-regulationsneededtoensurecompliance,improveriskmanagementandsafeguardbusinessesandconsumerprotectionareboundtochangeconstantlytokeeppacewithinnovationsinthesector.Forfinancialtechnologytobeeffective,theregulatory?Enhancingcross-regulatoryinteractiontoinnovatenewproducts,suchastionThesestepscouldimprovepolicymakingandlicensingandlinkfinancialtechnologyparticipantstoengagewithregulatorsandpolicymakersindefiningtherulesandbothaclientorcustomerperspectiveandfromafinancialstabilitypointofview)andEnhancingthecomplexityanddiversityofAfricanexportsrequiresatwo-prongedapproachthatlooksattheincentivesforincreasingservicesutilizationinthemanufacturingsectorandscalingentrepreneurshipactivitiestowardspotentialnewetheproductivecapacitiesoffirmsindevelopingnewproductsandserviceswithapotentialtotransformandsophisticateproductivestructuresandmarketactivitiesarilycrowdingoutthediversificationpotentialofexistingproductsandfocusedontheroleofthepublicsector,withalimitedpushtowardsmoredynamiceAfricanGovernmentsandbusinessescanmakeimprovementsandinvestmentstoicaandSeveralchannelscanimprovethecapacityofpeopleandfirmstoemulateexistingIntellectualpropertyrightsplayakeyroleinemulatingandinnovatingnewproductscanbenefitexportdiversification,astheyareanimportantmotivationforinnovativereaterthantheprivatebenefits.However,arestrictiveinternationalarchitecturefortheprotectionofintellectualpropertyrightscancompromisenationalexportdiversificationstrategies,?AfricanpolicymakersshouldensuretheestablishmentandenforcementofonlatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRightswhichcanexampletheAfricanUnionregionalesrelatingtointellectualpropertyrightsandothermeasuresthatcanfosterthegrowthandachievediversificationAccesstofinancinginstrumentsdesignedtopromoteeconomicdiversification,suchasfundingprovidedbydevelopmentbanks,toexpanddiversification.Governmentsshouldactinallthesechannelstoboostthenalsoreducemarketuncertaintiesandraisethechances?AfricanGovernmentsshoulddesignandusepolicyinstrumentsthatteachfirmsicesandindustrialwithdevelopmentpartnersandfinanciersAfricanGovernmentsdcertificationandmetrologyinstitutes,andregulatorstosupportandstrengthenthenecessaryentrepreneurialskillstoleveragethesystemsoastocreatenewbusinessesthatproduceandprovide“new-to-the-country”goodsandservices.haveatitscorethecapabilitiesrequiredtoidentifyopportunitiesforemulationimprovingthequalityofinfrastructure.Thisincludesskillsandtechnologiesinareasthatareimportantforfirmsenteringnewsectors,aswellaselectricityanddigitaladetechnologyinaneconomyandtoincreaseexportdiversificationThereporticarstventuresmigrationofpeopleforworkoreducation,open-knowledgesources,contractswithresearchentities,collaborativetoafirminadevelopingcountry,doesnotfullycompletethetechnologytransfer.To?AfricanGovernmentsshouldsetupcentralopen-sourcetechnologydatabasesthedesignofatomesticrageedinformationandcommunicationstechnology,transport).SuchanapproachwillhelpSomeprogresshasbeenmadeinthesectoralandmodalaspectsofservicestradeeaandpriortoitsinthetransportsectorwereachievedundertheAfricaTransportPolicyProgramme,veroadandtransportcorridorsandnetworkstotransportgoodsandpeopleacrossAfricaullycapitalizingonitsservicessectorpotentialTotackletheseissuesthefollowingkeybarrierstotheefficientparticipationofSMEsinthediversificationoftradesectortoregisterwiththeformalsystem.Aformalsystemofregistrationwouldsldbeachievedbypromotingtheuseoflocalfirmsassuppliersoffactoriessetupinaspecificcountrywithforeigndirectinvestment(forexample,throughpublicocurementclausesforeigninvestmentrequirementstocreatelinkagestothethrough,forinstance,investmentpromotionagenciesorotherrelatedinstitutionalorregulatoryarrangements.FirmsofthesameorrelatedindustrycouldbenefitfromaonicatocolonRelevantpoliciesthatencourageadiversityofplayersandproductsinthefinancialsectorwillbekeyinensuringfinancialinclusionacrossbusinessesandsectors.Forductlinesratherthannewones.Strongerprotectionofpropertyrightsandrule-based?Incollaborationwithfinancialinstitutionsandmarketparticipants,Africaniateregulatoryframeworksthatcouldaddresstheencouragedtofacilitatetheinteroperabilityoftechnology,rulesandstandardsrentnationalandregionalnstestingframeworksfortheuseoftechnologyinfinancialservicesandadoptappropriaterulesandstandardsthatcansafeguardthebroaduseoffinancialshouldsetuptrainingfacilitiesandotherinformation-sharingmechanismsthatunderstandingandexpertiseintheuseoftechnologyinfinancialservices,aswellasmechanismsthatcanbuildtheircapacitytomonitorandmitigatetheAfricanpolicymakersshouldenactlegislationorenforcerulesthatreducetherisksscouragetheirusebymarketfinancialinstitutionstodigitalthreatsandothersystemicrisks,aswellasknow-your-tsAfricanGovernments,financialinstitutionsandregulatorybodiesatthenationalandsystems,regulationsandplatformsrequiredtocatalysefinancialtechnologiesandicaApotentialmeansofovercomingsomeofthestructuralconstraintsidentifiedintheandthepromotionofbusinessservicesthroughmarketingandconsultingonhowtoopportunitiesforbusinessesandfosteringexportdiversification.Lengthyprocessestoestablishabusiness,burdensometraderegulationsandentrybarrierscreatedbyvenatlowonarenecessarytoprotect?Africancountriesandregionalinstitutionsshouldpayparticularattentiontotheneedsofvulnerablegroupsandreinforceeffortstowardsremovingformallegalbarriersthathavepreventedwomenentrepreneursfromowningandoperatingbusinessesorhaveloweredtheireffectiveandimpactfulparticipationinformalrtradetiveesthatreduceanticompetitivebehaviourbesupportiveofwomen’seconomicandfinancialempowerment.Thedesign,implementationandimpactofsuchpoliciesandinitiativeswillnotbeeffectiveThereporthighlightsthatgoodqualitydataremainskeyinassessingandidentifyingconducivetradeandfinancialpoliciesinAfrica.EquippingnationalstatisticalofficesAfricanGovernmentsandpartnersshoulddesignandimplementtailoredcapacity-buildingandtechnicalassistanceprogrammesaimedatdevelopingspecificskillsinhighknowledgeintensiveservicesThesecould