氣象學與氣候學課件版第一章

CURRICULUMPh.DLanzhouUniversity, Jun.2012Doctorof LanzhouUniversity,Lanzhou, Jun.2007BachelorofScienceACADEMIC AssistantProfessor

RESEARCHLakesediments＆Climatechange＆HydrologicalTEACHINGPhysicalGeography(2012—Climatology(2012—CURRICULUMArticles-havebeenpublishednearly50OrderbytheFirstorCorresponding51Third602112Requiredforthis 30 5 教學參考書

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/%(據(jù)曲建升年月日《科學》 Chapter1Chapter2Energy:WarmingtheEarthandtheChapter3SeasonalandDailyChapter4AtmosphericChapter5Chapter6AirPressureandChapter7Wind:GlobalChapter8Chapter9WeathersysteminlowChapter10TheFormationofChapter11ClimaticzoneandclimaticChapter12ClimateChapter1WeatherandMeteorologyTheEarthandItsOverviewoftheEarth’sVerticalStructureoftheQUESTIONSFORQUESTIONSFOR1.1Weatherand Whenwetalkabouttheweather,wearetalkingabouttheconditionoftheatmosphereatanyparticulartimeandce.Weather—whichisalwayschanging—iscomprisedoftheelementsof: oftheairaboveanhumidity—ameasureoftheamountofwatervaporintheclouds—avisiblemassoftinywaterdropletsand/oricecrystalsthatareabovetheearth’ssurface snow),thatfallsfromcloudsandreachesthegroundwind—thehorizontalmovementofWeatherandMeteorology

普通氣象學（general大氣探測與遙感（atmosphericprobingandremote(atmospheric（atmospheric（synopticmeteorologyandweather(dynamical氣候學與氣候變化（climatologyandclimaticDopplerDopplerradarimageshowingtheheavyrainandhailofathunderstorm(darkredarea)14,na,onAmodelthatsimulatesa3-dimensionalviewoftheatmosphere.ThiscomputermodelpredictshowwindsandcloudsovertheUnitedStateswillchangewithTheEarthandIts1.3.1OverviewoftheEarth’sOursunisanaveragesizestarsituatedneartheedgeoftheMilkyWayRevolvingaroundthesunaretheearthandseven Warmthfornetsisprovidedprimarilybythesun’sTheearthinterceptsonlyaverysmallfractionofthesun’sWarmthfornetsisprovidedprimarilybythesun’sTheearth’satmosphereisathin,gaseousenvelopecomprisedmostlyofnitrogenandoxygen,withsmallamountsofothergases,suchaswatervaporandcarbondioxide.Theearth’satmosphereasviewedfromspace.Theatmosphereisthethinblueregionalongtheedgeoftheearth.Althoughouratmosphereextendsupwardformanyhundredsofkilometers,almost99percentoftheatmospherelieswithinamere30kmoftheearth’ssurfaceCOMPOSITIONOFTHEAtthesurface,thereisabalancebetweendestruction(output)and(input)oftheseNitrogenisremovedfromtheatmosphereprimarilybybiologicalprocessesthatinvolvesoilbacteria.Inaddition,nitrogenistakenfromtheairbytinyocean-dwellingnktonthatconvertitintonutrientsthathelpfortifytheocean’sfoodchain.Itisreturnedtotheatmospheremainlythroughthedecayingofntandanimalmatter.Oxygen,ontheotherhand,isremovedfromtheatmospherewhenorganicmatterdecaysandwhenoxygencombineswithothersubstances,producingoxides.Itisalsotakenfromtheatmosphereduringbreathing,asthelungstakeinoxygenandreleasecarbondioxide(CO2).Theadditionofoxygentotheatmosphereoccursduringphotosynthesis,asnts,inthepresenceofsunlight,combinecarbondioxideandwatertoproducesugarandoxygen.Theconcentrationoftheinvisiblegaswatervapor(H2O),however,variesgreatlyfromcetoce,andfromtimetotime.Closetothesurfaceinwarm,y,tropicallocations,watervapormayaccountforupto4percentoftheatmosphericgases,whereasincolderarcticareas,itsconcentrationmaydwindletoamerefractionofapercent.Watervapormoleculesare,ofcourse,invisible.They visibleonlywhentheytransformintolargerliquidorsolidparticles,suchasclouddropletsandicecrystals,whichmaygrowinsizeandeventuallyfalltotheearthasrainorsnow.ThechangingofwatervaporintoliquidwateriscalledprocessofliquidwateringwatervaporisThefallingrainandsnowiscalledprecipitation.Intheloweratmosphere,wateriseverywhere.Itistheonlysubstancethatexistsasagas,aliquid,andasolidatthosetemperaturesandpressuresnormallyfoundneartheearth’ssurface.Watervaporisanextremelyimportantgasinouratmosphere.Notonlydoesitformintobothliquidandsolidcloudparticlesthatgrowinsizeandfalltoearthasprecipitation,butitalsoreleaseslargevaporintoliquidwaterorLatentheatisanimportantsourceofatmosphericenergy,especiallyforstorms,suchasthunderstormsandhurricanes.Moreover,watervaporisapotentgreenhousegasbecauseitstronglyabsorbsaportionoftheearth’soutgoingradiantenergy.Thus,watervaporysasignificantroleintheearth’sheatenergyCarbondioxide(CO2),anaturalcomponentoftheatmosphere,occupiesasmall(butimportant)percentofavolumeofair,about0.038percent.Carbondioxideenterstheatmospheremainlyfromthedecayofvegetation,butitalsocomesfromvolcaniceruptions,theexhalationsofanimallife,fromtheburningoffossilfuels(suchascoal,oil,andnaturalgas),andfromde TheremovalofCO2fromtheatmosphere asntsconsumeCO2toproducegreenmatter.TheCO2isthenstoredinbranches,andTheatmosphericconcentrationofCO2hasrisenmorethan20TheatmosphericconcentrationofCO2hasrisenmorethan20percentsince1958,whenitwasfirstmeasuredatMaunaLoaObservatoryinCarbondioxideisanotherimportantgreenhousegasbecause,likewatervapor,ittrapsaportionoftheearth’soutgoingenergy.Carbondioxideandwatervaporarenottheonlygreenhousegases.Recently,othershavebeengainingnotoriety,primarilybecausethey,too,are ingmoreconcentrated.Suchgasesincludemethane(CH4),Levelsofmethane（CH4）,forexample,havebeenrisingoverthepastcentury,increasingrecentlybyaboutone-halfofonepercentperyear.Mostmethaneappearstoderivefromthebreakdownofntmaterialbycertainbacteriainricepaddies,wetoxygen-poorsoil,thebiologicalactivityoftermites,andbiochemicalreactionsinthestomachsofcows.Justwhymethaneshouldbeincreasingsorapidlyiscurrentlyunderstudy.Levelsofnitrousoxide（N2O）—commonlyknownaslaughinggas—havebeenrisingannuallyattherateofaboutonequarterofapercent.Nitrousoxideformsinthesoilthroughachemicalprocessinvolvingbacteriaandcertainmicrobes.Ultravioletlightfromthesundestroysit.Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)representagroupofgreenhousegasesthat,upuntilrecently,hadbeenincreasinginconcentration.Atthesurface,ozone(O3)istheprimaryingredientofandthroatanddamagesvegetation.Butthemajorityofatmosphericozone(about97percent)isfoundintheupperatmosphere—inthestratosphere—whereitisformednaturally,asoxygenatomscombinewithoxygenmolecules.Here,theconcentrationofozoneaverageslessthan0.002percentbyvolume.Thissmalltyisimportant,however,becauseitshieldsnts,animals,andhumansfromthesun’sharmfulultravioletWhenCFCsenterthestratosphere,ultravioletraysbreakthemapart,andtheCFCsreleaseImpurities(雜質)frombothnaturalandhumansourcesarealsopresentintheWindpicksupdustandsoilfromthesurfaceandcarriesitsmallsaltwaterdropsfromoceanwavesaresweptintotheair(uponevaporating,thesedropsleavemicroscopicsaltparticlessuspendedintheatmosphere);smokefrom firesisoftencarriedhighabovetheearth;andvolcanoesspewmanytonsoffineashparticlesandgasesintotheair.2VerticalStructureoftheAirAirAirTroposphereStratosphere平流層Mesosphere中間層Thermosphere熱層 FOCUSFOCUSONASPECIALTheAtmospheresof AportionofJupiter（木星）extendingfromtheequatortothesouthernpolarlatitudesTheGreatRedSpot,aswellasthesmallerones,arespinningeddiessimilartostormsthatexistintheearth’s

TheGreatDarkSpotonNeptune（海王星）.ThewhitewispycloudsaresimilartothehighwispycirruscloudsonHowever,onNeptune,theyarecomposedofmethaneiceThischapterprovidesanoverviewoftheearth’sOuratmosphereisonerichinnitrogenandoxygenaswellassmalleramountsofothergases,suchaswatervapor,carbondioxide,andothergreenhousegaseswhoseincreasinglevelsareresultinginglobalWeinvestigatedthevariouslayersoftheThesumtotalofweatheranditsextremesoveralongperiodoftimeiswha