英語國家社會(huì)與文化

上Unit11.Britainisnolongeranimperial(帝國)country.T2.TheCommonwealth(共和國，民主國)ofNationsincludesallEuropeancountries.F3.1in10oftheBritishpopulationareofnon-Europeanethnicity(種族地位，種族特點(diǎn)).F4.Thestereotype(陳規(guī)，刻板模式)oftheEnglishgentlemanneverapplied(使適用)themajorityoftheBritishpeople.T6.NorthernIrelandispartofGreatBritain.F7.WhenpeopleoutsidetheUKtalkaboutEngland,theymistakeitasBritainsometimes.T8.TheScotsandWelshhaveastrongsenseofbeingBritish.F9.ScotlandwasneverconqueredbytheRomans.T10.MostpeopleinScotlandspeaktheoldCelticlanguage,called“Gaelic”.F11.ScotlandwasunifiedwithEnglandthroughpeacefulmean.T12.Walesisrichincoaldeposits.T13.Cardiff,thecapitalofWales,isalargecity.F14.

The

title

of

Prince

of

Wales

is

held

by

a

Welsh

according

to

tradition.

F

上Unit21.

Ireland

is

part

of

Great

Britain.

F

2.

“U

referring

to

Northern

Ireland,

was

once

an

ancient

Irish

Kingdom.

T

3.

The

capital

of

Belfast

is

a

large

city

with

half

a

million

people.

F

4.

Northern

Ireland

is

significant

because

of

its

manufacturing

industry.

F

5.

The

majority

of

Irish

people

were

descendants子孫，后裔

of

the

original

Celtic凱爾特

people

who

inhabited

British

Isles

before

the

Romans

arrived

2000

years

ago.

T

6.

Most

British

people

are

Protestants新教徒

while

most

Irish

people

are

Catholic天主教徒.

T

7.

The

British

government

does

not

have

direct

rule

from

London

over

Northern

Ireland.

F

8.

Sinn

Fein

新芬黨（愛爾蘭共和軍的政治組織）is

a

legal

politicalparty

in

Northern

Ireland.

T

9.

The

Anglo-Irish

Agreement《英愛協(xié)議》

of

1985

guaranteed

the

loyalist

Protestant

community

their

right

to

decide

their

future

in

Northern

Ireland.

T

10.

The

Good

Friday

Agreement《北愛和平協(xié)議》

was

approved

on

10

April

1998.T

11.

Northern

Ireland

today

is

governed

by

separate

jurisdictions:

that

of

Republic

of

Ireland

and

that

of

Great

Britain.

F

目前北愛由愛爾蘭政府、英國政府及北愛執(zhí)行委員會(huì)三方共同參與管理。

上Unit

3

The

Government

of

the

United

Kingdom

1.

It

is

no

doubt

that

Britain

is

the

oldest

representative

democracy

in

the

world.

F

arguably

可論證地，可能，大概

2.

In

Britain,

the

process

of

state-building

has

been

one

of

evolution

rather

than

revolution,

in

contrast

to

France

and

the

US.

T

相對(duì)法國或美國而言，英國的建國歷程是一個(gè)逐漸演變而不是革命性劇變的過程。

3.

The

oldest

institution

of

government

in

Britain

is

the

Monarchy君主政體.

T

4.

The

divine

right

of

the

king君權(quán)神授

means

the

sovereign君主

derived

his

authority

from

his

subjects.

F

5.

As

the

king

in

theory

had

God

on

his

side,

it

was

thought

that

he

should

should

not

exercise

absolute

power.

F

6.

The

term

“parliament”

was

first

officially

used

in

1066

to

describe

the

gathering

of

feudal

barons

and

representatives

from

counties

and

towns.

F

in

1236

7.

Britain

is

both

a

parliamentary

democracy

and

a

constitutional

monarchy.

T

英國既是一個(gè)代議民主制國家，又是一個(gè)君主立憲制國家。

8.

Britain,

like

Israel,

has

a

written

constitutions憲法

of

the

sort

which

most

countries

have.

F

both

of

them

without

9.

Common

laws判例法，普通法

are

laws

which

have

been

established

through

common

practice

in

the

courts.

T

上Unit

4

Politics,

Class

and

Race

1.

In

the

UK,

a

government

cannot

stand

for

longer

than

five

years

except

in

exceptional

circumstances.

T

3.

Anyone

who

is

eligible

to

vote

with

500

pounds

as

deposit

can

stand

as

an

MP.

F4.

Each

main

party

is

given

some

time

on

national

TV

to

“sell”

their

politics.

The

time

is

not

given

free

and

has

to

be

paid

by

the

party.

F

5.

The

amount

spent

in

national

campaign

is

not

limited

other

than

that

on

TV.

T

6.

Secrecy

is

not

an

important

part

of

the

voting

process.

F

7.

There

are

two

major

national

parties

in

the

U.K.

according

to

the

text.

F

除工黨和保守黨外，還有一個(gè)重要的第三黨，自由民主黨

8.

Liberal

Democratic

Party

is

the

newest

of

the

major

national

parties.

F

9.

Children

from

the

upper-middle-class

usually

have

a

better

education

than

those

from

the

working

or

middle-class.

T

10.

The

majority

of

middle-class

people

today

have

working

class

parents

or

grandparents.

T

11.

One

of

the

distinctive

features

about

the

British

class-system

is

that

it

has

also

retained

a

hereditary

aristocracy.

T

保留世襲貴族

12.

The

majority

of

Britain’s

recent

immigrants

have

mainly

come

from

North

Asia

and

Caribbean

countries.

F

South

Asia

13.

Most

immigrants

earn

a

living

by

opening

restaurant

or

becoming

writers

or

musicians.

F14.

The

immigrants

have

problems

of

unemployment,

under-representation

in

politics

and

unfair

treatment

by

police

and

by

the

justice

system.

T

上Unit

5

The

UK

Economy

1.

By

the

1880’s

the

British

economy

was

dominant占支配地位

the

world.

T

2.

Both

the

US

and

Canada

overtook

Britain

in

economy

by

1900.

F

Germany

3.

By

the

end

of

the

World

War

II,

Britain

had

gone

heavily

into

debt

in

order

to

develop

its

manufacturing

industry

and

borrowed

large

amount

from

the

US

and

France.

F

4.

Another

reason

for

British

decline

is

the

loss

of

its

colonies,

especially

India,

which

gained

its

independence

in

1947.

T

5.

In

the

1970s,

with

the

soaring

price

of

oil

and

high

rates

of

inflation,

Britain

went

through

a

bad

period.

In

1979,

the

Labour

party

had

to

step

down

from

the

government.

T

6.

The

leader

of

the

Conservatives,

Margaret

Thatcher

started

a

series

of

reforms.

An

extensive

programme

of

privatization

was

carried

out,

and

she

was

successful

in

an

all-round

way.

F

7.

Tertiary

industries

include

banking,

insurance,

tourism,

agriculture

and

selling

of

goods.

F

8.

Britain

has

a

large

sector

of

agriculture

producing

11.6%

of

its

national

wealth.

F

small

9.

According

to

the

text,

the

tertiary

industry

produces

approximately

two-thirds

of

national

wealth.

T

10.

The

service

industry

in

the

UK

employs

70%

of

the

total

work

force.

T

上Unit

6

British

Literature

Much

early

British

literature

was

concerned

with

Christianity,

and

Anglo-Saxons

produced

many

versions

of

the

Bible.

T

2.

Beowulf

was

a

sea

monster

killed

by

a

Swedish

warrior.

F

3.

“The

Wife

of

Bath”

is

one

of

the

tales

contained

in

The

Canterbury

Tales.

T

4.

There

was

a

general

flowering

of

culture

and

intellectual

in

Europe

during

the

17th

and

18th

centuries

which

is

known

as

“The

Renaissance.”

文藝復(fù)興h

and

16th

5.

William

Shakespeare

is

a

great

poet

and

much

is

known

of

his

life.

F

6.

Keats,

Shelly

and

Byron

brought

the

Romantic

Movement

to

its

height.

T

7.

Robinson

Crusoe

tells

the

story

of

a

shipwreck

and

solitary

survival.

T

8.

Writers

of

romantic

literature

are

more

concerned

with

imagination

and

feeling

than

with

the

power

of

reason.

T

9.

Don

Juan

is

an

epic

poem

composed

by

John

Milton.

F

10.

Thomas

Hardy,

the

author

of

Tess

of

the

D’

Urbervilles,

was

also

a

first-class

poet.

T

上Unit

7

British

Education

System

1.

The

purpose

of

British

education

is

not

only

to

provide

children

with

literacy

and

the

other

basic

skills

but

also

to

socialize

children.

T

2.

The

state

seldom

interferes

with

decision

of

when,

where,

how

and

what

children

taught.

F

3.

The

enduring

feature

of

British

education

is

the

continuing

debate

over

what

should

be

taught

in

schools.

F

how

equal

education

opportunity

should

be.

4.

The

1944

Education

Act

made

entry

to

secondary

schools

and

universities

“meritocratic”.

T

5.

Public

schools

are

part

of

the

national

education

system

and

funded

by

the

government.

F

公學(xué)也叫私立學(xué)校，有錢人家的學(xué)校

6.

British

universities

are

public

bodies

which

receive

funds

from

central

government.

T

7.

All

secondary

schools

in

Britain

are

run

and

supervised

by

the

government.

F8.

In

Oxford

and

Cambridge

the

BA

coverts

to

an

MA

several

years

later,

upon

payment

of

a

fee.

T

9.

Independent

schools

get

money

mainly

through

the

private

sector

and

tuition

rates,

with

some

government

support.

T

10.

Grammar

schools

select

children

at

the

age

of

11

and

provide

them

with

a

general

education.

F

培育他們進(jìn)入高等學(xué)校

上Unit

8

British

Foreign

Relations

1.

When

the

Second

World

ended,

Britain

no

longer

was

the

largest

military

power

in

Western

Europe.

F

2.

The

UK

was

awarded

a

seat

on

the

UN

Security

Council

in

recognition

of

its

contribution

in

setting

up

the

United

Nations.

F

of

its

continuing

importance

to

world

politics

3.

According

to

the

text,

the

most

important

single

factor

which

influences

British

policy-makers

is

its

history.

T

4.

The

Prime

Minister

and

Cabinet

decide

on

the

general

direction

of

Britain’s

foreign

policy.

T

5.

The

main

government

department

involved

is

the

Foreign

and

Commonwealth

Office

(FCO).

T

英國外交聯(lián)邦事務(wù)部，即外交部

6.

Britain

is

a

parliament

monarch.

F

a

parliament

democracy

代議制民主

而不是君主7.

There

are

about

60

members

of

the

Commonwealth.

F

50

8.

The

British

host

a

large

American

military

presence

and

there

63

American

military

bases

in

the

UK.

T

9.

Britain

is

not

a

number

of

the

NATO

due

to

its

disagreement

with

some

European

countries

on

defense

policy.

F

北大西洋公約組織與歐盟的區(qū)分

上Unit

9

The

British

Media

1.

On

an

average

day,

an

overwhelming

majority

of

Britons

over

the

age

of

15

read

a

national

or

local

paper.

T

2.

The

British

media

play

an

important

role

in

shaping

a

national

culture.

T

3.

In

the

late

seventeenth

and

early

18th

century,

as

the

British

economy

began

to

industrialize,

and

as

literacy

levels

rose

through

the

introduction

of

mass

education,

more

and

more

newspaper

began

to

appear.

F

4.

Free

press

has

the

function

of

keeping

an

eye

on

the

government,

and

therefore

it

is

called

the

watchdog

of

parliamentary

democracy.

T

5.

The

Advertising

Code

ensures

that

advertisement

are

legal,

decent,

honest

and

truthful;

have

a

sense

of

responsibility

for

consumer

and

society;

and

respect

the

principles

of

faircompletion.

T

6.

It

is

incorrect

to

say

that

class

and

educational

differences

are

reflected

in

the

newspapers

people

read.

F

7.

The

Telegraph

readers,

for

example,

will

be

soft

on

crime,

be

quite

feminist

and

interested

in

green

politics.

F

the

Guardian

readers衛(wèi)報(bào)

8.

The

tabloids

are

smaller

format

newspaper

with

color

photos

and

catchy

headlines.

They

are

often

called

“the

gutter

press”.

T

9.

The

British

Broadcasting

Corporation

is

funded

by

license

fees

and

views

must

buy

a

license

each

year

for

their

TV

set.

T

10.

The

BBC

World

Service,

the

international

branch

of

the

BBC,

broadcasts

in

English

and

42

other

languages

throughout

the

world.

T

下冊下Unit11.

NewZealandismadeupofalargegroupofislands.

T2.

Insize,NewZealandissimilartoJapanplustheBritishIsles.

F3.

MostofNewZealandlivesincitiesandtownswithmorepeoplelivingintheSouthIslandthantheNorthIsland.

F4.

Maoripeoplehavegivenuptheirculturaltraditionandhaveadoptedmanyaspectsofwesternlife.

F5.

NewZealandersarekeentogetinvolvedinenvironmentalprotection.

T6.

NewZealandwasthefirstcountryintheworldtogivenwomentherighttovote.

T7.

InNewZealandChristianityisthemajorreligion.

T8

NewZealandwassettled2000yearsagobyvoyagersfromEastPolynesia.

F下Unit21.

NewZealandhasnowrittenconstitutionaldocument.

T2.

NewZealandParliamenthastwochambers:theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofRepresentatives.

F3.

AccordingtoNewZealandlaws,nogovernmententerprisescanbeprivatized.

F4.

EducationinNewZealandiscompulsorybetweentheagesof7and18.

F5.

ThelargestschoolinNewZealandistheCorrespondenceSchool.

T6.

NewZealandhasathrivingagriculturalexporttrade.

T7.

Foroveracentury,GreatBritainhadbeenNewZealand’ssingleexportmarket.

T8.

NewZealandhasnowfourmajormarkets,withtheUnitedStatesbeingthebiggestone.

F9.theseafoodindustryisthebiggestexportearnerinnewzealand.____10.newzealandhasaFreetradeagreementwithpeople’srepublicofChina.___下unit31.

The

question

“What

is

an

American?”

was

first

asked

by

J.

Hector

St.

John

de

Crevecoeur.

T

2.ChristopherColumbusdiscoveredAmericain1492.

T3.

ThefirstEnglishpermanentsettlementwasfoundedinCalifornia.

F4.

MassachusettswasestablishedbyEnglishpuritanswhoseparatedthemselvesfromtheRomanCatholicChurch.F5.

ThestateofPennsylvaniausedtobeinhabitedbytheQuakers.

T6.

ThetheoryofpoliticsoftheAmericanRevolutioncamefromJohnLocke,aFrenchphilosopherinthe17th

century.

F7.

Bytheearly1760s,the13EnglishcoloniesinNorthAmericawerereadytoseparatethemselvesfromEurope.

T8.

GeorgeWashington,BenjaminFranklin,andAbrahamLincolnwereregardedasthefoundingfathersoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.

F下Unit41.WhentheWarofIndependencewasover,theUnitedStateswasoneunifiednationasitistoday.Fwasnot2.TheagreementthatsetthisplanofcooperationamongdifferentstatesaftertheWarofAmericanIndependencewascalledtheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates.F3.TheUSConstitutionsetupafederalsystemwithastrongcentralgovernment.T聯(lián)邦制4.

themaindutyofthecongressistomakelaws,includingthosewhichlevytaxesthatpayfortheworkofthefedrealgovernment.____5.UnderaConstitutionalAmendmentpassedin1951,apresidentcanbeelectedtoonlyoneterm.

F6.Thepresidenthastheauthoritytoappointfeudaljudges,andallsuchcourtappointmentsaresubjecttoconfirmationbytheHouseofRepresentatives.

F7.

The10veryshortparagraphswhichguaranteefreedomandindividualrightsandforbidinterferencewithlivesofindividualsbythegovernmentarecalledtheBillofRights.

T8.

TheideaofchecksandbalancesasawayofrestrictinggovernmentalpowerandpreventingitsabusewasfirstprovidedintheFederalistPapers.

T9.

Today,theUnitedStateshastwomajorpoliticalparties.OneistheDemocraticParty,formedbefore1800.theotheristheRepublicanParty,formedinthe1850s,bypeopleinthestatesoftheNorthandWest.

T10.

Americanshavetojoinapoliticalpartyinordertovoteortobeacandidateforpublicoffice.

F下Unit51.AlexanderHamiltonwasthethirdpresidentoftheUnitedStated.FThomasJefferson2.ThefirstfactoryintheUnitedStateswasacottontextilemill.T3.Manypeopleobjectedtotheideaofthecorporationbecauseit

is

less

personal

than

sole

proprietorship

and

partnership.

T

所有（權(quán)），獨(dú)資企業(yè)；合伙關(guān)系

4.

The

United

State?s

economy

suffered

from

the

two

World

Wars

in

the

20th

century.

F

not

5.

Many

people

believe

that

the

economic

freedom

of

capitalism

is

crucial

to

American?s

economic

success.

T

6.

When

people

buy

stocks,

they

become

part

owner

of

the

company.

T

7.

The

stockholders

make

profits

even

when

the

company

loses

money.

F8.

OnereasonforAmerica’saffluenceisthatalotofpeoplehaveinheritedwealthfromtheirparents.

F9

StrongdomesticdemandisonefactorcontributingtoAmerica’saffluence.

T10.

ManyAmericanleadershaveextolledthevirtuesoffarmers.

T11Measurehavebeentakensincetocopewithit,andAmericaemergedfromtheongoingfinancialcrisisin2010.___下Unit61.DuringtheWarofIndependenceandmanyyearsafterthat,theAmericansweremostlyconcernedaboutreligiousfreedom.-------2.accordingtotheFirstAmendmenttotheConstitutionoftheUnitedstates,therewouldbeastate-supportedregion,_______3.Thosecitizenswhosereligionforbidsthemtofightinwarscanperformotherservicesinsteadofbecomingsoldiers.______4.TheBaptistsarethelargestProtestantgroupintheUSwithover25millionmembers._____5.therearemorethan100ProtestabtssectsintheUnitedstatestoday.____6.JohnF.KennedywasthefirstCatholicelectedastheUSpresident.__________7.todaymanyJewishpeopledon’tthinkofthemselvesasethnicallyJewishanymoreandhaveadoptedasecular,nonn-religiousoutlook.____8.WhenaSupremeCourtdecisionmadeabortionlegalinAmerica,manyCatholics,evangelicalProtestantsandOrthdoxJewsobjected.______9.InAmerica,scientificandeconomicadvanceandrisingmeterialprogresshavebeenaccompaniedbyadeclineinreligiousobservance._______10.inAmerica,scientificandeconomicadvanceandrisingmaterialprogresshavebeenaccompaniedbyadeclineinreligiousobservance.______下Unit81.Criticsoftheaffirmativeactionprogramsareoftheoptionthatthisresultsinreversediscrimination.

T2

TheServicemen’sReadjustmentAct,orGIBillofRights,gaveveteranspriorityinfindingbetterjobs.

F3.

Americanuniversitystudentshavealwayslikedtogetdegreesthatareaimedatpreparingthemspecificallyforcertainprofessions.

F4.

Oneofthethingsthatdecideswhetheranapplicantcanbeacceptedbyacollegeishis/herscoresontheScholasticAptitudeTests

T5.

Accordingtotheauthor,largeruniversitiesarealwaysbetter,andmoredesirableuniversitiesarealwaysmoreexpensive.

F6.

Ittakesatleastfouryearstogetabachelor’sdegreefromaninstitutionofhigherlearningintheUS.

T7.

SegregatingblacksintoseparateschoolswasunconstitutionalafterdecisionoftheSupremeCourtin1954.

T8.

HarvardCollegewasoriginallyfoundedtotraingovernmentofficials.

F下Unit9Theanti-warteach-inbywhitestudentsinBerkeleybeganthecivilrightsmovementinthe1960s,thefirstofseveralsocialmovementsduringthatdecade.___WeShallOvercome!"isaveryfamousanti-warsongduringthe1960s._____Inthe1960s,threegroups-Afro-Americans,AsiaAmericansandwomen-weredissatisfiedwiththeirlives.--------DuringWWII,manyAmericanNegroeshadatasteodlifebymovingtotoandworkingintheNorth.------Whenthecivilrightsmovementbegan,non-violent,directactiontacticslike“sit-ins”andboycottswerethechiefvehicleforsocialprotest._____Asocialmovementispossibleonlywhenthereareorganizations,andspontaneousactions___MalcolmXbecameknownthroughtouttheSixtiesbecauseofhisleadershioproleinthecivilrightsmovement.___A

great

moment

for

the

civil

rights

movement

was

the

March

on

Washington

on

August,

1963

when

President

Kennedy

gave

the

famous

"

I

Have

aDream"speech._____In1966,theblackpantherpartyforself-defencewasorganizedonOakland,whosemajorworkwasto