2005年高級(jí)(含教授級(jí))任職資格外語(yǔ)考試試卷-英語(yǔ)(綜合)

PAGEPAGE7中國(guó)石化集團(tuán)公司2005年高級(jí)（含教授級(jí)）任職資格外語(yǔ)考試試卷英語(yǔ)（綜合）（120分鐘內(nèi)完成）閱讀理解（閱讀下列短文并用英語(yǔ)回答問(wèn)題，共20分）短文1（10分）Inoneyeartheworldusesasmuchenergyasthatcontainedin21billionbarrelsofoil.Andtheamountoffuelneededisgrowingrapidly.Thesuppliesoffossilfuels—coal,oil,andgas—arelimited.Theymaynotlastforacentury.Thenwhatwilltaketheirplace?Fortheanswer,let’slooktothesky.Eachdaythesunshowerstheworldwithseveralthousandtimesasmuchenergyasmanuses.Here,inasense,energyisunlimited.Thesun’senergyisfreeforthetaking.Ifmancouldcaptureevenasmallpartofthesun’senergyatlowcost,noonewouldworryaboutrunningoutofnonrenewablefuels.Ifscientistssucceedinmakinguseofthepowerofthesun,thisnewenergywillhavemanydifferentuses.Thesun’senergycanbeusedinyourownhouseforheatingandcooking.Thenthesuncanalsobeusedasasourceoffuelforpowerplants.Solarenergycanbeusedintelephonecommunication,inspacetravel,andinfarming.Oneofthepracticalproblemsincontrollingsolarenergyismakingitcontinuous.Whatcanbedonewhenthesunisnotshiningontheheatingsystem?Ifyouwereusingasolarpumpforirrigation,theinterruptionwouldnotmatter,sinceplantsdonotneedacontinuoussupplyofwaterinthenighttime.Butsupposeyouwereheatingyourhousebysolarenergy,anumberofexperimentalhousesthatareheatedinthiswayusestoragetankstoholdtheheatfornighttimeandrainyspells,ortheymusthavesupplementaryheatingsuppliedbyordinaryfuels.Oncethesun’senergyiscaptured,thesupplyofenergywillbeendless.Nowonderthosewholooktotheskyseetheregreatchangesinourfuturewayoflife.Questions:Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?Whatwillreplacefossilfuelsinthefuture?Whatproblemmayarisewhensolarenergyisusedtoheatthehouse?Howcansolarenergybestoredforcontinuoususe?Whatcanbeexpectedofourlifeinthefutureifthesun’senergyiswidelyused?(1)Thesun’senergyisunlimitedandfreefortaking.(2)Solarenergy.(3)Duringnighttimeandrainyspells,thesunisnotavailable.(4)Usestoragetankstoholdenergy..(5)Therewillbealotofgreatchanges.短文2（10分）Superconductivitymeansnoelectricalresistance,andthatinturnmeansnowastedpower.Tillnow,aluminumandcoppercableshavecarriedelectricityfromthepowerstationswhereitisgeneratedtothefactories,officesandhomesthatuseit.Bythetimemainelectricityreachesyourhome,morethan10percentofthepowerthatwasfedintothegridbythegeneratingstationhasbeenwastedasheat,producedbytheelectricalresistanceinthetransmissioncables.Peoplebegantodreamofmaterialsthathadzeroresistanceevenatroomtemperature.Butafteraninitialflurryofimprovements,we’vebeenstuckformanyyearsattemperatureslittlewarmerthan130K.Forawhilethisseemedlikeaninsurmountablebarriertowidespreaduse.Whatevertheapplication,thesematerialswouldhavetobecooledbysomecomplicatedmeans.Butinfact,therealpracticalbarrierhasalreadybeenovercome,andatmuchlowertemperatures.The77Kboilingpointofliquidnitrogen,whichisacheapreadilyavailablecommodity,providesaneasymeanstocoolsuperconductorsforpracticalapplications.Anumberofcompanieshavenowmadethehigh-temperaturesuperconductorsintotapesafewmillimetresacross.Thetapescanbewoundaroundaductthatcarriesaflowofliquidnitrogen.Layersofthermalandelectricalinsulationcompletethesystem,formingarobustpowercable.Rightnow,Ibelievethebestoptionavailableforthepowernetworkissuperconductingcable,andgovernmentofficialsarebeginningtorealizethistoo.Earlierthisyear,theUSNationalEnergyPolicyDevelopmentGroup’sReportrecommendedthat“thePresidentdirecttheSecretaryofEnergytoexpandtheDepartment’sresearchanddevelopmentonsuperconductivity”.Questions:Whatisthemeaningof“superconductivity”?Bythetimemainelectricityreachesyourhome,morethan10percentofthepowerhasbeenwastedasheat,why?Whatisthefunctionofliquidnitrogen?Intheauthor’sopinion,whatisthebestoptionavailableforthepowernetwork?Whatisthepassagemainlyconcernedwith?1.Themeaningof“Superconductivity”isnoelectricalresistance,andthatinturnmeansnowastedpower.2.Becausemorethan10percentofthepowerthatwasfedintothegridbythegeneratingstationhasbeenwastedasheat,producedbytheelectricalresistanceinthetransmissioncables.3.thefunctionofliquidnitrogenistoprovideaneasymeanstocoolsuperconductorsforpracticalapplications,duetothelower77kboilingpoint.4.Intheauthor’sopinion,thebestoptionavailableforthepowernetworkissuperconductingcable.5.Superconductivityisnowastedpowerandavailableforthepowernetwork,soweshouldexpandresearchanddevelopmentonsuperconductivity.英譯漢（將下列短文譯成漢語(yǔ)，共50分）短文1（25分）Genetically-modified（轉(zhuǎn)基因的）foodstuffsareheretostay.Thatisnottosaythatfoodproducedbyconventionalagriculturewilldisappear,butsimplythatfood-buyingpatternswillpolarize:therewillbeanichemarketforconventionalfoodstuffsjustasthereisfororganicfood.ItmayevenbethatGMfoodwillbecomethefoodofpreferencebecauseconsumerscometoappreciatethehealthbenefitsofreducedpesticideuse.Currentlytherearesome20,000chemicalsinuse,butthescientistsonlyhavedetailedinformationonaround1,000ofthem.ToseetheadvantagesofGMfoodyouhaveonlytoconsidertherecentpressrevelationthattheaveragelettucereceiveselevenpesticideapplicationsbeforeitreachesthesupermarketshelf.Iamsurechemicalsandtheirroleindiseasewillbecomeabigissueinthenextcenturyasthepopulationofthedevelopedworldworriesincreasinglyaboutitshealth.ThereasonGMfoodwillnotgoawayisthatweneedathree-foldincreaseinfoodproductionbytheyear2050tokeeppacewiththeworld’spredictedpopulationgrowthtotenorelevenbillion.Itisnotjustaquestionofmoremouthstofeedeither.Whatisoftenforgottenisthatalltheseextrapeoplewilltakeupspace,reducingtheoveralllandavailableforagriculture.轉(zhuǎn)基因食品是這里的支柱，這并不是說(shuō)傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的食品會(huì)消失，但是簡(jiǎn)單說(shuō)來(lái)食物購(gòu)買的模式將會(huì)兩極化，傳統(tǒng)食品的有機(jī)食物會(huì)瞄準(zhǔn)市場(chǎng)。因?yàn)橄M(fèi)者開(kāi)始重視減少殺蟲劑的使用對(duì)健康帶來(lái)的益處，轉(zhuǎn)基因食品甚至?xí)蔀楸黄珢?ài)食物。當(dāng)前，大約有20000種化學(xué)藥品在使用，但是科學(xué)家們僅對(duì)他們中的約1000種有詳細(xì)的認(rèn)識(shí)。你只要想想最近媒體揭露的萵苣平均接受11次殺蟲劑的應(yīng)用才到達(dá)超市的貨架上，你就該看到轉(zhuǎn)基因食品和優(yōu)點(diǎn)。我確們隨著發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的人們對(duì)健康擔(dān)心的不斷提高，化學(xué)藥品和它們對(duì)疾病的作用會(huì)成為下個(gè)世紀(jì)的一個(gè)大問(wèn)題。轉(zhuǎn)基因食品不會(huì)消失的原因是：到2050年我們需要把食品產(chǎn)量提高三倍，才能跟上預(yù)測(cè)的世界人口增上至100-110億的步伐。這不僅僅是要養(yǎng)活更多人口的問(wèn)題，經(jīng)常被忘卻的是那些另外增長(zhǎng)的人口需要居住窨，這就減少了農(nóng)業(yè)可耕地的總面積。短文2（A，B兩篇短文，任選其一，25分）A.Thereisgrowingrecognitionofbroadopportunitiesfortheapplicationofchemistryandchemicalengineering.Chemistry,interactingwithotherdisciplines,providesthefundamentalknowledgerequiredtodealwithmanyofsociety’sneeds.Theseincludenewmaterialsforaerospace,automotiveandelectronicindustries;basicdataforthedesignofeffectiveenvironmentalcontrols;andtheunderstandingoflifeprocessesimportancetoagricultureandhealthcare.AreportbytheNationalAcademyofSciencesentitled“OpportunitiesinChemistry”helpsustocrystalizeourthoughtsaboutthecentralimportanceofchemistryandchemicalengineeringandthewideboundsoftheirapplication.對(duì)化學(xué)和化學(xué)工程的應(yīng)用Thematuringofcommoditychemicals,plasticsandapparelfibersbusinesses;growinginternationalcompetition;andproblemswithenvironmentalqualityandtoxicmaterialshaveledmanytoadefensiveviewofourindustry.Ifwearenotcarefulsuchaviewcouldstultifycreativity.Inpointoffact,theopportunitiesarebrightfornewbusinessesbasedonthechemicalsciences.Buttotakeadvantageoftheseopportunities,wemustbepreparedtodepartfromtraditionalfieldsintonewareas.B.Solidsalwaysofferresistancetodeformationinonedegreeoranother.Theykeeptheirownsizeaswellastheirownshape.Theydonotchangetheirshapewhentheymovefromoneplacetoanother.Solidsdonotflowatallintheordinaryway,evenoverhundredsofyears;theywilldosoonlyunderenormouspressure.Solidsare,onthewhole,lesscompressible,thoughaveryhighpressureallroundcansqueezethemintosomewhatlessspace.Unlikesolids,liquidshavenofixedshapeoftheirown.Buttheypossessafreesurface.Whenaliquidisputintoavessel,itliesevenlyinthatvesselwithalevelsurfaceontop,andadaptsitselftotheshapeofthevessel.Itiscylindricalifthevesselisacylinder;itiscubicalifthevesselisacube.Comparedwithsolids,liquidsareabitmorecompressible.Ifasteelcylinderisfullofwater,westillcanmakealittlemorewatergoinundergreatpressure.Liquidsflowtoo;butsomeflowmuchmoreeasilythanothers.Whateverliquidweexperimentwith,however,wewillfindthatitflowsmore