考研翻譯必背詞匯

考研翻譯必背詞匯

1990年英譯漢試題

Peoplehavewonderedforalongtimehowtheirpersonalities,andbehaviorsareformed.

Itisnoteasytoexplainwhyonepersonisintelligentandanotherisnot,orwhyoneis

cooperativeandanotheriscompetitive.

Socialscientistsare,ofcourse,extremelyinterestedinthesetypesofquestions.(61)They

wanttoexplainwhywepossesscertaincharacteristicsandexhibitcertainbehaviors.There

arenoclearanswersyet,buttwodistinctschoolsofthoughtonthematterhavedeveloped.As

onemightexpect,thetwoapproachesareverydifferentfromeachother.Thecontroversyis

oftenconvenientlyreferredtoas“naturevs.nurture”.

(62)Thosewhosupportthe"nature“sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesand

behaviorpattemsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalfactors.(63)Thatourenvironmenthas

little,ifanything,todowithourabilities,characteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.

Takentoanextreme,thistheorymaintainsthatourbehaviorispredeterminedtosuchagreat

degreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbyourinstincts.

Thosewhosupportthe46nurture^^theory,thatis,theyadvocateeducation,areoftencalled

behaviorists.Theyclaimthatourenvironmentismoreimportantthanourbiologicallybased

instinctsindetermininghowwewillact.Abehaviorist,B.F.Skinner,seeshumansasbeings

whosebehaviorisalmostcompletelyshapedbytheirsurroundings.Thebehavioristsmaintain

that,likemachines,humansrespondtoenvironmentalstimuliasthebasisoftheirbehavior.

Letusexaminethedifferentexplanationsaboutonehumancharacteristic,intelligence,

offeredbythetwotheories.Supportersofthe“nature”theoryinsistthatwearebornwitha

certaincapacityforlearningthatisbiologicallydetermined.Needlesstosay,theydon't

believethatfactorsintheenvironmenthavemuchinfluenceonwhatisbasicallya

predeterminedcharacteristic.Ontheotherhand,behavioristsarguethatourintelligencelevels

aretheproductofourexperiences.(64)Behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinan

environmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriate

responseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.

Thesocialandpoliticalimplicationsofthesetwotheoriesareprofound.IntheUnited

States,blacksoftenscorebelowwhitesonstandardizedintelligencetests.Thisleadssome

“nature”proponentstoconcludethatblacksarebiologicallyinferiortowhites.

(65)Behaviorists,incontrast,saythatdifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksare

oftendeprivedofmanyoftheeducationalandotherenvironmentaladvantagesthatwhites

enjoy.

Mostpeoplethinkneitherofthesetheoriescanyetfullyexplainhumanbehavior.

1991年英譯漢試題

Thefactisthattheenergycrisis,whichhassuddenlybeenofficiallyannounced,hasbeen

withusforalongtimenow,andwillbewithusforanevenlongertime.WhetherAraboil

flowsfreelyornot,itiscleartoeveryonethatworldindustrycannotbeallowedtodependon

sofragileabase.(71)Thesupplyofoilcanbeshutoffunexpectedlyatanytime,andinany

case,theoilwellswillallrundryinthirtyyearsorsoatthepresentrateofuse.

(72)Newsourcesofenergymustbefound,andthiswilltaketime,butitisnotlikelyto

resultinanysituationthatwilleverrestorethatsenseofcheapandplentifulenergywehave

hadinthetimespast.Foranindefiniteperiodfromhereon,mankindisgoingtoadvance

cautiously,andconsideritselfluckythatitcanadvanceatall.

Tomakethesituationworse,thereisasyetnosignthatanyslowingoftheworld's

populationisinsight.Althoughthebirthratehasdroppedinsomenations,includingthe

UnitedStates,thepopulationoftheworldseemssuretopasssixbillionandperhapseven

sevenbillionasthetwenty-firstcenturyopens.

(73)Thefoodsupplywillnotincreasenearlyenoughtomatchthis,whichmeansthatwn

areheadingintoacrisisinthematterofproducingandmarketingfood.

Takingallthisintoaccount,whatmightwereasonablyestimatesupermarketstobelike

intheyear2001?

Tobeginwith,theworldfoodsupplyisgoingtobecomesteadilytighteroverthenextthirty

years—evenhereintheUnitedStates.By2001,thepopulationoftheUnitedStateswillbeat

leasttwohundredfiftymillionandpossiblytwohundredseventymillion,andthenationwill

finditdifficulttoexpandfoodproductiontofilltheadditionalmouths.(74)Thiswillbe

particularlytruesinceenergypinchwillmakeitdifficulttocontinueagricultureinthehigh

energyAmericanfashionthatmakesitpossibletocombinefewfarmerswithhighyields.

Itseemsalmostcertainthatby2001theUnitedStateswillnolongerbeagreatfood

exportingnationandthat,ifnecessityforcesexports,itwillbeatthepriceofbelttightening

athome.

Infact,asfooditemswillendtodeclineinqualityanddecreaseinvariety,thereisvery

likelytobeincreasinguseofflavouringadditives.(75)Untilsuchtimeasmankindhasthe

sensetoloweritspopulationtothepointwheretheplanetcanprovideacomfortablesupport

forall,peoplewillhavetoacceptmore“unnaturalfood”.

1992年英譯漢試題

“InteHigence"atbestisanassumptiveconstruct-themeaningofthewordhasnever

beenclear.(71)Thereismoreagreementonthekindsofbehaviorreferredtobythetermthan

thereisonhowtointerpretorclassifythem.Butitisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhigh

intelligenceisonewhocangraspideasreadily,makedistinctions,reasonlogically,andmake

useofverbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisarough

measureofachild'scapacityforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnot

measurecharacter,socialadjustment,physicalendurance,manualskills,orartisticabilities.

Itisnotsupposedto-itwasnotdesignedforsuchpurposes.(72)Tocriticiseitforsuch

failureisroughlycomparabletocriticisingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity.

Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofanysubject

isessentiallyacomparativeaffair.

(73)Nowsincetheassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesure

thatthescalewithwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa"valid"or"fair”

comDarison.Itisherethatsomeofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytestperformed

involvesatleastthreefactors:theintentiontodoone'sbest,theknowledgerequiredfor

understandingwhatyouhavetodo,andtheintellectualabilitytodoit.(74)Thefirsttwomust

beequalforallwhoarebeingcompared,ifanycomparisonintermsofintelligenceistobe

made.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairand

reasonable,andthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeenprovedthoroughly.Itsvaluelies,

ofcourse,initsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneisintheleastinterested

inthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecan

concludefromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenof

hisageattaskswhichwethinkrequire“generalintelligence”.(75)Onthewholesucha

conclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlyifthechildcanbe

assumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherswithwhomheisbeing

compared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichthey

possessed.

1993年英譯漢試題

(71)Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessary

modeofworkingofthehumanmind;itissimplythemodebywhichallphenomenaare

reasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexplanation.Thereisnomoredifference,but

thereisjustthesamekindofdifference,betweenthementaloperationsofamanofscience

andthoseofanordinaryperson,asthereisbetweentheoperationsandmethodsofabakeror

ofabutcherweighingouthisgoodsincommonscales,andtheoperationsofachemistin

performingadifficultandcomplexanalysisbymeansofhisbalanceandfinelygraded

weights.(72)Itisnotthatthescalesintheonecase,andthebalanceintheother,differin

theprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking;butthatthelatterismuchfiner

apparatusandofcoursemuchmoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthaniheformer.

Youwillunderstandthisbetter,perhaps,ifIgiveyousomefamiliarexamples.(73)You

haveallhearditrepeatedthatmenofscienceworkbymeansofinduction(歸納法)and

deduction,thatbythehelpoftheseoperations,they,inasortofsense,managetoextractfrom

Naturecertainnaturallaws,andthatoutofthese,bysomespecialskilloftheirown,they

builduptheirtheories.(74)Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommon

mindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredby

asortofspecialtraining.Tohearalltheselargewords,youwouldthinkthatthemindofa

manofsciencemustbeconstituteddifferentlyfromthatofhisfellowmen;butifyouwillnot

befrightenedbyterms,youwilldiscoverthatyouarequitewrong,andthatalltheseterrible

apparatusarebeingusedbyyourselveseverydayandeveryhourofyourlives.

Thereisawell-knownincidentinoneofMoliere'splays,wheretheauthormakesthe

heroexpressunboundeddelightonbeingtoldthathehadbeentalkingprose(散文)duringthe

wholeofhislife.Inthesameway,Itrustthatyouwilltakecomfort,andbedelightedwith

yourselves,onthediscoverythatyouhavebeenactingontheprinciplesofinductiveand

deductivephilosophyduringthesameperiod.(75)Probablythereisnotoneherewhohasnot

inthecourseofthedayhadoccasiontosetinmotionacomplextrainofreasoning,ofthe

verysamekind,thoughdifferingindegree,asthatwhichascientificmangoesthroughin

tracingthecausesofnaturalphenomena.

1994年英譯漢試題

Accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,technologyisanoverlookedforcein

expandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.(71)Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notso

muchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslike

improvedtechniquesandtools.(72)“Inshort”,aleaderofthenewschoolcontends,“the

scientiEcrevolution,aswecallit,waslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofa

seriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.”(73)Over

theyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargely

beenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.Themodernschoolthathails

technologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileo,Newton,Maxwell,Einstein,andinventors

suchasEdisonattachedgreatimportanceto,andderivedgreatbenefitfrom,craftinformation

andtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments.The

centerpieceoftheargumentofatechnology-yes,genius-noadvocatewasananalysisof

Galileo'sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.Thewisdomofthedaywasderivedfrom

Ptolemy,anastronomerofthesecondcentury,whoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthat

thecenterofallheavenlymotions.(74)Galileo'sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthe

firstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanets

revolvearoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.Buttherealheroofthestory,according

tothenewschoolofscientists,wasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryfor

makingeyeglasses.

Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.geniusdispute.(75)Whether

theGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyor

viceversaoftendeDendsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.

1995年英譯漢試題

Thestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidin

selecting,classifying,assigning,orpromotingstudents,employees,andmilitarypersonnel

havebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooks,magazines,thedailypress,andevenin

congress.(71)Thetargetiswrong,forinattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionfromthe

faultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytools,

withcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.

Whethertheresultswillbevaluable,meaningless,orevenmisleadingdependspartlyupon

thetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser.

Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevant

pastperformance:schoolgradesresearchproductive,salesrecords,orwhateverisappropriate.

(72)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsuponthe

amount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdom

withwhichitisinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformation

availableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.

Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquick,objective

methodofgettingsomekidsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearned,theskillshehas

developed,orthekindsofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhas,qualitatively,the

sameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.(73)Whethertousetests,

otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,uponthe

evidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostand

availability.

(74)Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbe

mostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannot

bewelldefined.Properlyused,[heyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformation

aboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeen

previouslyrecognized,buttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.(75)Forexample,theydo

notcompensateforgrosssocialinequality,andthusdonottellhowableanunderprivileged

youngstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.

1996年英譯漢試題

Thedifferencesicrelativegrowthofvariousareasofscientificresearchhaveseveral

causes.(71)Someofthesecausesarecompletelyreasonableresultsofsocialneeds.Othersare

reasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingtosomeextent

self-accelerating.Some,however,arelessreasonableprocessesofdifferentgrowthinwhich

preconceptionsoftheformscientifictheoryoughttotake,bypersonsinauthority,acttoalter

thegrowthpatternofdifferentareas.Thisisanewproblemprobablynotyetunavoidable;but

itisafrighteningtrend.(72)ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveral

govemmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantsto

makeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.Itcanbepredicted,

however,thatfromtimetotimequestionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificscientific

answers.Itisthereforegenerallyvaluabletotreatthescientificestablishmentasaresourceor

machinetobekeptinfunctionalorder.(73)Thisseemsmostlyeffectivelydonebysupporting

acertainamountofresearchnotrelatedtoimmediategoalsbutofpossibleconsequenceinthe

future.

ThiskindofsupportJikeallgovernmentsupport,requiresdecisionsaboutthe

appropriaterecipientsoffunds.Decisionsbasedonutilityasopposedtolackofutilityare

straightforward.Butadecisionamongprojectsnoneofwhichhasimmediateutilityismore

difficult.Thegoalofthesupportingagenciesisthepraisableoneofsupporting"good”as

opposedto“bad”science,butavaliddeterminationisdifficulttomake.Generally,theideaof

goodsciencetendstobecomeconfusedwiththecapacityofthefieldinquestiontogenerate

aneleganttheory.(74)However,theworldissomadethatelegantsystemsareinprinciple

unabletodealwithsomeoftheworld'smorefascinatinganddelightfulaspects.(75)New

formsofthoughtaswellasnewsubjectsforthoughtmustariseinthefutureastheyhavein

thepast,givingrisetonewstandardsofelegance.

考研英語1997年英譯漢試題

Doanimalshaverights?Thisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeauseful,

ground-clearingwaytostart.(71)Actually,itisn't,becauseitassumestha[thereisanagreed

accountofhumanrights,whichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave.

Ononeviewofrights,tobesure,itnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.(72)Some

philosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofanexchangeof

dutiesandentitlements.Therefore,animalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatiger

thatkillssomebodyisabsurd;forexactlythesamereason,soistheideathattigershaverights.

However,thisisonlyoneaccount,andbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnot

onlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople-forinstance,toinfants,thementallyincapableand

futuregenerations.Inaddition,itisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewho

neverconsentedtoit:howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays“Idon*tlikethiscontracf9?

Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeople,arguingabouttherightsof

animalsisfruitless.(73)Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothink

thatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumans,

orwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanother,more

fundamental,question:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall?

Manydenyit.(74)Arguingfromtheviewthathumansdifferentfromanimalsinevery

relevantrespect,extremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.

Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake-asentimentaldisplacementof

feelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans.

Thisview,whichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwood,

mayseembravely“l(fā)ogical”.Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcentreisrighttoreject

it.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning—theethicalequivalentoflearningto

crawl-istoweighothers'interestsagainstone*sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyand

imagination:withoutwhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainis

enough,formost,toengagesympathy.(75)Whenthathappens,itisnotamistake:itis

mankind'sinstinctformoralreasoninginaction,aninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedrather

thanlaughedat.

考研英語1998年英譯漢試題

Theywere,byfar,thelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientistshadeverdetected:astrip

ofenormouscosmiccloudssome15billionlight-yearsfromearth.(71)Butevenmore

important,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepast,forwhatthey

wereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.Thatwasjust

aboutthemomentthattheuniversewasbom.Whattheresearchersfoundwasatonceboth

amazingandexpected;theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration'sCosmic

BackgroundExplorersatellite-Cobe-haddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniverse

didinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasbecomeknownastheBigBang(the

theorythattheuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy.)

(72)Theexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredforth。BigBang,firstput

forwardinthe1920s,tomaintainitsreignasthedominantexplanationofthecosmos.

Accordingtothetheory,theuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopic,unimaginable

denseknotofpureenergythatflewoutwardinalldirections,emittingradiationasitwent,

condensingintoparticlesandthenintoatomsofgas.Overbillionsofyears,thegaswas

compressedbygravityintogalaxies,stars,plantsandeventfully,evenhumans.

Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructures,butastronomerswouldliketosee

muchsmallerhotspotsaswell,theseedsoflocalobjectslikeclustersandsuperclustersof

galaxies.Theyshouldn'thavelongtowait.(73)Astrophysicistsworkingwithground-based

detectorsattheSouthPoleandbaHoon-bomeinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,

andmay】eporttheirfindingssoon.

(74)Ifthesmallhotspotslookasexpected,thatwillbeatriumphforyetanother

scientificidea,arefinementoftheBigBangcalled[heinflationaiyuniversetheory.Inflation

saysthatveryearlyon,theuniverseexpandedinsizebymorethanatrilliontrilliontrillion

trillionfoldinmuchlessthanasecond,propelledbyasortofantigravity.(75)Oddthoughit

sounds,cosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomeicspectedideasin

elementa】y-particlephysics,andmanyastiophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpart

ofadecadethatitistrue.

考研英語1999年英譯漢試題

(71)Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modem

practicemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplain

thesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplace,each

generationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearch

theevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattered;itisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.

Theironyofthehistorian'scraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebut

contributionstoanunendingprocess.

(72)Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityof

historyasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistorians

themselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophy,theemerging

socialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandproviding

rewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobe

adaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthanthe

imperativesofthecontemporaryworld.(73)Durivgthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethods

wereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidence

inthehistoricalstudy

Methodolgyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.(74)

Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalwork

ingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistorical

inquiry.Historians,especiallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeen

accusedof“tunnelmethodJfrequentlyfallvictimtothe"technicistfallacy.^^Alsocommonin

thenaturalsciences,thetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewith

certainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.(75)Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorians

whoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialscience

historianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.

考研英語2000年英譯漢試題

Governmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeople

dependslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.(71)Undermodem

conditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpof

specializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.(72)Furthermore,it

isobviousthatthestrengthofacountry'seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeef行ciencyof

itsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisintumrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsand

technologistsofallkinds.Italsomeansthatgovernmentsareincreasinglycompelledto

interfereinthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtothebest

advantage.Forexample,theymayencourageresearchinvariousways,includingthesetting

upoftheirownresearchcenters;theymayalterthestructureofeducation,orinterferein

ordertoreducethewastageofnaturalresourcesortapresourceshithertounexploited;orthey

maycooperatedirectlyinthegrowingnumberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscience,

economicsandindustry.Inanycase,allsuchinterventionsareheavilydependentonscientific

adviceandalsoscientificandtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.

(73)Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmasscommunications,peopleeverywhereare

feelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whilegovernmentsare

oftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesame

time,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistakingplaceatavastly

acceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.Forexample,(74)intheearlyindustrialized

countriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrialization-withallthefarreachingchangesin

socialpatternsthatfollowed-wasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysa

developingnationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.Allthishastheeffectof

buildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityandconsequentlypresents

seriousproblemsforthegovernmentsconcerned.(75)Additionalsocialstressesmayalso

occurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigration

movements-themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodemmeansoftransport.Asa

resultofallthesefactors,governmentsarebecomingincreasinglydependentonbiologistsand

socialscientistsforplanningtheappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect.

考研英語2001年英譯漢試題

Inlessthan30years*timetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetween

thebrain*snervoussystemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironments,

allowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall.

(71)Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithDollution

monitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.(72)Childrenwillplaywithdollsequipped

withpersonalitychips,computerswithin-builtpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmates

ratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmelLtelevision,anddigitalagewillhave

arrived.

AccordingtoBT*sfuturologist,IanPearson,theseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduled

forthefirst