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第十三節(jié)虛擬語氣虛擬語氣是謂語動詞的一種特殊形式,用來表達假設(shè)、主觀愿望、猜測、建議、可能或純粹的空想等非真實情況。if非真實條件句中的虛擬語氣1.if非真實條件句的基本用法由if引導(dǎo)的非真實條件句表示對現(xiàn)在、過去、將來的事實進行假設(shè)時,主句與從句中謂語動詞的形式可以分為以下三類:假設(shè)類型條件從句謂語動詞形式主語謂語動詞形式與現(xiàn)在事實相反動詞過去式(be用were)should/would/could/might+動詞原形與過去事實相反had+過去分詞should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞與將來事實相反動詞過去式,(should+)動詞原形,wereto+動詞原形should/would/could/might+動詞原形Thevictimwouldhavehadachancetosurviveifhehadbeentakentohospitalintime.遇難者如果及時送往醫(yī)院,他本來就有機會活下來的。(與過去事實相反)IfIknewhistelephonenumber」wouldtellyou如果我知道他的電話號碼,我會告訴你。(與現(xiàn)在事實相反)IfthereshouldbeaheavysnownextSunday,wewouldnotgoskating.如果下周日下大雪的話,我們就不去滑冰了。(表將來)[專四真題]Iftherewerenosubjunctivemood,English mucheasiertolearn.couldhavebeenB.wouldbeC.willbeD.wouldhavebeen譯文:如果沒有虛擬語氣,英語學(xué)習(xí)起來就會更容易了。分析:本題表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)。表現(xiàn)與現(xiàn)在事實相反,條件從句用一般過去時,主句使用should(would)+動詞原形,故B為答案。A項couldhavebeen是對過去事實的假設(shè),與從句所表示的現(xiàn)在事實不吻合;C項willbe不可以用于虛擬語氣中;D是與過去事實相反的假設(shè)的虛擬語氣從句形式。省略if的虛擬條件句的用法在虛擬條件句中,如果從句中含有were,had或should等詞時,可將if省去,把were,had或should等提到主句之前,引起倒裝。如果句中沒有were,had或should等,則不能省略if,也不能用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。[專四真題] forthefactthatshebrokeherleg,shemightpassedtheexam.HaditnotbeenB.Hadn'titbeenC.WasitnotD.Wereitnot譯文:要不是因為摔斷了腿,他或許已經(jīng)通過了考試。分析:由于主語從句使用了mighthavedone結(jié)構(gòu),說明此句表示的內(nèi)容與過去事實相反,故條件狀語從句中應(yīng)該使用haddone結(jié)構(gòu)。若要將虛擬條件句中的連詞省去,則需將助動詞提到主語前面,否定詞位置不變,因此A項Haditnotbeen為正確答案。錯綜時間虛擬條件句有些時候,條件從句表示的動作和主語表示的動作發(fā)生在不同的時間,比如一個是過去發(fā)生的,一個是現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的。這時,主句和從句的謂語動詞要根據(jù)自己所指的不同時間選用適當?shù)奶摂M形式。如:Iftheyhadinvitedme,Iwouldgowiththemnow.如果他邀請過我,我現(xiàn)在就和他們一起走了。[專四真題] ifIhadarrivedyesterdaywithoutlettingyouknowbeforehand?A.Wouldyoubesurprised B.WereyousurprisedC.HadyoubeensurprisedD.Wouldyoubeensurprised譯文:如果我昨天不事先打招呼就來了,你會覺得吃驚嗎?分析:這是一個錯綜時間虛擬條件句。從句是對過去事實的假設(shè),而主句問的是回答者現(xiàn)在的感受,因此主句應(yīng)該為Wouldyoubesurprised,答案為A。介詞或介詞短語表示虛擬條件有些介詞或介詞短語隱含條件之義,其虛擬形式與if引導(dǎo)的非真實條件狀語從句類似,需根據(jù)從句所用的時態(tài),來選擇主句的謂語形式。這些詞包括:without(沒有),butfor(要不是),intheabsenceof(如果沒有),wereitnotfor(要是沒有),butthat(若不是)等。Butfortheirhelp,wecouldnothavefinishedtheworkontime要不是他們的幫助,我們就不可能按時完成那項工作。(表過去)Withoutelectricity,therewouldnotbemodernindustry沒有電,就沒有現(xiàn)代工業(yè)。(表現(xiàn)在)Intheabsenceofgravity,therewouldbenoairaroundtheearth如果沒有重力,地球周圍就沒有空氣。(表現(xiàn)在)賓語從句中的虛擬語氣wish引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣主要形式為:表示對現(xiàn)在的假設(shè)時,從句的謂語動詞為一般過去式(be動詞用were)。表示對過去的假設(shè)時,從句的謂語動詞為“had+過去分詞”或“could/wouldhave+過去分詞”表示對將來的愿望時,從句的謂語動詞用“would/could/might+動詞原形”SometimesIwishIlivedinadifferenttimeandadifferentplace.有時候我希望自己生活在一個不同的時間和空間里。(表現(xiàn)在)IwishIwereasstrongasyou我希望像你一樣健壯。(表現(xiàn)在)Hedidn'tgototheparty,buthedoeswishhehadbeentheie.他沒有去舞會,不過他很希望自己當時在那里。(表過去)Iwishpriceswouldcomedown我希望物價能降下來。(表將來)hadhoped表示過去沒有實現(xiàn)的愿望,意為“本來想要,但愿”,其后的賓語從句用“would+動詞原形”表示虛擬。IhadhopedthatIwouldn'tboreyoubytalkingaboutmychildren.但愿我談?wù)撐业暮⒆記]有使你厭倦。wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,mightaswell,wouldprefer之后的兵語從句用虛擬語氣表示愿望,意為“寧愿”,“但愿”。表示對現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼脑竿簑ouldrather/sooner+主語+動詞過去時(be動詞用were);表示對過去的愿望:wouldrather/sooner+主語+動詞過去完成時。IwouldratherIhadnotgonetothepartyyesterdayevening.要是我昨天晚上沒有去參加那個晚會就好了。(表過去)Iwouldrather/sooneryoucametomorrow我寧愿你明天來。(表將來)在表示命令、建議或要求等動詞后的賓語從句中要求用虛擬語氣,謂語形式為“(should)+動詞原形”。這類動詞有:ask(要求),advise(建議),suggest(建議),request(請求;要求),commend(推薦),decide(決定),determine(決定),insist(堅持認為),intend(打算),prefer(更喜歡;寧愿),propose(提議),order(命令),recommend(推薦),imagine(想象)等。Isuggestedthatyou(should)trytounderstandhim.我曾建議你試著去理解他。Theydemandedthattheaggressortroops(should)bewithdrawnimmediately.他們要求立即撤出侵略軍?!緦K恼骖}】Mybossorderedthatthelegaldocuments tohimbeforelunch.besentB.weresentC.weretobesentD.mustbesent譯文:我老板下令午飯前必須交給他那些法律文件。分析:若主句謂語動詞為suggest,demand,order,propose,request等表示建議、要求、命令等語氣的動詞,后面的賓語從句要用虛擬語氣,謂語動詞用“(should+)動詞原形”因此選A。主語從句中的虛擬語氣虛擬語氣用于主語從句的常見結(jié)構(gòu)是“Itis+形容詞/名詞/過去分詞+that引導(dǎo)的主語從句”,主語從句的謂語動詞為(should)+動詞原形”適用此結(jié)構(gòu)的詞包括:形容詞:advisable(可取的,明智的),appropriate(適當?shù)模?,desirable(想要的),essential(必需的),fundamental(基本的),imperative(命令的),important(重要的),necessary(必要的),proper(適當?shù)模?,urgent(緊急的,急迫的),vital(至關(guān)重要的)等。名詞:apity(可惜),ashame(恥辱;羞愧),nowonderthat(難怪)等。過去分詞:arranged(安排,計劃),desired(渴望),requested(請求),suggested(建議),recommended(推薦),required(必需),demanded(要求)等。Itisessentialthattheseapplicationforms(should)besentasearlyaspossible.重要的是把這些申請表盡早寄出去。Itishighlydesirablethatanewpresident(should)beappointedforthiscollege.大家非常希望一位新校長來管理這所大學(xué)。【專四真題】Itisimperativethatthegovernment moreinvestmentintotheshipbuildingindustry.attracts B.shallattract C.attractD.hastoattract譯文:勢在必行的是,政府應(yīng)該在船塢制造業(yè)吸引更多的投資。分析:Itisimperativethat-表明that從句需要使用虛擬語氣,其形式為“should+動詞原形”其中should可以省略,故答案為C。表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬語氣在表示建議、命令、主張、目的、愿望等名詞后面的表語從句和同位語從句中的常用虛擬語氣,謂語動詞的形式為(should)+動詞原形”這類名詞有:suggestion(建議),proposal(提議,建議),requirement(要求),order(命令),demand(要求),decision(決定),advice(建議),desire(要求),idea(主意),importance(重要性),instruction(指示),necessity(需要;必需),motion(提議),preference(優(yōu)先考慮),recommendation(推薦;建議),resolution(解決),request(要求)等。Hisdesireisthathe(should)beburiednexttohiswife.他希望死后與妻子合葬。Thesuggestionthatthemayor(should)presenttheprizeswasacceptedbyeveryone.每個人都接受了讓市長來頒獎的建議?!緦K恼骖}】Heleftordersthatnothing toucheduntilthepolicearrivedhere.A.shouldbe B.oughttobeC.mustbeD.wouldbe譯文:他留下命令說警察到這里之前不得碰任何東西。分析:orders表明其后同位語從句中的謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣,形式為(should+)動詞原形”故選項A正確。狀語從句中的虛擬語氣在asif或asthough引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句中,若從句的內(nèi)容并非現(xiàn)實,則需用虛擬語氣。表示從句與主句動作同時發(fā)生,從句謂語動詞用were或動詞過去式;表示從句動作可能在將來發(fā)生,從句謂語動詞用“could/would+動詞原形”表示從句謂語的動作發(fā)生在主句動作之前,從句謂語動詞用“had+過去分詞”。

Itseemsasifitwas(were)springalready.現(xiàn)在仿佛已經(jīng)是春天了。(表現(xiàn)在)Itseemsasifhewouldrecover.看來他好像會康復(fù)。(表將來)ItseemsasifshehadbeentoEngland.好像她到過英國似的。(表過去)*注意:asif引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句時,若說話人對從句所表達的內(nèi)容較有把握,則用陳述語氣。如:Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.看來要下雨了。虛擬語氣用在evenif,as等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中,從句謂語可參照由if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件從句的謂語,用一般過去時、過去完成時或動詞原形。注意evenif從句里可用虛擬動詞表示與事實相反,eventhough則是就事論事,不用虛擬。Evenifheweremybrother,Iwouldnottrusthim.即使他是我哥哥,我也不會信任他。(他不是我哥哥)Eventhoughheismybrother,Idon'ttrusthim.盡管他是我哥哥,我還是不信任他。(事實上他是我哥哥)Evenifitrainstomorrow,wewon'tchangeourplans.即使明天下雨,我們也不會改變計劃。EvenifIhadmethim,Iwouldn'thavetoldhimaboutourplan.即使我見過他,我也不會告訴他我們的計劃?!緦K恼骖}】Muchas ,Icouldn'tlendhimthemoneybecauseIsimplydidn'thavethatmuchsparecash.A.Iwouldhavelikedto B.IwouldliketohaveC.IshouldhavetolikeD.IshouldhavelikedtoC.IshouldhavetolikeD.Ishouldhavelikedto[譯文]盡管我很想借錢給他,但是沒法借,因為我沒有那么多的閑錢?!驹斀狻縨uchas引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,表示“盡管”,該從句為與過去相反的虛擬語氣,謂語使用wouldhavedone,故答案為A,其中to后省略了lendhimthemoney以避免重復(fù)。D項表示“應(yīng)該”,而不表意愿。3.在whatever,whichever,whenever,whoever,wherever,however,no3.在whatever,whichever,whenever,whoever,wherever,however,nomatterwh-等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中,從句虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為"may+動詞原形(指現(xiàn)在或?qū)恚?或"may+完成式(指過去),主句結(jié)構(gòu)不限。Iwillbewaitingforhimnomatterhowlatehemaycome不管他來得多么晚,我都會一直等他。在though,although等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中,從句虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)為should+動詞原形,主句結(jié)構(gòu)不限。AlthoughThoughheshouldoftenbelate,heisagoodstudent.盡管他經(jīng)常遲到,他還是個好學(xué)生。lest,incase,forfearthat以防,萬一,唯恐引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句常用虛擬語氣,謂語動詞用should+動詞原形。Lestforfearthat從句中的should可以省去,incase從句中的should通常不省略,但是incase引導(dǎo)的從句也可用陳述語氣。Hetooktheraincoatwithhimlestit(should)rain他帶上了雨衣,以防下雨。Iobeyedherlestshe(should)beangry我得順著她,免得她生氣。IwillnotmakeanoiseforfearthatI(should)disturbyou我不會做聲的,以免打擾你。Incasehecomes,letmeknow萬一他來了,告訴我一聲。(陳述語氣)其他句型中的虛擬語氣Itis(high/about)time結(jié)構(gòu)在Itis(high/about)timethat...后面跟虛擬語氣,謂語動詞通常用一般過去式,有時也用should+動詞原形,意為該是干?…的時候了。如:Itishightimethatwewenthomenow.我們現(xiàn)在該回家了。*注意:句型It'sthefirst/second/thirdtimethat...表示一種經(jīng)歷,that從句要使用完成時態(tài)。如:It'sthefifthtimethathehasrungyouinaweek.這是他在一周之內(nèi)第5次給你打電話了。[專四真題]Thatwasnotthefirsttimeheus.Ithinkit'shightimewe strongactionsagainsthim.A.betrayed...take B.hadbetrayed...tookC.hasbetrayed...took D.hasbetrayed...take譯文:那不是他第一次背叛我們。我認為我們該對他采取強硬措施了。分析:當句子里有序數(shù)詞first/second/third...時,后面的定語從句要用完成時態(tài),前一個句子是過去時,所以應(yīng)該用過去完成時,即hadbetrayed;后一句使用了Itishightime...句型,其從句的謂語動詞要用過去式,表示對現(xiàn)在事實的虛擬,即took.2.ifonly引導(dǎo)的感嘆句表示“但愿,要是??就好了”,其用法和wish基本相同,只是感情色彩更強烈。表示現(xiàn)在的情況,謂語動詞用過去式;表示過去的情況,謂語動詞用過去完成式;表示將來的情況,謂語動詞用“would/could+動詞原形”Ifonlyhewerehere!如果他在這里就好了?。ū憩F(xiàn)在)IfonlyIhadnotbeenbusyyesterday!要是昨天我不忙該多好?。。ū磉^去)Ifonlyyouwouldlistentoouradvice.要是你會聽我們的建議就好了。(表將來)3.intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/planned/meant/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虛擬語氣,表示“本計劃/打算/想要??”。Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.我本來打算要拜訪你的,但是當時很忙。典型真題訓(xùn)練1.I thepartymuchmoreiftherehadn'tbeenquitesuchacrowdofpeoplethere.A.wouldenjoyB.willhaveenjoyedC.wouldhaveenjoyedD.willbeenjoyedIfyouexplainedthesituationtoyoursolicitor,he abletoadviseyoumuchbetterthanIcan.A.wouldbe B.willhavebeen C.wasD.wereIfyou insuchahurryyou sugarintothesauceinsteadofsalt.A.werenot,wouldnotputB.were,wouldputC.hadbeen,wouldhaveputD.hadnotbeen,wouldnothaveput theirhelp,wewouldnothavesucceeded.A.Hadn'tbeenforB.HaditnotbeenforC.Ithadn'tbeenforD.HadnotitbeenforSheaskedthatshe allowedtoseehersoninpolicecustody.A.wouldbeB.couldbeC.beD.wasItisnecessarythathe theassignmentwithoutdelay.A.handinB.handsinC.musthandinD.hastohandinItisabsolutelyessentialthatWilliam hisstudyinspiteofsomelearningdifficulties.A.willcontinueB.continuedC.continueD.continuesIfonlyI playtheguitaraswellasyou!A.wouldB.couldC.shouldD.might you furtherproblemswithyourprinter,contactyourdealerforadvice.A.If,hadB.Have,hadC.Should,haveD.Incase,hadItwasrecommendedthatpassengers smokeduringtheflight.A.notB.neednotC.couldnotD.wouldnotIfyouhavereallybeenstudyingEnglishforsolong,it'sabouttimeyou abletowritelettersinEnglish.A.shouldbeB.wereC.mustbeD.areIwastohavemadeaspeechif .A.IwasnotcalledawayB.nobodywouldhavecalledmeawayC.IhadnotbeencalledawayD.nobodycalledmeawayIt'sgettinglate.I'dratheryou now.A.leftB.leaveC.areleavingD.willleaveIt'shightimewe cuttingdowntherainforests.A.stoppedB.hadtostopC.shallstopD.stopIfonlythepatient adifferenttreatmentinsteadofusingtheantibiotics,hemightstillbealivenow.A.hadreceivedB.receivedC.shouldreceiveD.werereceivingyouradvice,IwouldhavemadethewrongdecisionA.Hadn'titbeenforB.HaditnotbeenforC.HaditbeenforD.Hadnotitbeenfor“IfIwereyou,Iwouldn'twaittoproposetoher.”Thesubjunctivemoodinthesentenceisusedto .A.alleviatehostilityB.expressunfavorablefeelingsC.indicateuncertaintyD.makeasuggestionAtthatmoment,withthecrowdwatchingme,Iwasnotafraidintheordinarysense,as ifI alone.A.wouldhavebeen..hadbeenB.shouldbe...hadbeenC.couldbe...wereD.mighthavebeen.were yourtimelyadvice,Iwouldneverhaveknownhowtogoaboutthework.A.Unless B.ButforC.Exceptfor D.NotforThegeneral'scommandwasthatthesoldiers__theirfortandcarryoutmoreimportanttask.A.wouldleaveB.leaveC.leftD.haveleftIt'sdesiredthatshe toteachusatleasttwiceaweek.A.comesB.willcomC.comeD.maycomeWhichofthefollowingsentencescontainssubjunctivemood? .Lucyinsistedthathersongethomebefore5o'clock?Sheusedtodrivetowork,butnowshetakesthecitymetro.Walkstraightahead,anddon'tturntillthesecondtrafficlights.PaulwillcancelhisflightifhecannotgethisvisabyFriday.23.IfIknewJapanese,I fortheposition.A.wouldapplyB.willapplyC.mayhaveappliedD.willhaveappliedHewouldhavefinishedhiscollegeeducation,buthe toquitandfindajobtosupporthisfamily.A.hadhadB.has C.hadD.wouldhave___,hewouldnothaverecoveredsoquickly.A.Hadn'thebeentakengoodcareofB.HadhenotbeentakengoodcareofC.HadnothebeentakengoodcareofD.Hadhebeennottakengoodcareof虛擬語氣模擬練習(xí)題1.___myumbrellawithmewhenIcameoutthismorning,Ishouldnotbesowetnow.A.HadItakenB.WillItakeC.HaveItakenD.WouldItaken2.ProfessorJamessuggestedthathisstudents acompositionaboutairpollution.A.writeB.towriteC.wroteD.hadwritten3.Ifyouhadtoldthetruthtoyourprincipal,he abletogiveyoumuchbettersuggestionsthanIcan.A.wereB.wasC.willhavebeenD.wouldbe4.TheartexhibitionwasnotasgoodasIhadexpected.IwishI toit.A.hadn'tgoneB.haven'tgoneC.didn'tgoD.couldnothavegoneIfHenry___undertheladdertocatchherwhenshefell,shecouldn'tbesmilinglikethisnow.A.didn'tstoodB.hadn'tstoodC.doesn'tstoodD.hasn'tstoodAllsubstances, ,liquidororsolid,aremadeupofatoms.A.betheygasesB.whethertheyaregasesC.theyaregasesD.theycanbegasesPutanextrablanketoverthebabyforfearthat A.hecatchescoldB.heshouldcatchcoldC.hecaughtcoldD.hebecatchingcoldHelen___withherclassifshehadbeenabletomeetallofthecourserequirementintime.A.willgraduateB.wouldhavegraduatedC.wouldgraduateD.hasgraduatedLookattheterriblesituationIamin.IfonlyI youradvice.A.followB.hadfollowedC.wouldfollowD.havefollowedIfyou___morethanaweektotakecareofyourbabyinthehospital,askthetopmanagerforaleave.A.willneedB.wouldneedC.shouldneedD.shallneedItisessentialthatmisunderstanding___duringbusinessnegotiationsA.beavoidedB.isavoidedC.willbeavoidedD.hastobeavoided12.Idon'tthinkitisadvisablethatshe___herlittlebabyofhisfreedomtospendthesparetimeashewish.A.depriveB.deprivesC.deprivedD.hasdeprived13.___ifIhadattendedyourhomepartyyesterdaywithoutinformingyoubeforehandA.WouldyouhavebeensurprisedB.HadyoubeensurprisedC.Wereyousurprised D.Wouldyoubesurprised14.Itisrecommendedthattheproject___untilallthepreparationshavebeenm

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