考研英語(yǔ)94-05真題翻譯

什么是定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句，對(duì)于定語(yǔ)從句前面說(shuō)到兩個(gè)詞是

that和which,這兩個(gè)詞需要放在名詞的前面。

如果是狀語(yǔ)的話，則可以把它放在整個(gè)句子的最前面去，或

者放在整個(gè)動(dòng)詞的最前面去，這樣翻譯的時(shí)候，就會(huì)變得非常簡(jiǎn)單。

也希望在6月18號(hào)六級(jí)考試過(guò)后，把專業(yè)課抓緊，并且在放暑假的

時(shí)候，全力進(jìn)攻考研

閱讀基本功訓(xùn)練-閱讀真題

李勇全老師特別提示：考研真題比較寶貴，先把基本功打好才能訓(xùn)練

1997—2009年考研真題。我特別為北京導(dǎo)航、北京領(lǐng)航的學(xué)員列出

了1994—2001年真題，建議考研學(xué)子用來(lái)做精讀，把里面每個(gè)單詞，

每個(gè)句子給理解清楚，最好能把不認(rèn)識(shí)每個(gè)單詞都查出來(lái)，每個(gè)句子

都翻譯出來(lái)。北京導(dǎo)航、北京領(lǐng)航李勇全

1999年

71)Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistory

astherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconforms

toonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplain

thesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofits

owntimeandplace,eachgenerationofhistoriansdetermines

anewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchthe

evidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattered;itisalso

frequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian's

craftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheirefforts

arebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess.

72)Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenless

throughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasan

intellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamong

historiansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncereveredits

affinitytoliteratureandphilosophy,theemergingsocial

sciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnew

questionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoan

understandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadto

beadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistorical

sourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld.

73)Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswere

augmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpret

thenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.

Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguous

inthehistoricalprofession.74)Thereisnoagreementwhether

methodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalwork

ingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothe

variousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historians,especially

thosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeen

accusedof"tunnelmethod,“frequentlyfallvictimtothe

“technicistfallacy."Alsocommoninthenaturalsciences,the

technicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasa

wholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.75)

Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistory

asonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andto

socialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywith

specifictechniques.

2000年

Governmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumption

thatthewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyontheeconomic

strengthandwealthofthecommunity.71)Undermodem

conditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralized

controlandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchas

economistsandoperationalresearchexperts.72)Furthermore,

itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry'seconomyis

directlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureand

industry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsof

scientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.Italsomeansthat

governmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthese

sectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitis

utilizedtothebestadvantage.Forexample,themayencourage

researchinvariousways,includingthesettingupoftheirown

researchcenters;theymayalterthestructureofeducation,

ofintheymaycooperatedirectlyinthegrowingnumberof

internationalprojectsrelatedtoscience,economicsand

industry.Inanycase,allsuchinterventionsareheavily

dependentonscientificadviceandalsoscientificand

technologicalmanpowerofallkinds.

73)Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentin

mass-communications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwants

andarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,while

governmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurther

innovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,the

normalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistaking

placeatavastlyacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.For

example,74)intheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEurope

theprocessofindustrializationwithallthefar-reaching

changesinsocialpatternsthatfollowed-wasspreadovernearly

acentury,whereasnowadaysadevelopingnationmayundergothe

sameprocessinadecadeorso.Allthishastheeffectof

buiIdingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunity

andconsequentlypresentsseriousproblemsforthegovernments

concerned.75)Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccur

becauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrom

massmigrationmovements-themselvesmaderelativelyeasy

nowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.Asaresultofallthese

factors,governmentsarebecomingincreasinglydependenton

biologistsandsocialscientistsforplanningtheappropriate

programsandputtingthemintoeffect.

2001年

Inlessthan30year'stimetheStarTrekholodeckwill

beareality.Direct1inksbetweenthebrain,snervoussystem

andacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtual

environments,allowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilm

TotalRecall.

71)Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,

andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhen

theyoffend.72)Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwith

personalitychips,computerswithin-builtpersonalitieswill

beregardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbe

infrontofsmell-television,anddigitalagewillhave

arrived.

AccordingtoBT'sfuturologist,IanPearson,theseare

amongthedevelopmentsscheduledforthefirstfewdecadesof

thenewmillennium(aperiodof1,000years),when

supercomputerswilldramaticallyaccelerateprogressinall

areasof1ife.

73)Pearsonha.spiecedtogethertoworkofhundredsof

researchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillennium

technologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecan

expecthundredsofkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotake

place.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicine,

includinganextendedlifeexpectancyanddozensofartificial

organscomingintousebetweennowand2040.

Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputerhuman

links."Bylinkingdirectlytoournervoussystem,computers

couldpickupwhatwefeeland,hopefully,simulatefeelingtoo

sothatwecanstarttodevelopfullsensoryenvironments,

ratherlikethehoiidaysinTotalRecallortheStarTrek

holodeck,〃hesays.74)Butthat,Pearsonpointsout,isonly

thestartofman-machineintegration:"Itwillbethebeginning

ofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimatelylead

toafullyelectronichumanbeforetheendofthenextcentury.”

Throughhisresearch,Pearsonisabletoputdatestomost

ofthebreakthroughsthatcanbepredicted.However,thereare

stillnoforecastsforwhenfaster-than-lighttravelwillbe

available,orwhenhumancloningwillbeperfected,orwhentime

travelwillbepossible.Buthedoesexpectsocialproblemsas

aresultoftechnologicaladvances.Aboominneighborhood

surveillancecameraswill,forexample,causeproblemsin2010,

whilethearrivalofsyntheticlifelikerobotswillmeanpeople

maynotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheirhumanfriendsand

thedroids.75)Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmart

thatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakout

ofanewpsychologicaldisorder-kitchenrage.

1999年

71.兒乎每個(gè)歷史學(xué)家對(duì)史學(xué)都有自己的界定，但現(xiàn)代史學(xué)家的實(shí)踐

最趨向于認(rèn)為歷史學(xué)是試圖重現(xiàn)過(guò)去的重大史實(shí)并對(duì)其做出解釋。

72.人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因?yàn)槭穼W(xué)界內(nèi)部意見(jiàn)

不一，其次是因?yàn)橥饨绮⒉徽J(rèn)為歷史是一門學(xué)問(wèn)。

73.在這種轉(zhuǎn)變中，歷史學(xué)家研究歷史時(shí)，那些解釋新史料的新方法

充實(shí)了傳統(tǒng)的歷史研究方法。

74.所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究

中各個(gè)具體領(lǐng)域適用的研究手段，人們對(duì)此意見(jiàn)不一。

75.這種謬誤同樣存在于歷史傳統(tǒng)派和歷史社科派；前者認(rèn)為歷史就

是史學(xué)界內(nèi)部和外部人士對(duì)各種史料來(lái)源的評(píng)論，后者認(rèn)為歷史的研

究是具體方法的研究。

2000年

71.在現(xiàn)代條件下，這需要程度不同的中央控制措施，從而就需要獲

得諸如經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和運(yùn)籌學(xué)等領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业膮f(xié)助。

72.再者，顯而易見(jiàn)的是一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密

切相關(guān)，而效率的提高則又有賴于各種科技人員的努力。

73.大眾通訊的顯著發(fā)展使各地的人們不斷感到有新的需求，不斷接

觸到新的習(xí)俗和思想，由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。

74.在先期實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的歐洲國(guó)家中，其工業(yè)化進(jìn)程以及隨之而來(lái)的

各種深刻的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)變革，持續(xù)了大約一個(gè)世紀(jì)之久，而如今一個(gè)發(fā)

展中國(guó)家在十年左右就可能完成這個(gè)過(guò)程。

75.由于人口的猛增或大量人口流動(dòng)（現(xiàn)代交通工具使這種流動(dòng)相對(duì)

容易）造成的種種問(wèn)題也會(huì)對(duì)社會(huì)造成新的壓力。

2001年

71.屆時(shí)一，將出現(xiàn)由機(jī)器人主持的電視談話節(jié)目以及裝有污染監(jiān)控器

的汽車，一旦這些汽車排污超標(biāo)（違規(guī)），監(jiān)控器就會(huì)使其停駛。

72.兒童將與裝有個(gè)性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有個(gè)性內(nèi)置的計(jì)算

機(jī)將被視為工作伙伴而不是工具，人們將在氣味電視機(jī)前休閑，屆時(shí)

數(shù)字化時(shí)代就來(lái)到了。

73.皮爾森匯集世界各地?cái)?shù)百位研究人員的成果，編制了一個(gè)獨(dú)特的

新技術(shù)千年歷，它列出了人們有望看到數(shù)百項(xiàng)重大突破和發(fā)現(xiàn)的最遲

日期。

74.但皮爾森指出，這個(gè)突破僅僅是人機(jī)一體化的開(kāi)始：〃它是人機(jī)

一體化漫長(zhǎng)之路的第一步，最終會(huì)使人們?cè)谙率兰o(jì)末之前就研制出完

全電子化的仿真人?！?/p>

75.家用電器將會(huì)變得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它們會(huì)引發(fā)一

種新的心理疾病一廚房狂躁。

1994Accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,technologyis

anoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientific

knowledge.(71)Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuch

throughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmore

ordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.(72)“In

short”,aleaderofthenewschoolcontends,,thescientific

revolution,aswecallit,waslargelytheimprovementand

inventionanduseofa.seriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthe

reachofscienceininnumerabledirections.”

(73)Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasa.source

offundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredby

historiansandphilosophersofscience.Themodernschoolthat

hailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileo,Newton,

Maxwell,Einstein,andinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreat

importanceto,andderivedgreatbenefitfrom,craft

informationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthat

wereusableinscientificexperiments.Thecenterpieceofthe

argumentofatechnology-yes,genius-noadvocatewasan

analysisofGalileo'sroleatthestartofthescientific

revolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemy,an

astronomerofthesecondcentury,whoseelaboratesystemofthe

skyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.(74)

Galileo'sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirst

persontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavensto

provethattheplanetsrevolvearoundthesunratherthanaround

theEarth.Buttherealheroofthestory,accordingtothenew

schoolofscientists,wasthelongevolutionintheimprovement

ofmachineryformakingeyeglasses.

Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.

geniusdispute.(75)WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethe

financingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorvice

versa(反之)oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthe

drivingforce.

1995年

Thestandardizededucationalorpsychologicaltestthatare

widelyusedtoaidinselecting,classifying,assigning,or

promotingstudents,employees,andmilitarypersonnelhave

beenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooks,magazines,thedaily

press,andevenincongress.71)Thetargetiswrong,forin

attackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionformthefault

thatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Thetests

themselvesaremerelytools,withcharacteristicsthatcanbe

measuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.

Whethertheresultswillbevaluable,meaningless,oreven

misleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupon

theuser.

Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebasedupon

someknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgrades,

researchproductivity,salesrecords,orwhateveris

appropriate.72)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedby

laterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,and

appropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskilland

wisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscareful

scoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincomplete

andthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.

Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.They

provideaquick,objectivemethodofgettingsomekindsof

informationaboutwhatapersonlearned,theskillshehas

developed,orthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationso

obtainedhas,qualitatively,thesameadvantagesand

shortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.73)Whethertouse

testsotherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticular

situationdepends,therefore,upontheevidencefrom

experienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuch

factorsascostandavailability.

74)Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthe

qualitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleast

effectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbe

welldefined.Properlyused,theyprovidearapidmeansof

gettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimes

theyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeen

previouslyrecognized,buttherearemanythingstheydonot

do.75)Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocial

inequality,andthusdonottellhowableanunderprivileged

youngstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorable

circumstances.

1996年

Thedifferencesinrelativegrowthofvariousareasof

scientificresearchhaveseveralcauses.71)Someofthese

causesarecompletelyreasonableresultsofsocialneeds.

Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesin

sciencebeingtosomeextentself-accelerating.Some,however,

arelessreasonableprocessesofdifferentgrowthinwhich

preconceptionoftheformscientifictheoryoughttotake,by

personsinauthority,acttoalterthegrowthpatternof

differentareas.

Thisisanewproblemprobablynotyetunavoidable;butitis

afrighteningtrend.72)ThistrendbeganduringtheSecond

WorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthat

thespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofits

scientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenin

detai1.Itcanbepredicted,however,thatfromtimetotime

questionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificscientific

answers.Itisthereforegenerallyvaluabletotreatthe

scientificestablishmentasaresourceormachinetobekept

infunctionalorder.73)Thisseemsmostlyeffectivelydoneby

supportingacertainamountofresearchnotrelatedto

immediategoalsbutofpossibleconsequenceinthefuture.

Thiskindofsupport,likeallgovernmentsupport,

requiresdecisionsabouttheappropriaterecipientsoffunds.

Decisionsbasedonutilityasopposedtolackofutilityare

straightforward.Butadecisionamongprojectsnoneofwhich

hasimmediateutilityismoredifficult.Thegoalofthe

supportingagenciesisthepraisableoneofsupporting'good

“asopposedto"bad"science,butavaliddeterminationis

difficulttomake.Generally,theideaofgoodsciencetends

tobecomeconfusedwiththecapacityofthefieldinquestion

togenerateaneleganttheory.74)However,theworldissomade

thatelegantsystemsareinprincipleunabletodealwithsome

oftheworld'smorefascinatinganddelightfulaspects.75)New

formsofthoughtaswellasnewsubjectsforthoughtmustarise

inthefutureastheyhaveinthepast,givingrisetonew

standardsofelegance.

1997年

Doanimalshaverights?Thisishowthequestionisusuallyput.

Itsoundslikeauseful,groundclearingwaytostart.71)

Actually,itisn't,becauseitassumesthatthereisanagreed

accountofhumanrights,whichissomethingtheworlddoesnot

have.

Ononeviewofrights,tobesure,itnecessarilyfollowsthat

animalshavenone.72)Somephilosophersarguethatrights

existonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofanexchangeof

dutiesandentitlements.Therefore,animalscannothaverights.

Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurd,

forexactlythesamereason,soistheideathattigershave

rights.However,thisisonlyoneaccount,andbynomeansan

uncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalso

tosomepeople一forinstancetoinfants,thementally

incapableandfuturegenerations.Inaddition,itis

unclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhonever

consentedtoit,howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays"Idon,

tlikethiscontractv?

Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeople,

arguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.73)Itleads

thediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyouto

thinkthalanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwithIhe

considerationhumansextendtootherhumans,orwithno

considerationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostart

withanother,morefundamental,question:isthewaywetreat

animalsamoralissueatall?

Manydenyit.74)Arguingfromtheviewthathumansare

differentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespect,extremists

ofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoral

choice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasa

mistake-asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshould

properlybedirectedtootherhumans.

Thisview,whichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorally

equivalenttochoppingwood,mayseembravely“l(fā)ogical”.In

factitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcenterisrightto

rejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning-the

ethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl一istoweigh

others，interestsagainstone'sown.Thisinturnrequires

sympathyandimagination:withoutthereisnocapacityfor

moralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenough,formost,

toengagesympathy.75)Whenthathappens,itisnotamistake:

itismankind'sinstinctformoralreasoninginaction,an

instinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat.

1998年

Theywere,byfar,thelargestandmostdistantobjectsthat

scientistshadeverdecided:astripofenormouscosmicclouds

some15billionlightyearsfromearth.71)Butevenmore

important,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenable

tolookintothepast,forwhattheywereseeingwerethe

patternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.That

wasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whatthe

researchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected;the

USNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration'sCosmic

BackgroundExplorersatellite-Cobe—haddiscoveredlandmark

evidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimeval

explosionthathasbecomeknownastheBigBang(thetheorythat

theuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassof

energy).

72)Theexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequired

fortheBigBang,firstputforwardinthe1920s,tomaintain

itsreignasthedominantexplanationofthecosmos.According

tothetheory,theuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopic,

unimaginabledenseknotofpureenergythatflewoutwardinall

directions,emittingradiationasitwent,condensinginto

particlesandthenintoatomsofgas.Overbillionsofyears,

thegaswascompressedbygravityintogalaxies,stars,plants

andeventually,evenhumans.

Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructures,but

astronomerswouldliketoseemuchsmallerhotspotsaswell,

theseedsoflocalobjectslikeclustersandsuper-clustersof

galaxies.Theyshouldn'thavelongtowait.73)Astrophysicists

workingwithgroundbaseddetectorsattheSouthPoleand

balloonborneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,

andmayreporttheirfindingssoon.

74)Ifthesmallhotspotslookasexpected,thatwillbea

triumphforyetanotherscientificidea,arefinementofthe

BigBangcalledtheinflationaryuniversetheory.Inflation

saysthatveryearlyon,theuniverseexpandedinsizebymore

thanatrilliontrillion-foldinmuchlessthanasecond,

propelledbyasortofantigravity.75)Oddthoughitsounds,

cosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceof

somerespectedideasinelementaryparticlephysics,andmany

astrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofa

decadethatitistrue.

1994年

71.他們（新學(xué)派科學(xué)家們）說(shuō)，科學(xué)的發(fā)展與其說(shuō)源于天才偉人的

真知灼識(shí)，不如說(shuō)源于改進(jìn)了的技術(shù)和工具等等更為普通的東西。

72.新學(xué)派的一位領(lǐng)袖人物堅(jiān)持說(shuō)：“簡(jiǎn)而言之，我們所稱謂的科學(xué)

革命，主要是指一系列器具的改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用，這些改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和

使用使科學(xué)發(fā)展的范圍無(wú)所不及?！?/p>

73.工具和技術(shù)本身作為根本性創(chuàng)新的源泉多年來(lái)在很大程度上被科

學(xué)史學(xué)家和科學(xué)思想家們忽視了。

74.伽里略的最光輝的業(yè)績(jī)?cè)谟谒?609年第一個(gè)把新發(fā)明的望遠(yuǎn)

鏡對(duì)準(zhǔn)天空，以證實(shí)行星是圍繞太陽(yáng)旋轉(zhuǎn)，而不是圍繞地球。

75.政府究竟是以減少對(duì)技術(shù)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入來(lái)增加對(duì)純理論科學(xué)的經(jīng)費(fèi)

投入，還是相反，這往往取決于把哪一方看作是驅(qū)動(dòng)的力量。

1995年

71.把標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試作為抨擊目標(biāo)是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)樵谂険暨@類測(cè)試時(shí)，

批評(píng)者不考慮其弊病來(lái)自人們對(duì)測(cè)試不甚了解或使用不當(dāng)。

72.這些預(yù)測(cè)在多大程度上為后來(lái)的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信

息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性，以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。

73.因此，在某一特定情況下，究竟是采用測(cè)試還是其他種類的信息,

或是兩者同時(shí)使用，須憑有關(guān)相對(duì)效度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)依據(jù)而定，也取決于諸

如費(fèi)用和有無(wú)來(lái)源等因素。

74.一般地說(shuō)，當(dāng)所要測(cè)定的特征能很精確地界定時(shí)，測(cè)試最為有效;

而當(dāng)所要測(cè)定或預(yù)測(cè)的東西不能明確地界定時(shí)一，測(cè)試的效果則最差。

75.例如，測(cè)試并不彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公；因此，它們不能說(shuō)明一個(gè)

物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人,如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長(zhǎng)的話，會(huì)有多大才干。

1996年

71.在這些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地來(lái)自社會(huì)需求；另一些則

是由于科學(xué)在一定程度上自我加速而產(chǎn)生某些特定發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果。

72.這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當(dāng)時(shí)一些國(guó)家的政府得出結(jié)

論：政府要向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無(wú)法詳盡預(yù)見(jiàn)的。

73.給某些與當(dāng)前目標(biāo)無(wú)關(guān)但將來(lái)可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研以支持，看來(lái)

通常能有效地解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

74.然而，世界就是如此，完美的體系一般而言是無(wú)法解決世上某些

更加引人人勝的課題的。

75.同過(guò)去一樣，將來(lái)必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對(duì)象，給

完美以新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

1997年

71.事實(shí)并非如此，因?yàn)檫@種問(wèn)法是以人們對(duì)人的權(quán)利有共同認(rèn)識(shí)為

前題的，而這種共識(shí)并不存在。

72.有些哲學(xué)家論證說(shuō)，權(quán)利只存在于社會(huì)契約中，是責(zé)任與權(quán)益相

交換的一部分。

73.這種說(shuō)法從一開(kāi)始就將討論引向兩個(gè)極端，它使人們認(rèn)為應(yīng)這樣

對(duì)待動(dòng)物：要么像對(duì)人類自身一樣關(guān)切體諒，要么完全冷漠無(wú)情。

74.這類人持極端看法，認(rèn)為人與動(dòng)物在各相關(guān)方面都不相同，對(duì)待

動(dòng)物無(wú)須考慮道德問(wèn)題。

75.這種反應(yīng)并沒(méi)什么錯(cuò)：這是人類用道德觀念進(jìn)行推理的本能在起

作用，這種本能應(yīng)得到鼓勵(lì)，而不應(yīng)遭到嘲弄。

1998年

71.更為重要的是，這是科學(xué)家們所能觀測(cè)到的最遙遠(yuǎn)的過(guò)去的景

象，因?yàn)樗麄兛吹降氖?50億年前宇宙云的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)。

72.巨大的宇宙云的存在，實(shí)際上是使二十年代首創(chuàng)的宇宙大爆炸理

論得以保持其宇宙起源論的主導(dǎo)地位所不可缺少的。

73.天體物理學(xué)家使用南極陸基探測(cè)器及球載儀器，正越來(lái)越近地觀

測(cè)這些云系，也許不久就會(huì)報(bào)告他們的觀測(cè)結(jié)果。

74.假如那些小熱點(diǎn)看上去同預(yù)計(jì)的一致，那就意味著又一科學(xué)觀點(diǎn)

的勝利，即更完美的大爆炸理論，亦稱宇宙膨脹理論。

75.宇宙膨脹理論雖然聽(tīng)似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理學(xué)中一些公認(rèn)

的理論，在科學(xué)上看來(lái)可信的推論。許多天體物理學(xué)家七、八年來(lái)一

直認(rèn)為這一理論是正確的。

翻譯技巧

一、英語(yǔ)復(fù)句轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語(yǔ)復(fù)句

鑒于考研英語(yǔ)的英澤漢試題中大多數(shù)句子都是復(fù)雜句或復(fù)合句，即所

謂的長(zhǎng)句，所以我們對(duì)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的翻譯作較詳細(xì)的論述。前面我們對(duì)

英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句已進(jìn)行過(guò)概括說(shuō)明，知道了長(zhǎng)句的特點(diǎn)以及具體的分析方

法。下面我們就長(zhǎng)句的英漢轉(zhuǎn)換以及在此過(guò)程中所運(yùn)用的方法進(jìn)行分

析。

對(duì)付長(zhǎng)句，有兩個(gè)行之有效的方法。首先“拆”，就是把原句一個(gè)

句子拆成幾個(gè)分句、意群或小的句子；其次是“排”，就是按照漢語(yǔ)

的邏輯順序等習(xí)慣，重新安排所拆開(kāi)的分句、意群或小的句子。為方

便記憶，我們把這兩種方法簡(jiǎn)稱為“一拆二分”。

一般來(lái)說(shuō)，翻譯英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句非一種方法所能及，它需要各種方法的綜合,

既有分譯，又有合譯；既有順序譯法，又有逆序譯法；既有單獨(dú)使用

一種方法，又有種種方法綜合使用現(xiàn)在我們就上述各種方法的運(yùn)用舉

例說(shuō)明。

(1)順序法：當(dāng)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的內(nèi)容的敘述層次與漢語(yǔ)基本一致時(shí)，可以

按照英語(yǔ)原文的順序翻譯成漢語(yǔ)。例如：

例1Agrantedpatentistheresultofabargain

struckbetweenaninventorandthestate,bymeansofwhichthe

inventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfull

detaiIsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod

terminates.

例2Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwith

acertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlyifthechildcanbe

assumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestasthe

otherwithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnot

punishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichhepossessed.

（1992年考研試題）

例3Butnowitisrealizedthatsuppliesofsomeof

themarelimited,anditisevenpossibletogiveareasonable

estimateoftheir“expectationoflife”,thetimeitwilltake

toexhaustallknownsourcesandreservesofthesematerials.

（1984年考研試題）

例4ItbeginsasachiIdlikeinterestinthegrand

spectacleandexcitingevent;itgrowsasamatureinterestin

thevarietyandcomplexityofthedrama,thesplendid

achievementsandterriblefailures;itendsasdeepsenseof

themysteryofman'slifeofallthedead,greatandobscure,

whooncewalkedtheearth,andofwonderfulandawful

possibilitiesofbeingahumanbeing.

例5Ifparentswerepreparedforthisadolescent

reaction,andrealizedthatitwasasignthatthechildwas

growingupanddevelopingvaluablepowersofobservationand

independentjudgment,theywouldnotbesohurt,andtherefore

wou1dnotdrivethechiIdintooppositionbyresentingand

resistingit.

(2)逆序法：又稱“倒置法”，主要指句子的前后倒置問(wèn)題。有些英

語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的表達(dá)次序與漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣不同，甚至完全相反，這時(shí)就必須

從原文后面譯起，逆著原文的順序翻譯?？佳杏⒄Z(yǔ)中這樣的例子很多，

許多句子都需要作這樣的調(diào)整。逆序法在長(zhǎng)句的翻譯中，我們可根據(jù)

不同的情況按意群進(jìn)行全部逆序或部分逆序。

例1Withaviewtosuccessfullymaintaininga

balancedsystemimplementedbyabasicallyevendistribution

ofFederalresources,Federalfinancialaidisgivenonlyif

astatehasacceptablestandardsofadministration.

例2Soitwasthatthefarmpoorwerecaughtintheir

ownpast,thedoublevictimsoftechnology:exilefromtheir

homebyadvancesinagriculturalmachinery;unfittedforlife

inthecitybecauseoftheconsequencesofindustrial

mechanization.

例3Agreatnumberofgraduatestudentsweredriven

intotheintellectualslumwhenintheUnitedStatesthe

intellectualpoorbecametheclassicpoor,thepoorunderthe

ratherromanticguiseoftheBeatGeneration,arealphenomenon

inthelatefifties.

例4Itthereforebecomesmorean