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Cross-culturalquestions:Answerthefollowingquestionsaboutyourowncultureandthendiscussinterculturalsimilaritiesanddifferences.1.
Isthewesternconceptoftimedifferentfromthatinourcountry?MightabusinesspersonfromtheUSencounteranydifferences?(considerpromptness,schedules,signingofcontracts,etc.)2.
Arethereobjects,procedures,orcustomswhicharesymbolicofourculture’suseoftime?Explain
時間與空間觀專家講座第1頁Cross-culturalquestions
3.
Howdoestechnologyinfluencetheuseoftime?Howdoesitaffectpersonal,social,andprofessionallives?4.
Howissenseofprivacyobtainedinourculture?Whatdoyoudowhenyouwanttobealone(athome,atwork,orelsewhere)?5.Hasthedesignofyourcitybeeninfluencedbynon-nativestylesofarchitecture?Ifso,how?6.
Whattypesofarchitecturearebestsuitedtotheenvironmentandgeographyofourcountry?
時間與空間觀專家講座第2頁TimeWhentravelerslackanawarenessofhowtimeisregulatedinaforeigncountry,theycanexpecttofeelsomewhatdisoriented.Sincemostpeopletaketimeforgranted,theeffectsofvalues,customs,andsocialetiquetteontheuseoftimeareseldomexamined.時間與空間觀專家講座第3頁TimeAculturethatvaluesachievementandprogresswilldiscouragepeoplefrom“wasting”time.Highlyefficientbusinesspeoplefromtheseculturesmayfeelfrustratedinacountrywhereworkproceedsataslowpace.Inreligioussocieties,customsspecifytimesoftheday,week,oryearforprayerandreligiouscelebrations.時間與空間觀專家講座第4頁TimeIfanindividualtriestomakeanappointmentduringasacredholiday,heorshecouldunknowinglyoffendareligiousperson.Socialetiquettedeterminesappropriatetimesforvisits,meetings,andevenphonecalls.Arrivingtwohourslateforanappointmentmaybeacceptableinoneculture,whereasinanother,keepingsomeonewaitingfifteenminutesmaybeconsideredrude.
時間與空間觀專家講座第5頁PromptnessPromptnessisimportantinwesternbusiness,academic,andsocialsettings.Theimportanceofpunctualityistaughttoyoungchildreninschool.Tardyslipsandtheuseofbellssignaltothechildthatpunctualityandtimeitselfaretoberespected.
時間與空間觀專家講座第6頁Promptness
Peoplewhokeepappointmentsareconsidereddependable.Ifpeoplearelatetojobinterviews,appointments,orclasses,theyareoftenviewedasunreliableandirresponsible.Inthebusinessworld,“timeismoney”andcompaniesmayfinetheirexecutivesfortardinesstobusinessmeetings.時間與空間觀專家講座第7頁Promptness
Ofcourse,itisnotalwayspossibletobepunctual.Socialandbusinessetiquettealsoprovidesrulesforlatearrivals.Callingonthetelephoneifoneisgoingtobemorethanafewminuteslateforscheduledappointmentisconsideredpoliteandisoftenexpected.Keepingadateorafriendwaitingbeyondtentotwentyminutesisconsideredrude.Ontheotherhand,arrivingthirtyminuteslatetosomepartiesisacceptable.時間與空間觀專家講座第8頁Promptness
Respectingdeadlinesisalsoimportantinacademicandprofessionalcircles.Itisexpectedthatdeadlinesforclassassignmentsorbusinessreportswillbemet.Studentswhohandinassignmentslatemaybesurprisedtofindthattheprofessorwilllowertheirgradesorevenrefusetogradetheirwork.Whetheritisaquestionofarrivingontimeorofmeetingadeadline,peopleareculturallyconditionedtoregulatetime.
時間與空間觀專家講座第9頁DivisionofTimeTimeistangible(real,concrete).Onecan“gaintime,”“spendtime,”“wastetime,”‘savetime,”oreven“killtime”.CommonquestionsinAmericanEnglishrevealthisconcretequalityasthoughtimewereapossession.“Doyouhaveanytime?”Thetreatmentoftimeasapossessioninfluencesthewaytimeiscarefullydivided.
時間與空間觀專家講座第10頁DivisionofTimeGenerally,Americansaretaughttodoonethingatatimeandmaybeuncomfortablewhenanactivityisinterrupted.Inbusinessesthecarefulschedulingoftimeandtheseparationofactivitiesarecommonpractices.Appointmentcalendarsareprintedwith15-,30-,and60-minutetimeslots.A2:30-3:00interviewmayendintimeforabriefbreakbeforea3:15-4:00meeting.時間與空間觀專家講座第11頁DivisionofTimeTheideathat“thereisatimeandplaceforeverything”extendstowesternsociallife.Visitorswho“dropby”withoutpriornoticemayinterrupttheirhost’spersonaltime.Thus,callingfriendsonthetelephonebeforevisitingthemisgenerallypreferredtovisitors’“droppingby”.Toaccommodateotherpeople’sschedules,Americansmakebusinessplansandsocialengagementsseveraldaysorweeksinadvance.
時間與空間觀專家講座第12頁DivisionofTimeAsindividualsinaculture,weallhaveanintuitiveunderstandingabouthowtimeisregulated.Usuallywedonotthinkabouttheconceptoftimeuntilweinteractwithotherswhohaveadifferenttimeorientation.時間與空間觀專家講座第13頁DivisionofTimeAlthoughindividualsfromanytwoculturesmayviewtimesimilarly,weoftensensethatinanotherculture,lifeseemstoproceedateitheraslowerorfasterpace.Knowinghowtimeisregulated,divided,andperceivedcanprovedvaluableinsightsintoindividualsandtheircultures.
時間與空間觀專家講座第14頁LinesandcirclesWesternculture–timeaslines,whichgoesawayandneverreturnsChineseculture---timeascircles,whichgoesaroundandneverends時間與空間觀專家講座第15頁西方文化線式時間觀Weburndaylight.-Shakespeare
Nohandcanmaketheclockstrikeformethehoursthatarepassed.-Byron
Allthetreasuresofearthcannotbringbackonelastmoment.-French時間與空間觀專家講座第16頁線式時間觀DavidNorris
Howyouspendyourtimeismoreimportantthanhowyouspendyourmoney.Moneymistakescanbecorrected,buttimeisgoneforever..
HoraceMann
Lost,yesterday,somewherebetweensunriseandsunset,twogoldenhours,eachsetwithsixtydiamondminutes.Norewardisoffered,fortheyaregoneforever.
JimBishop
Itisdifficulttoliveinthepresent,ridiculoustoliveinthefuture,andimpossibletoliveinthepast.Nothingisasfarawayasoneminuteago.時間與空間觀專家講座第17頁線式時間觀時間好比一條直線,使一個線形單向連續(xù)運動。線式時間觀是西方人總以為時間一去不復(fù)返,因而有著強烈緊缺意識。這種意識使西方人凡是向前看,一切著眼于未來,他們注意力也主要用于未來事情規(guī)劃與實現(xiàn)。時間與空間觀專家講座第18頁中國文化環(huán)式時間觀“日月光華,旦復(fù)旦兮,春與秋其代序”(屈原《離騷》),代序即時序環(huán)轉(zhuǎn)替換。中國人即使也嘆息“歲月不待人”,但晝夜更迭,季節(jié)交替環(huán)式時間觀是中國人總體上有時間充裕感,做事慢慢來是一個主要傾向。人們相信是失去東西還有時間補救。時間與空間觀專家講座第19頁中國文化環(huán)式時間觀人們對“時過境遷”有所心理準(zhǔn)備,并慢慢等候“時來運轉(zhuǎn)”。告別語和勸慰語種幾乎都是“慢”字當(dāng)頭。“慢慢走,慢用,慢慢商議,慢慢看,慢慢觀賞”等。從容悠閑組成了中國農(nóng)耕文化一大特點。人們修身養(yǎng)性,重在回往日言行?!拔崛杖∥迳怼保ā墩撜Z˙學(xué)而》),意在反省自己過去是否有“不忠、不信、不習(xí)”過失。時間與空間觀專家講座第20頁中西文化時間觀假如說線式時間觀向前看,重求知,有利于勉勵開拓創(chuàng)新,環(huán)式時間觀則向后看,重修身,有利于促進穩(wěn)定守序。時間與空間觀專家講座第21頁SpaceArchitecturalDifference
Whenwetravelabroadweareimmediatelyimpressedbythemanywaysbuildings,homes,andcitiesaredesigned.Thedivisionandorganizationofspacelendcharacteranduniquenesstovillages,townsandcities.Yet,architecturaldifferencesmayalsocauseconfusionordiscomfortforthetraveler.
時間與空間觀專家講座第22頁ArchitecturalDifferenceTheseparationofspaceinsidehomesmayalsovaryfromculturetoculture.Inmostwesternhomesthelayoutofroomsrevealstheseparatenessandlabelingaspaceaccordingtofunction–bedroom,livingroom,diningroom,playroom,andsoon.Thissystemisinsharpcontrasttoothercultureswhereoneroominahousemayserveseveralfunctions.InJapan,homeswithslidingwallscanchangealargeroomintotwosmallroomssothatalivingroomcanalsoserveasabedroom
時間與空間觀專家講座第23頁PrivacyandtheUseofSpaceArchitecturaldesigninfluenceshowprivacyisachievedaswellashowsocialcontactismadeinpublicplaces.Theconceptofprivacyisnotuniquetoaparticularculturebutwhatitmeansisculturallydetermined.
PeopleintheEnglish-speakingcountriestendtoachieveprivacybyphysicallyseparatingthemselvesfromothers.時間與空間觀專家講座第24頁PrivacyandtheUseofSpace
Theexpression“goodfencesmakegoodneighbors”indicatesapreferenceforprivacyfromneighbors’homes.Ifafamilycanaffordit,eachchildhashisorherownbedroom.
Insomecultureswhenindividualsdesireprivacy,itisacceptableforthemsimplytowithdrawintothemselves.Thatis,theydonotneedtoremovethemselvesphysicallyfromagroupinordertoachieveprivacy.
時間與空間觀專家講座第25頁PrivacyandtheUseofSpace
Youngchildrenlearntherule“knockbeforeyouenter”whichteachesthentorespectothers’privacy.Parents,too,oftenfollowthisrulepriortoenteringtheirchildren’srooms.Whenabedroomdooriscloseditmaybeasigntootherssaying,“Ineedprivacy,””I’mangry,”or“Donotdisturb…I’mbusy.”ForAmericans,thephysicaldivisionofspaceandtheuseofarchitecturalfeaturespermitasenseofprivacy.
時間與空間觀專家講座第26頁CulturalNotesTime
1.
Fordoctors’anddentists’appointmentsitisimportanttocall24to48hoursbeforeascheduledappointmentifyouhavetocancel.Insomecases,youwillbechargedifyoudonotappearforanappointment.
時間與空間觀專家講座第27頁Time2.
Whenyouhaveahotelreservation,itisagoodideatoask,“BywhattimedoIhavetoarrive?”Ifyouarrivelaterthanthespecifiedtime,thehotelpersonnelmaycancelyourreservationunlessyoucallaheadoftimetotellthemthatyou’llbelate.Ifyouhavetocancelyourreservation,callinadvancetonotifythehotel.
時間與空間觀專家講座第28頁Time3.
“Time-saving”devicesandmethodsareverypopularintheEnglish-speakingcountries.Theyincludepush-buttonTVs,instantcoffee,TVdinners,microwaveovens,drive-inbanking,andfast-foodrestaurants.時間與空間觀專家講座第29頁Space1.
Atveryformaldinnerpartiesyoumayfindaplacecardwithyournameonitnexttotheplatewhereyouaresupposedtosit.Otherwisethehost/hostessmaytellyouwheretosit.Theremaybenofixedplacesatadinnertable.Inthiscase,eachpersonsitswhereverheorshewouldlike.Oftenthemotherorthefathersitsattheheadofthetable.
時間與空間觀專家講座第30頁Space2.
Oftenwhenyouareinvitedintoawesterner'shomethehostorhostesswillgiveyoua“tour”ofthehouse.Onereasonforthisistomakeyoufeelmorecomfortablesothatyouwillfell“athome”.Also,Americansenjoyshowingofftheimprovementsthey’vemadeintheirhomes.
時間與空間觀專家講座第31頁Space3.
Thewayspaceisusedinfluencespeople’sattitudesandrelationships.Forexample,howpeopleareseatedaroundatableaffectsconversation.Whositsnexttowhomandwholooksatwhominfluencethesocialinteraction.Evenhistoricalandpoliticaleventsmaybeaffectedbytheuseofspace.時間與空間觀專家講座第32頁SpaceIn1968,duringtheVietnamWar,internationalpeacetalkswereheldinParis,France.Aseriousproblemfacingtheplannersofthesemeetingswastheseatingarrangementoftherepresentatives.Eachgovernment’sstatusandneedshadtobeconsidered.Ittookeightmonthstoreachanagreementontheshapeofthetable.Inthemeantime,thewarcontinued.
時間與空間觀專家講座第33頁MultipleChoiceQuestionnaireThefollowingquestionsareintendedtostimulatecross-culturaldiscussionandtohelpyoubecomefamiliarwithwesterncustomsandresponses.Onthemultiplechoicequestionstrytoguesswhatawesternerwoulddo.Morethanoneanswermaybecorrect.時間與空間觀專家講座第34頁MultipleChoiceQuestionnaire1.
Ifyouwereinvitedtoanotherfamily’shousefordinnerhowmuchlaterafterthescheduledtimewouldyouarrive?
Inourcountry_______________.
intheEnglish-speakingcountries:
A.
15minuteslater.
B.
30minuteslater.
C.
1hourlater.
D.
2hourslaterormore.
時間與空間觀專家講座第35頁MultipleChoiceQuestionnaire
2.
Howlongdoesapartyatwhichdinnerisservedusuallylast?
Inourcountry__________________.
intheEnglish-speakingcountries:
A.
1to2hours
B.
3to4hours
C.
5to6hours
D.
7to8hours
時間與空間觀專家講座第36頁MultipleChoiceQuestionnaire
3.
Ifyouwerehavingapartyforthestudentsinyourclass,howmanydaysinadvancewouldyouinvitethem?
Inourcountry___________________.
intheEnglish-speakingcountries:
A.
Thedayoftheparty.
B.
Onedayinadvance.
C.
Severaldaysinadvance.
D.
Threeorfourweeksinadvance.
時間與空間觀專家講座第37頁MultipleChoiceQuestionnaire
4.
Howwouldahostindicatetoguestthatitwastimetoleave?
Inourcountry___________________.
intheEnglish-speakingcountries:
A.
Thehostwouldstartyawning.
B.
Thehostworldannoun
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