英語語言學(xué)實(shí)用教程答案陳新仁

Unit9TheUseofEnglish(II)

[Checkyourunderstanding]

StatewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.

MaximofquantityrequiresonetoprovideasmuchinformationaspossibleF

Inordertobepolite,oneneedstocooperateinallpossiblewaysF

Everynormalspeakerneedstomindhisownandothers,faceT

Politenessisamatterofdegree.T

Culturesvaryasfaraspolitenessissuesareconcerned.T

*n-ClassActivities

ASK:

Howwouldyouinterpret“and”ineachofthecases?

Ina,“and”isapureconjunctionthatcoordinatestwoparts.Inb,“and”signalscause-effectrelation.Inc,“and”indicatesthesequenceofevents,meaning“andthen”.

Doyouvotefortheargumentthat“and”ispolysemous,ortheargumentthat“and”hasjustonebasicmeaningandtheother“meanings”areimplicaturesderivedfromthecontext?

“and”hasonebasicmeaning.Otherinterpretationsarederivedfromthisbasicmeaningpluscontextualinformationbywayofimplicature.

Itseemsthat“or”hastwoconflictingmeanings.Whatarethey?Doyouthinkonemeaningisbasicandtheotherisderivableincontextbyvirtueofimplicature?

Theyareexclusive“or”andinclusive“or”.Theinclusive“or”ismorebasic.Theexclusive“or”isrealizedbywayofimplicature.

ASK:

WhatdoesJohnwanttosayinactuality?

Thestepmotherisnogood.

WhydoesJohnanswerthatway,yousuppose?

Hedoesnotwanttosaydirectlythathisstepmotherisbad.

WhatdoesJohnimplyinthesecondpartofhisreply?

Hedidnotmeantobelate.

WhydoesJohngivethatadditionalinformation?

HewantstoexplainwhyhewaslatesothatJanewouldpardonhim,ifsheminded.

Whatistheextrainformationineachofthecases?

Inthefirstpicture,theadditionalinformationisthat“thereisicefalling”.Inthesecondpicture,theadditionalinformationis“Heartdiseaseisthe#1killerofAfricanAmericans”.Inthethirdpicture,theadditionalinformationis“水是生命的源泉。”

Whatistheeffect,ifany,ofprovidingtheadditionalinformation?

Itmakesdirectivesmorepersuasive.

ASK:

WhatimplicaturedoesJanewanttocommunicatetoJohn?

SheisnotcomingwithJohntomorrow.

Whatstepsdoesoneneedtotakebeforearrivingattheimplicature?

Stepl:TounderstandthatJohnhasmadeaninvitation.

Step2:TounderstandthatJanehassaidsomethingapparentlyirrelevanttoinvitation.

Step3:ToassumethatJaneisbeingco-operativewhensayingthat.

Step4:Toassumethatonedeartosomeoneneedshisorhercarewhenoneissick.Lookingafterasickpersonpreventsonefromdoingotherthingsthattakeplaceatthesametime.

Step5:TounderstandthatJane’sreplycanserveasanexplanationforrejectingtheinvitation.

Step6:TounderstandthatJaneisactuallyrejectingJohnsinvitation.

Arethereanystepsonehastotakeforgranted?

Yes.LikeSteps3and4.

ASK:

Whatimplicature(s)canJanecommunicatetoJohn?

BoysaregenerallynaughtyandthereforeJohnmightaswellforgiveTom.

Canyoufindothercontextsinwhich“Boyswillbeboys”maybeheardbutusedfordifferentmeanings?

John:tomsaidhisfatherkissedhismother.

Jane:Boyswillbeboys.

Howwouldyoumakesenseoftheannouncements?

Forthefirstpicturetheintendedmeaningisthatonehastobuyticketsforentry.Forthesecondpicture,theintendedmeaningistoinvitepatronage.

ASK:

Whichofthetwocasesaboveinvolvesthecalculationofaparticularizedimplicature?Why?Thesecondcasedoes,becauseJane,sresponseconcernsspecialcontextualinformation.

Whensomeonesays“Janelikessomeofthepictures；'animplicaturecanbederived:“Janedoesnotlikeallofthepictures.”Issuchimplicature,oftentermedasscalarimplicature,generalizedorparticularizedimplicature?Why?

Itisgeneralizedimplicature,becausenospecialcontexthastobeevoked.

ASK:

DidJohncuthisownfingerorthatofsomebodyelse?Why?

Hecuthisown.Otherwisethespeakerwouldsaywhosefingerhecut.

DidJanegointoherownhouseorthatofsomebodyelse?Why?

Janewentintosomebodyelse,shouse.Otherwisethespeakerwouldsayshewentintoherhouse.Butthingswouldbedifferentifthespeakerdidnotknowwhomthehousebelongedto.

WasthewomanJohndinedwithhiswife?

Sameasb.

Doyoufindtheuseof“but”inthelastexampleinteresting?

Yes,becauseitimpliesthatallChineseareexpectedtoplaytabletennis.

ASK:

Whatfactorgivesrisetothedifferenceinthewaytherequestsaboveareperformed?

Socialdistancebetweenthespeakerandtheclearer.

Whatotherfactorsmightinfluencehowoneperformsarequest?Useexamplestoillustrate.Thesizeofimposition(requestsomeonetolendacarorapen),powerrelations(asuperiortoasubordinatevs.theopposite),etc.

ASK:

Howisthewayofinformingshowninthepicturedifferentfromtheusualway?Itimpliesakindofinteractionwithpotentialpatrons.

Whyis“yes”usednowthatonemightalsouse“WE,REOPEN”?Howdoesthisbearontheinteractivenatureofpublicsignsoradvertisinglanguage?

Theadvertisertriestoengagecustomersbyseeminglytalkingtothem.Thissuggeststhatpublicsignsandadvertisinglanguageachievetheireffectswellbydesigninginteractionwiththeirtargets.

ASK:

Whatmaximisbeingalludedtoineachcase?

maximofrelation

maximofmanner

maximofrelation

maximofquantity

maximofquality

maximofmanner

DoesthehedgingeffortsuggesttheplausibilityoftheCooperativePrinciple?

Yes.Itindicatesthatlanguageusersaresometimesconsciousoftherelatedrequirementsforcommunication.

ASK:

Whichaspectofpragmaticcompetenceisbeingcalledintoquestionhere?Politeness.

Doparentsoftengiveexplicitpragmaticinstructiontotheirchildrenwhilethelatteraregrowingup?Doyouthinksuchinstructionishelpfulornot?Effectiveornot?

Yes,butsometimestheeffectisslow.

Arethereanyotheraspectsofpragmaticcompetencelikelytobereinforcedbyadults?Considerthefollowingfragmentofconversation:

Presuppositionofcommongroundasinthebasisofusingdefinitereferringexpressions.

Understandingofindirectspeechacts.

ASK:

WhatpragmaticinformationisspecifictoEnglishlanguageandculture?

Theuseof“thedevil”foremphasisafterinterrogativepronouns;theuseofthesubjunctivemoodlike“might”forpoliteness;theuseof“thankyou”amongclosefriends;theuseofthesubjunctivemoodtoconveysomeinformationimplicitly,etc.

HowwouldyourenderthebitsofpragmaticinformationintoChinese?

Omit.

ASK:

Whatcommunicativeconsequencesdoshiftsintermsofaddressbringforth?

Suchshiftshaveimportantconsequences.Forinstance,theygenerallyredefinewhattopicsmayberaisedforconversationbetweenthetwopeople,orwhatpersonalinformationtheyarepreparedtoshare.

ArethereanybasicdifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishwithregardtotheuseoftermsofaddress?

Yes.InChinese,thetermsofaddressareamajormeansofshowingpoliteness.

Task3:StudyQuestions

DoyouagreewithwhatJerrySeinfeldsays?HowissuchremarkrelatedtothedoingofFTAs?Omit.

Lexicalpragmaticsdealspartlywithhowalexicalitemgetsinterpreted,bysemanticnarrowing,widening,andthelike,inaccordancewithsomepragmaticprinciples.

Thedefaultpictureisthatsecretariesaregenerallyfemale.“Havingadrink”isnotworthmentioningunlessthedrinkisalcoholicsincenotallpeopledrinkalcohol.

Whenwewishsomebodyluck,wewishthemgoodluck.

Whenweasksomebodytobeaman,weencouragethemtobeagreatman.

ThefollowingfragmentsofconversationarecitedfromOscarWilde,sTheImportanceofBeingEarnest.Whatmaxim(s)mayhavebeendeliberatelyfloutedbythecharactersineachfragment?

Maximofrelation.

Maximofmanner.(becauseofrepetitionused)

Maximofrelation;maximofquantity.

Maximofquantity.

Maximofrelation.

Maximofquantity.

Partofone,spragmaticcompetenceliesintheabilitytoperformface-threateningactslikerequestingandrefusingrhetorically,byperformingeitherface-enhancingactsorface-savingacts.Listatleastfivestrategiesforeachofthem.

Omit.

Inthesentence“Johnunpackedthepicnic.Thebeerwaswarm."weunderstand“thebeer”aspartof'thepicnic”.Arewejustifiedindoingsuchbridging?Why?

Yes,becausethebeerisoftenassociatedwithapicnic.

Inthesentence“JohnandJaneboughtapiano”,weunderstandthatJohnandJaneboughtapianotogether,notoneeach,followingaso-calledmirrormaxim.Whyisthatso?CanyouexplainitintermsoftheCooperativePrinciple?Howaboutthesentence“JohnandJaneboughtanairticketandleftB@Dinfeeybuyittogether?Whynot?

IfJohnandJaneeachhadboughtapiano,thespeakerwouldhavemadeitclear.Accordingtomaximofmanner,oneneedstobebriefwhenpossible.

Notnecessarilyso.Inaddition,eachofthemboughtoneticket,sinceoneticketisgoodforonlyonepersonasfarastravelingbyairisconcerned.

Inthesentence“Johncamein.Thenhesatdown”“he”hasthepreferredco-referencewith“John”.CanyouexplainitintermsoftheCooperativePrinciple?Canyouthinkofacontextinwhich“he”referstosomebodyelse?

Accordingtomaximofmanner,oneneedstobeeconomical.Theuseof“he”ismoreeconomicofeffortthanrepeating“John”.

Weneedabroadercontextinvolvinganothermale,whohasbeenthefocusofattention.

ItiscustomaryfornativespeakersofEnglishtorelyontheirownpragmaticconventionsevenwhentheyareengagedinaconversationwithanon-nativespeaker.Lookatthefollowingepisode:

Thefirstoneismoreindirectthanthesecondone.

Yes.RequestsinEnglisharegenerallymoreindirectthaninChinese.

SupposeyouwereLiMininthefollowingdialogue.Youbroughtyourwife,GaoYunalongtoattendafamilypartyhostedbyyourAmericanfriend,Jack.

No.InChinese,wearenotsupposedtocomplimentontheappearancesofothers’wife.Also,wedonotuse“Ilikeyour….”Instead,wewillsay“Yournecktieissonice.”WhenrespondinginEnglishwemaysimplysay“Thankyou”or“I'mgladtohearthat.”

AnalyzethefollowingextractfromOscarWilde,sTheImportanceofBeingEarnestintermsofthePolitenessPrinciple.Whichmaximisatissue?

Maximofagreement.

ReadthefollowingexcerptfromChapterXIXofJaneAustin,sPrideandPrejudice.Howispolitenessorimpolitenessreflectedbythewaythecharacterstalk?Youmayjustfocusonthepartsinboldface.

“MayIhope,Madam,foryourinterestwithyourfairdaughterElizabeth,whenIsolicitforthehonorofaprivateaudiencewithherinthecourseofthismorning?’

askforpermission(“mayI…)

givepraisetosomeonedeartotheaddressee(“fairdaughter”)

showdeference(“solicitthehonorof...”)

“DearMa’am,donotgo.--1begyouwillnotgo.--Mr.Collinsmustexcuseme.--Hecanhavenothingtosaytomethatanybodyneednothear.Iamgoingawaymyself”

useendearment(“dearMa,am”)

showself-defacement(“Ibeg”)

“No.no,nonsense,Lizzy.--Idesireyouwillstaywhereyouare.”--AnduponElizabeth'sseemingreally,withvexedandembarrassedlooks,abouttoescape,sheadded,“Lizzy,IinsistuponyourstayingandhearingMr.Collins.”

showdisagreement(“no,no”)

usenegativeevaluation(“nonsense”)

imposepersonaldesire(“Idesire”,“Iinsist”)

“Believeme,mydearMissElizabeth,thatyourmodesty,so/hrfromdoingyouanydisservice,ratheraddstoyourotherperfections.Youwouldhavebeenlessamiableinmyeyeshadtherenotbeenthislittleunwillingness;butallowmetoassureyouthatIhaveyour