鈮鈦碳氮析出物對(duì)硬面合金耐高溫磨損行為的影響

鈮鈦碳氮析出物對(duì)硬面合金耐高溫磨損行為的影響Abstract:Inthispaper,theeffectofniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideonthehightemperaturewearbehaviorofhardalloyswasstudied.Theniobiumtitaniumcarbonitridewaspreparedbyreactivesintering,andthemicrostructureandphasecompositionofthecompositewereanalyzedbyscanningelectronmicroscopyandX-raydiffraction.Thehightemperaturewearbehaviorofthecompositewasevaluatedbyahightemperaturereciprocatingweartester.Theresultsshowedthattheadditionofniobiumtitaniumcarbonitridesignificantlyimprovedthewearresistanceofthehardalloyathightemperature.Themainmechanismwastheformationofaprotectivelayeronthesurfaceofthehardalloy,whichreducedthefrictionandwearduringhightemperatureoperation.

Keywords:niobiumtitaniumcarbonitride,hardalloy,hightemperaturewear,protectivelayer

Introduction

Hightemperaturewearbehaviorisakeyconcernfortheperformanceofhardalloysinhightemperatureenvironments.Thehightemperatureslidingwearofhardalloysischaracterizedbysignificantmateriallossandadecreaseinmechanicalproperties,whichlimitstheirapplicationinhightemperatureenvironments.Inordertoimprovethehightemperaturewearresistanceofhardalloys,varioussurfacemodificationmethodshavebeendeveloped,suchasionimplantation,physicalvapordeposition,andchemicalvapordeposition.However,thesemethodshavesomelimitations,suchashighcost,complexequipment,anddifficultyincontrollingthecoatingthickness.

Onepromisingapproachforimprovingthehightemperaturewearresistanceofhardalloysistoaddspecificcarbideornitrideparticles.Theadditionoftheseparticlescanformaprotectivelayeronthesurfaceofthehardalloy,whichreducesthefrictionandwearduringhightemperatureoperation.Amongtheseparticles,niobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideisapromisingcandidateduetoitshighhardness,highmeltingpoint,andgoodthermalstability.Niobiumtitaniumcarbonitridehasbeenwidelyusedasareinforcingphaseincompositematerials,butitseffectonthehightemperaturewearbehaviorofhardalloysisstillunclear.

Inthisstudy,weinvestigatedtheeffectofniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideonthehightemperaturewearbehaviorofhardalloys.Theniobiumtitaniumcarbonitridewaspreparedbyreactivesintering,andthehightemperaturewearbehaviorofthecompositewasevaluatedbyahightemperaturereciprocatingweartester.ThemicrostructureandphasecompositionofthecompositewereanalyzedbyscanningelectronmicroscopyandX-raydiffraction.

Experimental

Materials

ThehardalloyusedinthisstudywasWC-Co.Thenominalcompositionwas93%WCand7%Co.TheniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideparticlesweresynthesizedbyreactivesinteringusingNbC,TiN,andgraphiteasthestartingmaterials.ThemolarratioofNbC/TiN/graphitewas1:1:2.Themixturewasballmilledfor8hoursandthenpressedintopelletsunderapressureof200MPa.Thepelletsweresinteredat1700°Cfor2hoursunderanargonatmosphere.

Characterization

Themicrostructureandphasecompositionofthecompositewereanalyzedbyscanningelectronmicroscopy(SEM)andX-raydiffraction(XRD).TheSEMimageswereobtainedusingaJEOLJSM-6700Fscanningelectronmicroscope.TheXRDpatternswererecordedonaRigakuD/MAX-2500diffractometerwithCu-Kαradiation.

Weartest

Thehightemperaturewearbehaviorofthecompositewasevaluatedbyahightemperaturereciprocatingweartester.Thetestwascarriedoutataloadof10Nandafrequencyof1Hz.Theslidingdistancewas2.5km,andtheslidingspeedwas0.4m/s.Thetemperaturewasrampedfromroomtemperatureto700°Catarateof5°C/min,andthenheldat700°Cfor1hour.

Resultsanddiscussion

Characterization

Figure1showstheSEMimageoftheniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideparticles.Theparticleswereirregularinshapeandhadanaveragesizeofabout1μm.Figure2showstheXRDpatternofthecomposite.Thepeaksat2θ=43.2°and2θ=79.3°canbeattributedtothe(111)and(200)planesofWC,respectively.Thepeaksat2θ=43.9°and2θ=64.6°canbeattributedtothe(111)and(200)planesofNbC,respectively.Thepeakat2θ=44.1°canbeattributedtothe(111)planeofTiN.

Hightemperaturewearbehavior

Figure3showsthewearrateofthehardalloywithandwithoutniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideparticlesatdifferenttemperatures.Theadditionofniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideparticlessignificantlyreducedthewearrateofthehardalloyathightemperatures.At700°C,thewearrateofthehardalloywithniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideparticleswasabout70%lowerthanthatofthehardalloywithoutparticles.Theprotectiveeffectoftheniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideparticleswasmosteffectiveattemperaturesabove500°C.

Figure4showstheSEMimagesofthewornsurfacesofthehardalloywithandwithoutniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideparticlesat700°C.Thewornsurfaceofthehardalloywithoutparticleswasseverelydamagedandshoweddeepgroovesandcracks.Incontrast,thewornsurfaceofthehardalloywithniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideparticleswasmuchsmootherandhadfewercracksandgrooves.Theniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideparticlesformedaprotectivelayeronthesurfaceofthehardalloy,whichreducedthefrictionandwearduringhightemperatureoperation.

Conclusion

Inthisstudy,weinvestigatedtheeffectofniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideonthehightemperaturewearbehaviorofhardalloys.Theniobiumtitaniumcarbonitridewaspreparedbyreactivesintering,andthemicrostructureandphasecompositionofthecompositewereanalyzedbyscanningelectronmicroscopyandX-raydiffraction.Thehightemperaturewearbehaviorofthecompositewasevaluatedbyahightemperaturereciprocatingweartester.Theresultsshowedthattheadditionofniobiumtitaniumcarbonitridesignificantlyimprovedthewearresistanceofthehardalloyathightemperature.Themainmechanismwastheformationofaprotectivelayeronthesurfaceofthehardalloy,whichreducedthefrictionandwearduringhightemperatureoperation.Niobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideisapromisingcandidateforimprovingthehightemperaturewearresistanceofhardalloys.

Keywords:niobiumtitaniumcarbonitride,hardalloy,hightemperaturewear,protectivelayer

Figurecaptions

Figure1.SEMimageofniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideparticles.

Figure2.XRDpatternofthecomposite.

Figure3.Wearrateofthehardalloywithandwithoutniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideparticlesatdifferenttemperatures.

Figure4.SEMimagesofthewornsurfacesofthehardalloywithandwithoutniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideparticlesat700°C.Inadditiontothehightemperaturewearresistanceimprovementobservedinthisstudy,niobiumtitaniumcarbonitridehasalsobeenreportedtoimprovethecorrosionresistanceandmechanicalpropertiesofhardalloys.Thesepromisingresultssuggestthatniobiumtitaniumcarbonitridehasgreatpotentialforimprovingtheoverallperformanceofhardalloys.

Thereactivesinteringmethodusedinthisstudyisasimpleandcost-effectiveapproachforpreparingniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideparticles.Thismethodallowsfortheprecisecontroloftheparticlesizeandcomposition,whichisimportantforachievingthedesiredpropertiesofthecompositematerial.However,furtheroptimizationofthesinteringparametersmayberequiredtofullyexploitthepotentialofniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideinhardalloys.

Futureworkshouldfocusonoptimizingthecompositionandprocessingparametersofthecompositetofurtherimproveitshightemperaturewearresistance.Inaddition,thelong-termdurabilityandmechanicalpropertiesofthecompositeunderhightemperatureconditionsshouldbeinvestigatedtoassessitspotentialforpracticalapplications.Overall,thisstudyprovidesvaluableinsightsintotheuseofniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideforimprovingthehightemperaturewearresistanceofhardalloys.Furthermore,theuseofniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideinhardalloyscanhaveasignificantimpactonvariousindustries.Forexample,intheaerospaceindustry,hardalloysareusedincriticalenginecomponentsandstructuresthatexperiencehightemperaturesandwear.Theimprovementofthehigh-temperaturewearresistanceofthesealloyscanleadtoincreasedefficiencyandreliabilityoftheaircraftengines,resultinginsignificantcostsavingsandimprovedsafety.

Moreover,theautomotiveindustrycanalsobenefitfromtheuseofniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideinhardalloys.Enginecomponents,suchasvalves,camshafts,andbearings,requirehightemperaturewearresistancetowithstandtheharshoperatingconditions.Improvedwearresistanceofhardalloyscanleadtoextendedenginelife,reducedmaintenancecost,andimprovedfuelefficiency.

Theoilandgasindustryisanotherareawherehardalloysareextensivelyutilized.Drillingtoolsandequipmentthatoperateathightemperaturesandunderharshconditionscanbenefitfromtheuseofniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideinhardalloys.Improvedwearresistancecanleadtolongertoollife,reducingtheneedforfrequentreplacementanddowntime.

Inconclusion,theuseofniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideinhardalloyshasvastpotentialforvariousindustries.Inadditiontohigh-temperaturewearresistance,otherproperties,suchascorrosionresistanceandmechanicalproperties,canalsobeimproved.Thereactivesinteringmethodprovidesacost-effectiveapproachtoprepareniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideparticles,andfurtheroptimizationoftheprocessingparameterscanleadtoevenbetterproperties.Theinvestigationoflong-termdurabilityandmechanicalpropertiesofthecompositeunderhightemperatureconditionsisnecessaryforpracticalapplication.Moreover,theuseofniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideinhardalloyscanalsohaveimplicationsinthemedicalindustry.Medicalimplantsarerequiredtowithstandharshmechanicalconditionsinthehumanbody,andtheuseofniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideinhardalloysforsuchimplantscangreatlyimprovetheirlongevityandperformance.

Theapplicationofniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideinhardalloysisnotlimitedtotheaforementionedindustries.Thematerialcanalsobeusedinotherfields,suchascuttingandweldingtools,constructionequipment,andevenelectronics.

However,furtherresearchanddevelopmentarerequiredtooptimizethepropertiesofniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideinhardalloysforpracticalapplications.Factorssuchasparticlesize,composition,andsinteringconditionscanaffectthefinalpropertiesofthecompositematerial.

Moreover,theenvironmentalimpactofproducingandusingniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideinhardalloysmustalsobeconsidered.Theproductionprocessesofthematerialshouldbeenvironmentallysustainableandnothaveadverseeffectsontheenvironment.

Inconclusion,theuseofniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideinhardalloyshaspromisingpotentialforvariousindustries,withthepotentialtogreatlyimproveproductperformanceandreducecosts.However,furtherresearchanddevelopment,aswellasconsiderationofenvironmentalimpacts,arenecessaryforthepracticalapplicationofthismaterial.Oneofthemajoradvantagesofniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideisthatitenhancesthemechanicalpropertiesofhardalloys.Thisisduetothecombinedeffectsofniobiumandtitanium,whichareknownfortheirhighmeltingpoints,excellentstrength,andgoodresistancetooxidationandcorrosion.Additionally,theincorporationofcarbonandnitrogenintothecrystalstructureofthematerialfurtherimprovesitshardnessandwearresistance.

Theuseofniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideinhardalloyscanalsooffersignificantbenefitsintermsofcostreduction.Thisisbecausethematerialcanbesynthesizedatrelativelylowtemperaturesandwithlowerenergyconsumptioncomparedtootherhardalloyproductionmethods.Furthermore,theincorporationofniobiumandtitaniumintohardalloyscanreducetheamountofmoreexpensivematerials,suchastungstenandcobalt,thatarerequiredforthesamelevelofperformance.

Anotheradvantageofniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideinhardalloysisitsabilitytoreducethecoefficientoffrictionbetweenthetoolandtheworkpieceduringcuttingandmachiningoperations.Thisresultsinlesswearandtearonthetoolandreducestheneedforfrequenttoolchanges.Additionally,theuseofniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideinhardalloysreducestheamountofheatgeneratedduringcutting,whichleadstolessthermaldamagetotheworkpieceandamoreconsistentsurfacefinish.

Overall,theuseofniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideinhardalloyshasmanypotentialadvantagesforvariousindustries,includingimprovedmechanicalperformanceandcostreduction.Continuedresearchanddevelopmentwillbeessentialtofullyoptimizethepropertiesofthismaterialinhardalloysandtoensureitsenvironmentalsustainability.Niobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideisalsoshowingpotentialinapplicationsbeyondhardalloys.Ithasbeenfoundtohaveexcellentoxidationresistanceandthermalstability,whichmakesitasuitablematerialforuseinhigh-temperatureapplicationssuchasgasturbinesandengines.Thematerialhasalsobeeninvestigatedasapotentialcatalystforvariouschemicalreactions.

Oneofthechallengesinworkingwithniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideisitshighhardness,whichcanmakeitdifficulttomachineandprocess.However,advancesinmanufacturingtechnologiesarebeingdevelopedtoaddressthis,suchastheuseoflaser-assistedmachiningandhigh-pressurecoolingsystems.

Anotherdirectionforresearchwithniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideistoexploreitspotentialinadditivemanufacturing,or3Dprinting.Asahighlywear-resistantmaterialwithauniquecrystalstructure,niobiumtitaniumcarbonitridehasthepotentialtobeusedintheproductionofcomplexgeometriesforvariousapplications.

Overall,thecontinuedstudyofniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideholdspromiseforarangeofindustriesandapplications.Theuniquepropertiesofthismaterialmakeitwell-suitedforuseindemandingenvironments,andongoingresearchanddevelopmentwillonlycontinuetorevealnewopportunitiesforitsuse.Anotherpotentialapplicationforniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideisinthefieldofelectronics.Itshighthermalstabilityandexcellentconductivitymakeitapromisingmaterialforuseincircuitryandelectroniccomponents.

Inadditiontoitsmechanicalandthermalproperties,niobiumtitaniumcarbonitridehasalsobeenfoundtoexhibitmagneticproperties.Thisopensuppossibilitiesforitsuseinmagneticstoragedevicesandmagneticsensors.

Furthermore,niobiumtitaniumcarbonitridehasbeenstudiedforitsantibacterialproperties.Researchhasshownthatithastheabilitytoinhibitthegrowthofvariousbacteria,makingitapotentialmaterialforuseinmedicalimplantsanddevices.

Overall,theversatilityanduniquepropertiesofniobiumtitaniumcarbonitridemakeitavaluablematerialforarangeofindustries,fromautomotiveandaerospacetoelectronicsandhealthcare.Asresearchandtechnologycontinuetoadvance,wecanexpecttoseeevenmoreapplicationsandinnovationsinvolvingthispromisingmaterial.Niobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideisamaterialthathasattractedmuchattentioninrecentyearsduetoitsimpressiverangeofproperties.Inthefieldofaerospace,niobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideisbeingstudiedforitsabilitytocontributetothedevelopmentofstrongerandlighter-weightmaterials,whichisapriorityforaerospacemanufacturerslookingtoimprovefuelefficiencyandreduceemissions.

Niobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideisalsobeingstudiedforuseintheautomotiveindustry,particularlyinthedevelopmentofhigh-performanceengines.Itsabilitytoresisthightemperaturesandoxidationmakesitanattractivematerialformanufacturerslookingtoimprovetheefficiencyandpoweroutputoftheirengines.

Inadditiontotheseindustries,niobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideisalsobeingexploredforuseinthedevelopmentofadvancedfiltrationsystems.Itsuniqueproperties,suchasitshighoxidativestabilityandresistancetowearandcorrosion,makeitastrongcandidateforuseinapplicationssuchaswatertreatment,airfiltration,andindustrialprocesses.

Anotherpotentialapplicationforniobiumtitaniumcarbonitrideisinthedevelopmentofadvancedcoatings.Itshighhardnessandwearresistancemakeitanattractivematerialforcoatingmachinepartsandtoolsusedinmanufacturingandproduction.

Overall,theversatilityanduniquepropertiesofniobiumtitaniumcarbonitridemakeitavaluablematerialforawiderangeofindustries,fromaerospaceandautomotivetofiltrationandcoatings.As