2017職稱英語考試備考輔導(dǎo)綜合類C級(jí)五

2017職稱英語考試備考輔導(dǎo)綜合類C級(jí)五MaleandFemalePilotsCauseAccidentsDifferentlyMalepilotsflyinggeneralaviation1(private)aircraftintheUnitedStatesaremorelikelytocrashduetoinattentionorflaweddecision-making,whilefemalepilotsaremorelikelytocrashfrommishandlingtheaircraft.TheseareresultsofastudyflyresearchersattheJohnsHopkinsUniversityBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth.Thestudyidentifiesdifferencebetweenmaleandfemalepilotintermsofcircumstancesorthecrashandthetypeorpilotserrorinvolved2.“Crashesofgeneralaviationaircraftaccountfor85percentofallaviationdeaths3intheUnitedStates.Thecrashrateformalepilots,asformotorvehicledrivers,exceedsthat4ofcrashesoffemalepilots.”explainsSusanP.Baker,MPH,professorofhealthpolicyandmanagementattheBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth.“Becausepilotyouthandinexperienceareestablished5contributorstoaviationcrashes6,wefocusedononlymaturepilots,todeterminethegenderdifferencesinthereasonsforthecrash.”Theresearchersextracteddataforthisstudyfromalargeresearchprojectonpilotagingandflightsafety.Thedataweregatheredfromgeneralaviationcrashesofairplanesandhelicoptersbetween1983and1997,involving144femalepilotsand267malepilotsaged40-63.Femalepilotswerematchedwithmalepilotsina1:2ratio,byage,classesofmedicalandpilotcertificates,stateorareaofcrash,andyearofcrash.Thenthecircumstancesofthecrashesandthepiloterrorinvolvedwerecategorizedandcodedwithoutknowledgeofpilotgender.Theresearchersfoundthatlossofcontrolonlandingortakeoffwasthemostcommoncircumstanceforbothsexes,leadingto59percentoffemalepilots’crashesand36percentofmales’.Experiencingmechanicalfailure,runningoutoffuel,andlandingtheplanewiththelandinggearup7wereamongthefactorsmorelikelywithmales,whilestallingwasmorelikelywithfemales.Themajorityofthecrashes—95percentforfemalesand88percentformales—involvedatleastonetypeofpiloterror.Mishandlingaircraftkineticswasthemostcommonerrorforbothsexes,butwasmorecommonamongfemales(accountingfor81percentofthecrashes)thanmales(accountingfor48percent).Males,however,appearedmorelikelytobeguiltyof8poordecision-making,risk-taking,andinattentiveness,examplesofwhichincludemisjudgingweatherandvisibility9orflyinganaircraftwithaknowndefect.Females,thoughmorelikelytomishandleorlosecontroloftheaircraft,weregenerallymorecarefulthantheirmalecounterparts10.詞匯:inattention/7inE5tenFEn/n.疏忽gender/5dVendE/n.性，性別aviation/7eivi5eiFEn/n.航空runout施盡，用完flawed/fla:d/adj.有缺陷的stall/stC:l/v.(飛機(jī)〉失速，(發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī))熄火mishandle/5mis5hAndl/v.瞎弄kinetics/kai5netiks/n.動(dòng)力學(xué)MPH(MasterofPublicHealth)公共衛(wèi)生碩士注釋:1.generalaviation專用航空(航班飛行以外的民航飛行)2.identifiesthedifferencesbetweenmaleandfemalepilotsintermsofcircumstancesofthecrashandthetypeofpilotserrorinvolved：根據(jù)墜毀情況和飛行員失誤類型鑒別男女飛行員之間的差異。intermsof：按照，根據(jù)。3.accountfor85percentofallaviationdeaths：占所有墜機(jī)死亡人數(shù)4.that：代詞，代替前半句中的the(crash)rate5.established：確定的6.contributorstoaviationcrashes：墜機(jī)的原因。contributeto：對(duì)……做出貢獻(xiàn)，對(duì)……起作用。contributor是contribute的名詞，使用同樣的介詞搭配。7.withthelandinggearup：不放下起落裝置8.beguiltyof:heresponsiblefor：(對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé)，在……(方面)有責(zé)任)9.misjudgingweatherandvisibility：對(duì)天氣和能見度判斷失誤10.theirmalecounterparts：她們的男同行。counterpart：職務(wù)地位相當(dāng)?shù)娜恕＞毩?xí):1.WhatistheresearchatJohnsHopkinsUniversityabout？ACausesofaircraftcrash.BGenderdifferenceinrelationtotypesofaircraftcrashes.CCausesofmishandlingaircraft.DGenderdiscriminationingeneralaviationintheUnitedStates.2.WhichofthestatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothesecondparagraph?ACrashesofgeneralaviationaircraftareamajorsourceofaviationaccidentsintheUnitedStates.BMalepilots,likemalevehicledrivers,areamorelikelytohaveaccidentsthanfemalepilots.CItiscommonlyknownthataircraftcrashesaremostlycausedbyyoungandinexperiencedpilots.DOnlymaturepilotsarestudiedtodeterminethegenderdifferencesinthereasonsforaircraftcrash.3.Howdidtheresearcherscarryouttheirstudy?ATheystudiedthefindingsofseveralpreviousresearchprojects.BTheyconductedaquestionnairewith411pilots.CTheycollecteddatafromthedatabaseattheJohnsHopkinsUniversity.DTheyanalyzedthecircumstancesofthecrashesinvolved.4.Whatisthemostcommoncircumstanceofcrashwithfemalepilots?AMechanicalfailureandrunningoutoffuel.BLossofcontrolonlandingortakeoffandstalling.CLossofcontrolonlandingortakeoffandrunningoutoffuel.DStallingandlandingwiththegearup.5.Inthecomparisonoffemaleandmalepilots.Afemalepilotsarefoundtobemorecourageousandrisk-taking.Bmalepilotsarefoundtobemoreprofessionalandattentive.Cfemalepilotsarefoundtomakemoreerrorsoutofcarelessness.Dmalepilotsarefoundtomakemoreerrorsindecision-making.答案與題解:1.B文章的題目點(diǎn)出了主題，即飛行員性別的不同造成不同類型的飛行事故。2.DA是正確的，因?yàn)?5%的飛行事故死亡人數(shù)是專用航空造成的。B是第二，C是第二段昀后一旬的原因狀語從句的意思。D是正確選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)閺牡诙魏偷谌蔚弥畔ⅲ貉芯咳藛T為確定性別和墜機(jī)原因的關(guān)系，將主要研究對(duì)象設(shè)定為40~63歲的熟練