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托福閱讀真題1

PASSAGE19

TheprincipaldifferencebetweenurbangrowthinEuropeandintheNorthAmericancolonieswastheslowevolutionofcitiesintheformerandtheirrapidgrowthinthelatter.InEuropetheygrewoveraperiodofcenturiesfromtowneconomiestotheirpresenturbanstructure.InNorthAmerica,theystartedaswildernesscommunitiesanddevelopedtomatureurbanisminlittlemorethanacentury.

IntheearlycolonialdaysinNorthAmerica,smallcitiessprangupalongtheAtlanticCoastline,mostlyinwhatarenowNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstatesintheUnitedStatesandinthelowerSaintLawrencevalleyinCanada.ThiswasnaturalbecausetheseareaswerenearesttoEnglandandFrance,particularlyEngland,fromwhichmostcapitalgoods(assetssuchasequipment)andmanyconsumergoodswereimported.Merchandisingestablishmentswere,accordingly,advantageouslylocatedinportcitiesfromwhichgoodscouldbereadilydistributedtointeriorsettlements.Here,too,werethefavoredlocationsforprocessingrawmaterialspriortoexport.Boston,Philadelphia,NewYork,Montreal,andothercitiesflourished,and,asthecoloniesgrew,thesecitiesincreasedinimportance.

ThiswaslesstrueinthecolonialSouth,wherelifecenteredaroundlargefarms,knownasplantations,ratherthanaroundtowns,aswasthecaseintheareasfurthernorthalongtheAtlanticcoastline.Thelocalisolationandtheeconomicself-sufficiencyoftheplantationswereantagonistictothedevelopmentofthetowns.Theplantationsmaintainedtheirindependencebecausetheywerelocatedonnavigablestreamsandeachhadawharfaccessibletothesmallshippingofthatday.Infact,oneofthestrongestfactorsintheselectionofplantationlandwasthedesiretohaveitsfrontonawaterhighway.

WhentheUnitedStatesbecameanindependentnationin1776,itdidnothaveasinglecityaslargeas50,000inhabitants,butby1820ithadacityofmorethan10,000people,andby1880ithadrecordedacityofoveronemillion.Itwasnotuntilafter1823,afterthemechanizationofthespinninghadweavingindustries,thatcitiesstarteddrawingyoungpeopleawayfromfarms.

SuchmigrationwasparticularlyrapidfollowingtheCivilWar(1861-1865).

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)FactorsthatslowedthegrowthofcitiesinEurope.

(B)TheevolutionofcitiesinNorthAmerica

(C)TradebetweenNorthAmericanandEuropeancities

(D)TheeffectsoftheUnitedSatesindependenceonurbangrowthinNewEngland.

2.Thewordtheyinline4refersto

(A)NorthAmericancolonies

(B)cities

(C)centuries

(D)towneconomies

3.ThepassagecomparesearlyEuropeanandNorthAmericancitiesonthebasisofwhichofthe

following?

(A)Theireconomicsuccess

(B)Thetypeofmerchandisetheyexported

(C)Theirabilitytodistributegoodstointeriorsettlements

(D)Thepaceoftheirdevelopment

4.Thewordaccordinglyinline11isclosestinmeaningto

(A)asusual

(B)incontrast

(C)tosomedegree

(D)forthatreason

5.Accordingtothepassage,earlycolonialcitieswereestablishedalongtheAtlanticcoastlineof

NorthAmericadueto

(A)anabundanceofnaturalresources

(B)financialsupportfromcolonialgovernments

(C)proximitytopartsofEurope

(D)afavorableclimate

6.Thepassageindicatesthatduringcolonialtimes,theAtlanticcoastlinecitiespreparedwhichof

thefollowingforshipmenttoEurope?

(A)Manufacturingequipment

(B)Capitalgoods

(C)Consumergoods

(D)Rawmaterials

7.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaspectsoftheplantationsysteminfluencedthe

growthofsoutherncitiesEXCEPTthe

(A)locationoftheplantations

(B)accessofplantationownerstoshipping

(C)relationshipsbetweenplantationresidentsandcityresidents

(D)economicself-sufficiencyoftheplantations

8.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,incomparisonwithnortherncities,mostsouthern

citieswere

(A)moreprosperous

(B)smaller

(C)lesseconomicallyself-sufficient

(D)tiedlesscloselytoEnglandthantoFrance

9.Thewordrecordedinline26isclosestinmeaningto

(A)imagined

(B)discovered

(C)documented

(D)planned

10.Theworddrawinginline28isclosestinmeaningto

(A)attracting

(B)employing

(C)instructing

(D)representing

11.ThepassagementionstheperiodfollowingtheCivilWar(line29)becauseitwasatimeof

(A)significantobstaclestoindustrialgrowth

(B)decreaseddependenceonforeigntrade

(C)increasednumbersofpeopleleavingemploymentonfarms

(D)increasedmigrationfromnorthernstatestosouthernstates

答案：BBDDCDCBCAC

托福閱讀真題2

PASSAGE20

(25)

Inseventeenth-centurycolonialNorthAmerica,allday-to-daycookingwasdoneinthefireplace.Generallylarge,fireplaceswereplannedforcookingaswellasforwarmth.ThoseintheNortheastwereusuallyfourorfivefeethigh,andintheSouth,theywereoftenhighenoughforapersontowalkinto.Aheavytimbercalledthemanteltreewasusedasalinteltosupportthestoneworkabovethefireplaceopening.Thistimbermightbescorchedoccasionally,butitwasfarenoughinfrontoftherisingcolumnofheattobesafefromcatchingfire.

Twoledgeswerebuiltacrossfromeachotherontheinsideofthechimney.Ontheserestedtheendsofalugpolefromwhichpotsweresuspendedwhencooking.Woodfromafreshlycuttreewasusedforthelugpole,soitwouldresistheat,butithadtobereplacedfrequentlybecauseitdriedoutandcharred,andwasthusweakened.Sometimesthepolebrokeandthedinnerfellintothefire.Whenironbecameeasiertoobtain,itwasusedinsteadofwoodforlugpoles,andlaterfireplaceshadpivotingmetalrodstohangpotsfrom.

Besidethefireplaceandbuiltaspartofitwastheoven.Itwasmadelikeasmall,secondaryfireplacewithaflueleadingintothemainchimneytodrawoutsmoke.Sometimesthedooroftheovenfacedtheroom,butmostovenswerebuiltwiththeopeningfacingintothefireplace.Onbakingdays(usuallyonceortwiceaweek)aroaringfireofovenwood,consistingofbrownmaplesticks,wasmaintainedintheovenuntilitswallswereextremelyhot.Theemberswerelaterremoved,breaddoughwasputintotheoven,andtheovenwassealedshutuntilthebreadwasfullybaked.

Notallbakingwasdoneinabigoven,however.Alsousedwasanironbakekettle,whichlookedlikeastewpotonlegsandwhichhadanironlid.Thisissaidtohaveworkedwellwhenitwasplacedinthefireplace,surroundedbyglowingwoodembers,withmoreemberspiledonitslid.

1.WhichofthefollowingaspectsofdomesticlifeincolonialNorthAmericadoesthepassage

mainlydiscuss?

(A)methodsofbakingbread

(B)fireplacecooking

(C)theuseofironkettlesinatypicalkitchen

(D)thetypesofwoodusedinpreparingmeals

2.TheauthormentionsthefireplacesbuiltintheSouthtoillustrate

(A)howthematerialsusedweresimilartothematerialsusedinnortheasternfireplaces

(B)thattheyserveddiversefunctions

(C)thattheywereusuallylargerthannortheasternfireplaces

(D)howtheyweresaferthannortheasternfireplaces

3.Thewordscorchedinline6isclosestinmeaningto

(A)burned

(B)cut

(C)enlarged

(D)bent

4.Theworditinline6refersto

(A)thestonework

(B)thefireplaceopening

(C)themanteltree

(D)therisingcolumnofheat

5.Accordingtothepassage,howwasfoodusuallycookedinapotintheseventeenthcentury?

(A)Byplacingthepotdirectlyintothefire

(B)Byputtingthepotintheoven

(C)Byfillingthepotwithhotwater

(D)Byhangingthepotonapoleoverthefire

6.Thewordobtaininline12isclosestinmeaningto

(A)maintain

(B)reinforce

(C)manufacture

(D)acquire

7.Whichofthefollowingismentionedinparagraph2asadisadvantageofusingawoodenlug

pole?

(A)Itwasmadeofwoodnotreadilyavailable.

(B)Itwasdifficulttomoveorrotate.

(C)Itoccasionallybroke.

(D)Itbecametoohottotouch.

8.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3that,comparedtootherfirewood,ovenwoodproduced

(A)lesssmoke

(B)moreheat

(C)fewerembers

(D)lowerflames

9.Accordingtoparagraph3,allofthefollowingweretrueofacolonialovenEXCEPT:

(A)Itwasusedtoheatthekitcheneveryday.

(B)Itwasbuiltaspartofthemainfireplace.

(C)Thesmokeitgeneratedwentoutthroughthemainchimney.

(D)Itwasheatedwithmaplesticks.

10.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwasanadvantageofabakekettle?

(A)Itdidnottakeupalotofspaceinthefireplace.

(B)Itdidnotneedtobetightlyclosed.

(C)Itcouldbeusedinadditiontoorinsteadoftheoven.

(D)Itcouldbeusedtocookseveralfoodsatonetime.

答案：BCACDDCBAA

托福閱讀真題3

PASSAGE21

ThesculpturallegacythatthenewUnitedStatesinheritedfromitscolonialpredecessorswasfarfromarichone,andinfact,in1776sculptureasanartformwasstillinthehandsofartisansandcraftspeople.Stonecarversengravedtheirmotifsofskullsandcrossbonesandotherreligiousiconsofdeathintothegrayslabsthatwestillseestandingtodayinoldburialgrounds.Someskilledcraftspeoplemadeintricatelycarvedwoodenornamentationsforfurnitureorarchitecturaldecorations,whileotherscavedwoodenshopsignsandshipsfigureheads.Althoughtheyoftenachievedexpressionandformalexcellenceintheirgenerallyprimitivestyle,theyremainedartisansskilledinthecraftofcarvingandconstitutedagroupdistinctfromwhatwenormallythinkofassculptorsintodaysuseoftheword.

Ontherareoccasionwhenafinepieceofsculpturewasdesired,Americansturnedtoforeignsculptors,asinthe1770swhenthecitiesofNewYorkandCharleston,SouthCarolina,commissionedtheEnglishmanJosephWiltontomakemarblestatuesofWilliamPitt.WiltonalsomadealeadequestrianimageofKingGeorgeIIIthatwascreatedinNewYorkin1770andtorndownbyzealouspatriotssixyearslater.Afewmarblememorialswithcarvedbusts,urns,orotherdecorationswereproducedinEnglandandbroughttothecoloniestobesetinthewallsofchurches—asinKingsChapelinBoston.Butsculptureasahighart,practicedbyartistswhoknewboththeartistictheoryoftheirRenaissance-Baroque-Rococopredecessorsandthevarioustechnicalproceduresofmodeling,casting,andcarvingrichthree-dimensionalforms,wasnotknownamongAmericansin1776.Indeed,formanyyearsthereafter,theUnitedStateshadtwogroupsfromwhichtochoose—eitherthelocalcraftspeopleortheimportedtalentofEuropeansculptors.

Theeighteenthcenturywasnotoneinwhichpoweredsculpturalconceptionsweredeveloped.Addtothisthetimiditywithwhichunschooledartisans—originallytrainedasstonemasons,carpenters,orcabinetmakers—attackedthemediumfromwhichtheysculpturemadeintheUnitedStatesinthelateeighteenthcentury.

1.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

(A)Therewasgreatdemandfortheworkofeighteenth-centuryartisans.

(B)SkilledsculptorsdidnotexistintheUnitedStatesinthe1770s.

(C)ManyforeignsculptorsworkedintheUnitedStatesafter1776.

(D)Americansculptorswerehamperedbyalackoftoolsandmaterials.

2.Thewordmotifsinline3isclosestinmeaningto

(A)tools

(B)prints

(C)signatures

(D)designs

3.Theworkofwhichofthefollowingcouldbeseeninburialgrounds?

(A)E