托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)類(lèi)文章解題技巧

千里之行，始于第2頁(yè)/共2頁(yè)精品文檔推薦托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)類(lèi)文章解題技巧托?？荚囍?，托福閱讀的文章需要同學(xué)們依據(jù)不同類(lèi)型的托福文章題材，把握肯定的解題技巧。下面我就和大家共享托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)類(lèi)文章解題技巧，來(lái)觀賞一下吧。

托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)類(lèi)文章解題技巧

1.托福閱讀文章之學(xué)術(shù)篇的結(jié)構(gòu)

在托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)性文章中，一般需要具備三個(gè)組成部分：

(1)Topic話題：即文章的主角是什么。比如講解某個(gè)科學(xué)理論、討論某種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，探討某個(gè)歷史大事;

在托福文章中，這種導(dǎo)入性信息往往消失在篇首位置。考生可以依據(jù)篇首段信息對(duì)整篇文章所要爭(zhēng)論的核心內(nèi)容有所了解;

(2)Aspects方面：即將篇首的話題延長(zhǎng)拓展為若干個(gè)方面進(jìn)行闡述說(shuō)明。若話題為某個(gè)科學(xué)論點(diǎn)，則方面可能分為若干個(gè)支持論據(jù);若話題為某種自然現(xiàn)象，則方面可能分為若干個(gè)內(nèi)外成因;若話題為某個(gè)歷史大事，則方面為幾段進(jìn)展時(shí)期;

在這種托福閱讀題材中，往往依照各個(gè)方面之間的層次關(guān)系，將各個(gè)方面拆分為若干個(gè)獨(dú)立的自然段落，共同組成行文主體;

(3)Attitude態(tài)度：即文章的對(duì)于所爭(zhēng)論話題持怎樣的態(tài)度。或是樂(lè)觀確定，或是消極否定，或是保持中立。

在托福文章中，態(tài)度往往是被較多的淡化甚至有可能省略不提。Topic話題+Aspects方面+Attitude態(tài)度，這三要素加起來(lái)就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)術(shù)論文體的T+A+A篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。托福文章大都遵循這種結(jié)構(gòu)，考生通過(guò)篇首段落信息來(lái)把控整個(gè)文章話題及大致?tīng)?zhēng)論方向，再抓住文章的各個(gè)段落主旨，便可洞悉整個(gè)文章脈絡(luò)和規(guī)律結(jié)構(gòu)。

2.托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)性文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)

托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)性文章的自然段落，一般需要具備兩個(gè)組成部分：(1)TopicSentence

主旨句：表達(dá)段落的主旨，即本段想要表達(dá)的核心內(nèi)容是什么;

(2)Detail細(xì)節(jié)：為了具體說(shuō)明段落中心含義，所排列的相關(guān)支持內(nèi)容，即本段通過(guò)哪些例證來(lái)闡明主旨句。

TopicSentence主旨句+Detail細(xì)節(jié)，這兩個(gè)要素加起來(lái)就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)術(shù)論文體的TS+D段落結(jié)構(gòu)。托福文章段落大都遵循這種結(jié)構(gòu)，考生通過(guò)段落主旨句就可以把握該段的中心含義。

總結(jié)：當(dāng)考生們了解了這種TAA篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和TS+D段落結(jié)構(gòu)的行文規(guī)律后，對(duì)文章框架的把握就會(huì)做到心里有數(shù)，更有利于提高托福閱讀速度和定位有效信息的精確度。

托福閱讀背景學(xué)問(wèn)：工業(yè)革命

正是由于工業(yè)革命的重要性，托福考試特別青睞它--工業(yè)革命的進(jìn)展特點(diǎn)、歷史甚至與之相關(guān)的蒸汽機(jī)、能源問(wèn)題都是在閱讀和聽(tīng)力中常常消失的話題。

官方真題Official26中就曾消失蒸汽機(jī)以及蒸汽機(jī)改良相關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)描述：

Inthelate1700sJamesWattdesignedanefficientandcommerciallyviablesteamenginethatwassoonappliedtoavarietyof

industrialusesasitbecamecheapertouseArotary(轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的，旋轉(zhuǎn)的)engineattachedtothesteamengineenabledshafts(轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸)tobeturnedandmachinestobedriven,resultinginmillsusingsteampowertospinandweavecotton.

同一篇中，談到工業(yè)革命中鋼鐵行業(yè)的進(jìn)展，也詳細(xì)到許多細(xì)節(jié)：

Theavailabilityofsteampowerandthedemandsfornewmachinesfacilitatedthetransformationoftheironindustry.Charcoal(木炭),madefromwoodand

thusinlimitedsupply,wasreplacedwithcoal-derivedcoke(焦炭)(substanceleftaftercoalisheated)

assteam-drivenbellows(風(fēng)箱)cameintouseforproducingofrawiron.Impuritieswereburntawaywiththeuseofcoke,producingahigh-qualityrefinediron(精鐵).Reducedcostwas

alsoinstrumentalindevelopingsteam-poweredrollingmillscapable

ofproducingfinishediron(高純度的鐵)ofvariousshapesandsizes.

這里幫大家整理一下工業(yè)革命主要產(chǎn)業(yè)及背景大家要記得記筆記哦。

紡織產(chǎn)業(yè)(textileindustry)：

紡織機(jī)的演化：飛梭(Flyingshuttle)→杼箱→珍妮紡紗機(jī)(SpinningJenny)→騾機(jī)(SpinningMule)→水力織布機(jī)→蒸汽動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)運(yùn)輸行業(yè)革新：

1776年煤礦(colliery)中使用鐵軌;

1814年運(yùn)煤的蒸汽機(jī)車(chē)問(wèn)世;1825年世界上第一條鐵路;

1844年，英國(guó)鐵路長(zhǎng)達(dá)2235英里;

鋼鐵行業(yè)革新：

1709年，焦炭(coke)取代木炭(charcoal)煉鐵;

1750年，坩堝煉鋼工藝(steelmakingprocess)，歐洲歷史上鋼首次被熔化冶煉(smelt)。

托福閱讀真題原題+題目

Thefirstflyingvertebratesweretruereptilesinwhichoneofthefingersofthefrontlimbsbecameveryelongated,providingsupportforaflapofstretchedskinthatservedasawing.Thesewerethepterosaurs,literallythewingedlizards.TheearliestpterosaursaroseneartheendoftheTriassicperiodoftheMesozoicEra,some70millionyearsbeforethefirstknownfossilsoftruebirdsoccur,andtheypresumablydominatedtheskiesuntiltheywereeventuallydisplacedbybirds.Likethedinosaurs,somethepterosaursbecamegigantic;thelargestfossildiscoveredisofanindividualthathadawingspanof50feetormore,largerthanmanyairplanes.Theseflyingreptileshadlarge,tooth-filledjaws,buttheirbodiesweresmallandprobablywithoutthenecessarypowerfulmusclesforsustainedwingmovement.Theymusthavebeenexpertgliders,notskillfulfliers,relyingonwindpowerfortheirlocomotion.

Birds,despitesharingcommonreptilianancestorswithpterosaurs,evolvedquiteseparatelyandhavebeenmuchmoresuccessfulintheirdominanceoftheair.Theyareanexampleofacommonthemeinevolution,themoreorlessparalleldevelopmentofdifferenttypesofbodystructureandfunctionforthesamereason—inthiscase,forflight.Althoughthefossilrecord,asalways,isnotcompleteenoughtodeterminedefinitivelytheevolutionarylineageofthebirdsorinasmuchdetailasonewouldlike,itisbetterinthiscasethanformanyotheranimalgroups.ThatisbecauseoftheunusualpreservationinalimestonequarryinsouthernGermanyofArchaeopteryx,afossilthatmanyhavecalledthelinkbetweendinosaursandbirds.Indeed,haditnotbeenforthesuperbpreservationofthesefossils,theymightwellhavebeenclassifiedasdinosaurs.Theyhavetheskullandteethofareptileaswellasabonytail,butintheline-grainedlimestoneinwhichthesefossilsoccurtherearedelicateimpressionsoffeathersandfinedetailsofbonestructurethatmakeitclearthatArchaeopteryxwasabird.Allbirdslivingtoday,fromthegreatcondorsoftheAndestothetiniestwrens,tracetheiroriginbacktotheMesozoicdinosaurs.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Characteristicsofpterosaurwings

(B)ThediscoveryoffossilremainsofArchaeopteryx

(C)Reasonsfortheextinctionofearlyflyingvertebrates

(D)Thedevelopmentofflightinreptilesandbirds

2.Whichofthefollowingistrueofearlyreptilewings?

(A)Theyevolvedfromstronglimbmuscles.

(B)Theyconsistedofanextensionofskin.

(C)Theyconnectedthefrontandbacklimbs.

(D)Theyrequiredfingersofequallength.

3.Thewordliterallyinline3isclosestinmeaningto

(A)creating

(B)meaning

(C)relatedto

(D)simplified

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbirdswereprobablydominantintheskies

(A)intheearlyTriassicperiod

(B)beforetheappearanceofpterosaurs

(C)afterthedeclineofpterosaurs

(D)beforedinosaurscouldbefoundonland.

5.Theauthormentionsairplanesinline8inorderto

(A)illustratethesizeofwingspansinsomepterosaurs

(B)comparetheenergyneedsofdinosaurswiththoseofmodernmachines

(C)demonstratethedifferencesbetweenmechanizedflightandanimalflight

(D)establishthepracticalapplicationsofthestudyoffossils

6.ThewordTheyinline10refersto

(A)powerfulmuscles

(B)bodies

(C)jaws

(D)flyingreptiles

7.Accordingtothepassage,pterosaurswereprobablynotskillfulfliers(lines10-11)because

(A)oftheirlimitedwingspan

(B)oftheirdisproportionatelylargebodies

(C)theylackedmusclesneededforextendedflight

(D)climateconditionsofthetimeprovidedinsufficientwindpower

8.Inparagraph2,theauthordiscussesthedevelopmentofflightinbirdsasresultingfrom

(A)asimilarityinbodystructuretopterosaurs

(B)anevolutionfrompterosaurs

(C)thedominanceofbirdsandpterosaursoverlandanimals

(D)aseparatebutparalleldevelopmentprocesstothatofpterosaurs

9.Thewordclassifiedinline2