考博期末試題原題

長(zhǎng)安大學(xué)2010-2011學(xué)年 學(xué)英 考生： 一．本考試由兩部分組成：試卷一（PaperOne）包括詞匯、完形填空與閱讀理解三部分，65（PaperTwo）2三．試卷二為評(píng)分題，答案一律寫在答題紙ANSWERSHEETⅡ上。答題前，請(qǐng)仔細(xì)閱讀試卷二前的注意事項(xiàng)。請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡和答題紙上寫上、學(xué)號(hào)、班級(jí)及任課試卷一（PaperPartIVOCABULARY(15minutes,10SectionA(0.5pointDirections:Therearetensentencesinthissection.Eachsentencehasonewordorasetofwordsunderlined.Belowthesentencearefourwordsorphrasesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosethewordorphrasethatisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedone.MarkthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyourMachine-scoringAnswerSheet.Applicantwillbeaskedtoprovideinformationonhowtheywilldisseminateinformationtootherstudentsattheiruniversityorcollege. [B] [C] Ifwewerenottoenthenewspaper’spromisesofity,sourceswouldhavenolegalrecourseagainstunscrupulousreportersoreditors. [B] [C] [D]Itisrequiredinthisdevelocountrythateveryoneshouldlearntherudimentofcomputerinjuniorandseniorhighschools.basic [B]basic [C]basic [D]basicThelocalpeoplehavetakensomelingmeasurestopreventtheoccurrenceofnaturaldisasterssuchasflood,draught,tornadoandtyphoonwhichusedtobringmuchdamagetotheproductionof [B] [C] [D]Hewasatthesametimehaughty, ,andfastidious,andhismanners,thoughwellbred,werenotinviting. [B] [C] [D]Itissaidbyoneoftheresearchersoftheacademicteamthatanewkindofmedicinehasbeendevelopedtocurethemostcontagiousdisease,AIDS. [B]well- [C] [D]Amongotherthingswasthediscussiontoreachareciprocaltradesagreementbetweenthetwo [B] [C] [D]TheNewYorkTimerecentlycarriedheadlinenewssayingthat hasdevelopedthemostsophisticatedfighterstoarmitsair [B] [C] [D]Ifpeopleallovertheworldcansolvetheproblemsinconstructiveways,anywarcanbeavertedandpeoplecanliveontheglobelikebrothersandsisters. [B] [C] [D]Thenewlyelectedhaspledged$13milliontothe industryforits [B] [C] [D]SectionB(0.5pointDirections:Therearetensentencesinthissection.Eachsentencehassomethingomitted.Choosethewordorwordsfromthefourchoicesgiventobestcompleteeachsentence.Wemayembellishastory,forgetawordofthesong,andadaptanoldtechnologyor newtheoryoutofoldideas. [B] [C] [D]Thethieveshadtosuppresstheirangeranddarednotcursethe,butjust at [B] [C] [D]Mostpeopleacceptthe thatwehaveadutytoprotectendangeredanimalsandbirdsaroundusinordertodogoodtothehumanfutureexistence. [B] [C] [D]Henrywastheonlyonewhoknewhowtocookbecausehehad inthekitchenwhenhewasaboy.helped [B]helped [C]helped [D]helped15Lastmonth’sexplosionoccurredinBaojiFertilizerntwas bythewrongoperationsofthedevices,whichresultedinquiteaheavylosstothent.[A]brought [B]brought [C]brought ]D]broughtThelocaltourguidegaveusa(n) accountofthehistoryofthepalacewhichgaveallthetouristsaverydeepimpression [B] [C] [D]Sinceyouhavealreadycomesofarwithyourexperiment,you carryitonthroughtothe [B] [C]may ]D]mayasIttookheralongtimeto theknowledgesheneededto eaqualifiedwifeandagoodmother. [B] [C] [D]Withthehelpofthisnewdevice,itisveryeasyforustoyzethe ofthisnewly-developedmedicine. [B] [C] [D]Researchshowsheavycoffeedrinkingis asmallincreaseinbloodpressure,butnotenoughtoincreasetheriskforhighbloodpressure.associated [B]referred [C]compared [D]attributedPart CLOZETEST(10minutes,10Directions:Readthepassagethrough.Thengobackandchooseoneitemofsuitableword(s)marked[A],[B],[C]and[D]foreachblankinthepassage.Markthecorrespondingletteroftheword(s)youhavechosenwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyourMachine-scoringAnswerSheet.Historicaldevelopmentsofthepasthalfcenturyandtheinventionsofthemoderncommunicationandtransportationhave21aworldeconomy.EffectivelytheAmericaneconomyhasdiedandbeen22byaworldeconomy.InthefuturethereisnosuchthingasbeinganAmericanmanager.Evensomeonewhospendsanentiremanagement23inKansasCityisininternationalmanagement.Heorshewill24withforeignfirms,buyfromforeignfirms,selltoforeignfirms,or25financingfromforeignTheglobalizationoftheworld’scapitalmarketsthathas26inthepast10yearswillbereplicatedright27theeconomyinthenextdecade.Aninternational28has centraltomanagement.Withoutitmanagersareoperating29ignoranceandcannotunderstandwhatishappeningtothemandtheirfirms.Partlybecauseofglobalizationand30becauseofdemography,theworksofthenextcenturyaregoingtobeverydifferentfromthoseofthelastcentury.Mostfirmswillbe31moreforeignnationals.Morelikelythannot,youandyourbosswillnotbeofthesamenationality.Demographyandchangingsocial32meanthatwhilemaleswill easmaller33oftheworksaswomenandminoritiesgrow34importance.Allofthesefactorswillrequire35inthetraditionalmethodsofmanagingtheworkInaddition,theneedtoproducegoodsandservicesatqualitylevels36thoughtimpossibletoobtain37massproductionandthespreadinguseofparticipatorymanagementtechniqueswill38aworkwithmuchhigherlevelsofeducationandskills.Productionworkersmustbeabletodojust-in-timeinventories.Managersare39shiftingfroma“don’tthink,dowhatyouaretold”toa“think,Iamnotgoingtolyouwhattodo”40ofmanagement.21.[A][B][C][D]22.[A]re[B][C][D]23.[A][B][C][D]24.[A][B][C][D]25.[A][B][C][D]26.[A][B][C][D]27.[A][B][C][D]28.[A][B][C][D]29.[A][B][C][D]30.[A][B][C][D]31.[A][B][C][D]32.[A][B][C][D]33.[A][B][C][D]34.[A][B][C][D]35.[A][B][C][D]36.[A][B][C][D]37.[A][B][C][D]38.[A][B][C][D]39.[A][B][C][D]40.[A][B][C][D]PartIIIREADINGCOMPREHENSION(45minutes,50Directions:Inthispartofthetest,therearefiveshortpassagesforyoutoread.Readeachpassagecarefully,andthendothequestionsthatfollow.Choosethebestanswer[A],[B],[C]or[D],andmarkthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketonyourMachine-scoringAnswerSheet.PassageMostbiologistsareagreedthatallthevariedphenomenaoflifeareultimayexinableintermsofthesamephysicalandchemicalprincipleswhichdefinenonlivingsystem.Itnaturallyfollowsthatwhenenoughisknownofthechemistryandphysicsofvitalphenomenaitmaybepossibletosynthesize綜合，合成livingmatterAnoppositeviewwidelyheldbybiologistsuntilpresentcentury,statedthatsomeunique,notexinableintermsofphysicsandchemistry,isassociatedwithandcontrolslife.Manyofthephenomenathatappearedtobesomysteriouswhenfirstdiscoveredhavesubsequentlyprovedtobeunderstandablewithoutrequestingauniquelife,anditisreasonabletosupposethatfutureresearchwillshowthatotheraspectsoflifecanalsobeexinedbyphysicalandchemicalprinciples.Todifferentiatethelivingfromthenon-livingandthentoseparatelivingintontsandanimalsaredifficulttodosharplyandclearly.Organismssuchascatsanddogsareclearlyrecognizableasanimalsbutsponges,(海綿、海綿狀物)forexample,wereconsideredtobentsuntilwellintothenineteenthcenturyandtherearesingle-celledorganismswhich,eventodayarecalledanimalsbyzoologistsandntbybotanists(植物學(xué)家).Eventhelinebetweenlivingandnonlivingisratherdifficulttodraw,forthees,toosmalltobeseenwithanordinarylightmicroscope,canbeconsideredeitherthesimplestlivingthingsorverycomplex,butnon-living,organicchemicals.Alllivingthingshave,toagreaterorlesserdegree,thepropertiesofspecificorganization.Eachkindoflivingorganismisrecognizedbyitscharacteristicformandappearance;theadultorganismusuallyhasacharacteristicsize.NonlivingthingsgenerallyhavemuchmorevariableshapesandsizesLivingthingsarenothomogeneous,同質(zhì)的butaremadeofdifferentpartseachwithspecialfunctions;thusthebodiesofanimalsandntsarecharacterizedbyaspecific,complexorganization.Thestructuralandfunctionalunitofbothanimalsandntsisthecell.Itisthesimplestbitoflivingmatterthatcanexistindependentlyandexhibitallthecharacteristicsoflife.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtoparagraphBiologiststhinkthatlifeiscontrolledbysomeunique whichcanbeexinedintermsofphysicsandchemistry.Thephenomenaoflifearemysterious,sotheyaredifficulttounderstandunlessweusethetheoryofauniquelife Todaymostbiologistsknowalotaboutthechemistryandphysicsofthephenomenaoflife,therefore,theycanmakelivingthingsbycombiningchemicals.Mostofthebiologiststhinkthatthephysicalandchemicalprinciplesthatdefinenon-livingsystemscanonedayexindifferentphenomenaoflife.WhatisthemainideaofparagraphTheexamplesofbothlivingthingsandnonlivingThedevicesusedtoexamineverysmallThedifficultyindrawingaclearlinebetweenthelivingandnon-livingandbetweenthentsandanimals.Thewayoflingthelivingfromthenon-livingandanimalsfromAccordingtoparagraph2,arethoughttobentsinthetwentiethwereconsideredtobeanimalsintheeighteentharethoughttobeanimalscanbeconsideredeitherlivingthingsororganicWhichofthefollowingisNOTacharacteristicoftheItneverexistsItcanexhibitallthecharacteristicofItisthestructuralandfunctionalunitoflivingItisthesimplestbitoflivingThispassageismostprobablytakenanews [B]a[C]aspecialized [D]asciencePassageisnolongertheworld’sbiggest bymarketcapitalization.Threeothercompanieshaveovertakenthesoftwaregiantintermsofstockmarketvalue.Thefirm’svaluehasgonesharplyby41%sofarthisyear,fromnearly$358billion.Muchofthereasonforthefallbeentheuncertaintypromptedbytheon-goinganti-trustcase.IthasbeenovertakenbyGeneralElectric,nowworth$506billion,In,worth$441billionandCiscoSystems,$436billion.Overthepastyear shareshavemoveddownwardsfromahighof$120to$68inearlytradingon7June.MeanwhilerivalCiscohasseenitssharepriceriseby$25tomorethan$60asthe hasgaineditsroleinprovidingthehardwarefortheInternet.AndformostoftheyearithasbeencompetingwithcomputerchipmakerInforthesecondce.In’sPentiumchipsarewidelyusedin alcomputersworldwide. thatnowholdsthetitleoftheworld’sbiggest isanindustrialgiantwhichmakeseverythingfromtoasterstojetengines.GEhassalesof$110billion—nearlytentimesthatof and340,000employeesworldwide.Ithasseenitsprofitsgrowby15%ayearto$11billion.GECapitalServices,itsfinancialsubsidiary,makeupnearlyhalfitssales.GEproducespowergenerationsystems, otive,medicalimagingequipmentandelectricalappliances.ItalsoownstheU.S.evisionnetworkNBCanditsfinancialnewssubsidiary,CNBC,andironically,ajointventurewith toprovidenewsontheInternet.’ssharesnowfaceafurtherperiodofuncertaintyasthe ’slegalbattlecontinues.Itcouldalsofacedifficultyinrecruitingandretainingemployeeswhosepayhasbeenboostedbytheirshareoptions.TheSeattlebasedfirmislikelytogotoanappealscourtonanyrulings.Itcouldsufferfurtherlossesfromlawsuitsbroughtbycompetitors,whowouldbeabletoclaimtripledamagesforanylossessuffered.Andwithitsenergyandresourcestiedupinthelawsuits,the mayfinditdifficulttocontinuetoinnovateinthefuture,ormovesoaggressivelytobuyupcompetitors.’ssharesaredevalueddrasticallyowingto fiercecompetitionfrom [B]itsinvolvementina[C]thecourt [D]thedecreaseinsalesCiscoSystems’sharepricehasrisen afterithasovertakenpartofsafterithasbeencompetingwithInandrisentothesecondsinceithasgainedafirmfootinginthebecauseitisdevelojointlyWhichisnowthesecond intheUnitedGeneral [B][C]Cisco [D]GECapitalWhichofthefollowingcompaniesisownedbyGeneralElectricandGECapital [B][C] [D]WhyisitdifficultfortoretainBecauseitfacesanuncertainBecauseitwillhaveprobleminnovatingBecauseitwillhaveproblempayingBecauseitmaybebroughtupbyitscompetitorsonePassageItisallverywel1toblametrafficjams,thecostofpetrolandthequickpaceofmodernlife,butmannersontheroadsare inghorrible.Everybodyknowsthatthenicestmen monstersbehindthewheel.Itisallverywell,againtohaveatigerinthe,buttohaveoneinthedriver’sseatisanothermatteraltogether.Youmighttoleratetheodd-road-hog,theruleandinconsideratedriver,butnowadaysthewell-manneredmotorististheexceptiontotherule.Perhapsthesituationcallsfora“BeKindtoOtherDrivers”n.Otherwiseitmaygetcompleyoutofhand.Roadpolitenessisnotonlygoodmanners,butgoodsensetoo.Ittakesthemostcool-headedandgood-temperedofdriverstoresistthetemptationtorevengewhensubjectedtouncivilizedbehavior.Ontheotherhand,alittlepolitenessgoesalongwaytowardsrelievingthetensionsofmotoring.Afriendlynodorawaveofacknowledgementinresponsetoanactofpolitenesshelpstocreateanatmosphereofgoodwillandtolerancesonecessaryinmoderntrafficconditions.Butsuchacknowledgementsofpolitenessarealltooraretoday.Manydriversnowadaysdon’tevenseemabletorecognizepolitenesswhentheyseeit.However,miscedpolitenesscanalsobedangerous.Typicalexamplesarethedriverwhobrakesviolentlytoallowacartoemergefromasidestreetatsomehazardtofollowingtraffic,whenafewsecondslatertheroadwouldbeclearanyway;orthemanwhowavesachildacrossazebracrossingintothepathof ingvehiclesthatmaybeunabletostopintime.Thesamegoesforencouragingoldladiestocrosstheroadwhereverandwhenevertheycareto.Italwaysamazesmethatthehighwaysarenotcoveredwiththedeadbodiesofthesegrannies.Avendriver,whosemannersarefaultless,toldmeitwouldhelpifmotoristslearnttofiltercorrectlyintotrafficstreamsoneatatimewithoutcausingthetotalblockagesthatgiverisetobadtemper.Unfortunay,modernmotoristscan’tevenlearntodrive,letalonemasterthesubtleraspectsofroadsmanship.Yearsagotheexpertswarnedusthatthecar-ownershipexplosionwoulddemandalotmoregive-and-takefromallroadusers.Itishightimeforallofustotakethismessagetoheart.Accordingtothepassage,troublesontheroadareprimarilycaused people’sattitudetowardstheroad-therhythmofmodernthebehaviorofthetrafficThesentence“Youmighttoleratetheoddroad-hog,therule.”(Para.1)implies oursocietyisunjusttowardswell-manneredrudedriverscanbemetonlythewell-manneredmotoristcannottoleratetheroad-nowadaysimpolitedriversconstitutethemajorityofBy“goodsense,”thewriter thedriver’sabilitytounderstandandreactthedriver’spromptresponsetodifficultandseverethedriver’stoleranceofrudeorevensavagethedriver’sacknowledgementofpolitenessandExpertshavelongpointedoutthatinthefaceofcar-ownership roadusersshouldmakemoredriversshouldbereadytoyieldtoeachdriversshouldhavemorecommunicationamongdriverswillsuffergreatlossiftheypaynorespecttoInthewriter’s stricttrafficregulationsarebadlydriversshouldapplyroadpolitenessrudedriversshouldbedriversshouldavoidtrafficPassagePracticallyspeaking,theicmaturingofthecinemawasthesingle-handedachievementofDavidW.Griffith(1875-1984).BeforeGriffith,photographyindramaticficonsistoflittlemorethancingtheactorsbeforeastationarycameraandshowingtheminfulllengthastheywouldhaveappearedonstage.Fromthebeginningofhiscareerasadirector,however,Griffith,becauseofhisloveofVictorianpainting,employedcomposition.Heconceivedofthecameraimageashavingaforegroundandareargroundaswellasthemiddledistancepreferredbymostdirectors.By1910hewasusingclose-upstorevealsignificantdetailsofthesceneoroftheactingandextremelongshottoachieveasenseofspectacleanddistance.Hisappreciationofthecamera’spossibilitiesproducednoveldramaticeffects.Bysplittinganeventintofragmentsandrecordingeachfromthemostsuitablecameraposition,hecouldsignificantlyvarytheemphasisfromcamerashottocameraGriffithalsoachieveddramaticeffectsbymeansofcreativeediting.Byjuxtaposingimagesandvaryingthespeedandrhythmoftheirpresentation,hecouldcontrolthedramaticintensitytheeventsasthestoryprogressed.Despitethereluctanceofhisproducers,whofearedthatthepublicwouldnotbeabletofollowaplotthatwasmadeupofsuchjuxtaposedimages,Griffithpersistedandexperimentedaswellwithotherelementsofcinematicsyntaxthathave estandardeversince.Theseincludedtheflashback,permittingbroadpsychologicalandemotionalexplorationaswellasnarrativethatwerenotchronological,andthecrosscutbetweentwoparallelactionstoheightensuspenseandexcitement.Inthusexploitingfullythepossibilitiesofediting,GriffithtransposeddevicesoftheVictoriannoveltofilmandgavefilmmasteryoftimeaswellasspace.Besidesdevelothecinema’slanguage,Griffithimmenselybroadeneditsrangeandtreatmentofsubjects.Hisearlyoutputwasremarkablyeclectic:itincludednotonlythestandardcomedies,melodramas,westerns,andthrillers,butalsosuchnoveltiesasadaptationsfromBrowningandTennyson,andtreatmentsofsocialissues.Ashissuccessesmounted,hisambitionsgrew,andwiththemthewholeofAmericancinemaWhenheremadeEnochArdenin1911,heinsistedthatasubjectofsuchimportancecouldnotbetreatedinthethenconventionallengthofonereel.Griffith’sintroductionoftheAmerican-mademulti-reelpicturebegananimmenserevolution.Twoyearslater,JudithofBethulkia,anelaboratehistorical-philosophicalspectacle,reachedtheunprecedentedlengthoffourreels,oronehour’srunningtime.Fromourcontemporaryviewpoint,thepretensionsofthisfilmmayseematrifleludicrous,butatthetimeitprovokedendlessdebateanddiscussionandgaveanewinlectualrespectabilitytothecinema.Themainpurposeofthepassageis deplorethestateofAmericancinemabeforetheadventofGriffith[B]describetheimpactoncinemaoftheflashbackandothereditinginnovations[C]yzethechangesonthecinemabroughtbytheintroductionofthemulti-reelfilm[D]discusstheimportanceofGriffithtothedevelopmentofthecinemaAccordingtothepassage,GriffithintroducedallthefollowingintoAmericancinemaEXCEPT dramaticplotssuggestedbyVictoriatheater[B]considerationofsocialissuesadaptationsfromphotographicapproachesinspiredbyVictoriaTheauthorsuggeststhatGriffith’sfilminnovationshadadirecteffectonallofthefollowingEXCEPT film [B]camera [C]sound [D]sceneItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbefore1910thenormalrunningtimeofafilm 15 [B]30 [C]45 [D]1Theunderlinedword“l(fā)udicrous”attheendofthelastparagraphmeans rich ic [B] [C] [D]PassageBarackObamaurgedcongressionalleadersonMondaytoactquicklytopassahugestimuluspackagefortheU.S.economy.HemetwithabipartisangroupoflawmakersonCapitolHill.LaterhemetindividuallywithDemocraticandRepublicanHouseandSenateleadersandspoketoabipartisanleadershipgathering.IncommentstoreportersearlyonMonday,heunderscoredtheurgencyoffinalizingeconomiclegislation.“Wehavegotanextraordinaryeconomicchallengeaheadofus,”hesaid.“Weareexpectingasoberingjobreportattheendoftheweek.NancyPelosiandherstaffhavebeenextraordinarilyhelpfulinworkingwithourteamsothatwecanshapeaneconomicrecoveryandreinvestmentnthatstartsputtingpeoplebacktowork.”Mr.ObamawantstaxcutsforindividualAmericansandbusinessestomakeupasignificantportionofexpectedlegislation.Thiscouldinvolveasmuchas$300billionofabillthatislikelyto$700billionandincludeaidtocash-poorU.S.states,andmoneyforalternativeenergyandarangeofinfrastructureprojects.Later,Mr.Obamasaidheexpectstobeabletosignlegislationassoonastheendofthismonth,addingthatquickactionisnecessaryto“breakthemomentumoftheU.S.EmerginglaterfrombipartisantalkswithMr.Obama,NancyPelosisaidlawmakersdiscussedwiththe-electhowtopassastimuluspackageasquicklyaspossible.“Aneconomicrecoverypackagethatwillcreatejobsimmediayandwillgrowtheeconomyandthatiswhatwetalkedabouttoday,”saidNancyPelosi.“Howwecoulddothisfast,deliberativelyandtoactuponitsoon.”Justhowsoonthatwouldbe,Pelosiwouldnotsay.HowmuchsupportDemocratscanobtainfromRepublicanswilldependonthedetails.ButtheseverityoftheU.S.recessionhascreatedconsiderablebipartisanbackingforquickaction.SenateMajorityLeader,HarryReidsaid,“ThereareinvestmentsthatweneedtomakeonbehalfoftheAmericanpeopletoturnaroundthiseconomy.Wefeltverygoodaboutthemeeting;weareconfidentthatwecandothisandwehavetodothis.”“IthinkthebestthingIcandoistodeclinetocommentonwhattheyaregoingtodogoingforward,”saidDanaPerino.“Obviously,wethinkthattaxcutsweretherightwaytohelpoureconomygetoutoftherecessionthatthisinheritedandweknowthattaxcutscanspurinnovation.”Askedbyreportershowlargetheeconomicstimuluspackagemightbe,SenateMajorityLeaderReidsaid -electObamaindicatedthatallbutoneofsome20economistsadvisinghimhadsaidi