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-土木匠程學院交通工程專業(yè)中英文翻譯RoadDesign專業(yè)：交通工程可編寫-英文原文TheBasicsofaGoodRoadWehaveknownhowtobuildgoodroadsforalongtime.ArchaeologistshavefoundancientEgyptianroadsthatcarriedblockstothepyramidsin4600BCE.Later,theRomansbuiltanextensiveroadsystem,usingthesameprinciplesweusetoday.Someoftheseroadsarestillinservice.Ifyoufollowthebasicconceptsofroadbuilding,youwillcreatearoadthatwilllast.Thetencommandmentsofagoodroadare:1）Getwaterawayfromtheroad2）Buildonafirmfoundation3）Usethebestmaterials4）Compactalllayersproperly5）Designfortrafficloadsandvolumes6）Designformaintenance7）Paveonlywhenready8）Buildfromthebottomup9）Protectyourinvestment10）Keepgoodrecords1．Getwaterawayfromtheroad可編寫Divert—Interceptorditches,locatedbetweentheroadandhighergroundalongtheroad,keepthewaterfromreachingtheroadway.Theseditchesmustslopesotheycarrywaterawayfromtheroad.Drain—Creatingacrownintheroadsoitishigheralongthecenterlinethanattheedgesencourageswatertoflowofftheroad.Typicallyapavedcrownshouldbethantheshoulderforeachfootofwidthfromthecenterlinetotheedge.Forgravelsurfacesthecrownshouldbe1?2"higherperfootofwidth.Forthisflowpathtowork,theroadsurfacemustbe可編寫Toomuchwaterinanylayerofaroad’sstructurecanweakenthatlayer,leadingtofailure.Inthesurfacelayer,watercancausecracksandpotholes.Inlowerlayersitunderminessupport,causingcracksandpotholes.Acommonsignofwaterinanasphaltroadsurfaceis-Wecan’toveremphasizetheimportanceofgooddrainage.Engineersestimatethatatleast90%ofaroadproblems’scanberelatedtoexcesswaterortopoorwaterdrainage.alligatorcracking—aninterconnectedpatternofcracksformingsmallirregularshapedpiecesthatlooklikealligatorskin.Edgecracking,frostheaves,andspringbreakupofpavementsalsopointtomoistureproblems.Topreventtheseproblemsrememberthatwater:?flowsdownhill?needstoflowsomeplace?isaproblemifitisnotflowingEffectivedrainagesystemsdivert,drainanddisposeofwater.Todothistheyuseinterceptorditchesandslopes,roadcrowns,andditchandculvertsystems.1?4"higher-relativelywatertight.Roadshouldersalsomustbeslopedawayfromtheroadtocontinuecarryingtheflowaway.Superelevations(banking)attheoutsideofcurveswillalsohelpdraintheroadsurface.Dispose—Aditchandculvertsystemcarrieswaterawayfromtheroadstructure.Ditchesshouldbeatleastonefootlowerthanthebottomofthegravelroadlayerthatdrainstheroadway.Theymustbekeptcleanandmustbeslopedtomovewaterintonaturaldrainage.Ifwaterstaysintheditchesitcanseepbackintotheroadstructureandundermineitsstrength.Ditchesshouldalsobeprotectedfromerosionbyplantinggrass,orinstallingrockandothererosioncontrolmeasures.Erosioncandamageshouldersandditches,clogculverts,undermineroadbeds,andcontaminatenearbystreamsandlakes.Evaluateyourditchandculvertsystemtwiceayeartoensurethatitworks.Inthefall,cleanoutleavesandbranchesthatcanblockflow.Inspring,checkforandremovesiltsfromplowingandanydeadplantmaterialleftfromthefall.2．BuildonafirmfoundationAroadisonlyasgoodasitsfoundation.Ahighwaywearsoutfromthetopdownbutfallsapartfromthebottom.Theroadbasemustcarrytheentirestructureandthetrafficthatusesit.Tomakeafirmfoundationyoumayneedtostabilizetheroadbedwithchemicalstabilizers,largestonecalledbreakerrun,orgeotextilefabric.Whenyourunintoconditionswhereyoususpectthatthenativesoilisunstable,workwithanengineertoinvestigatethesituationanddesignanappropriatesolution.3．Usethebestmaterials可編寫-Withallroadmaterialsyou“paynoworpaylaterInferior.materials”mayrequireextensivemaintenancethroughouttheroad’slife.Theymaylsoforceyoutoreplacetheroadprematurely.Crushedaggregateisthebestmaterialforthebasecourse.Thesharpanglesofthecrushedmaterialinterlockwhentheyarecompacted.Thissupportsthepavementandtrafficbytransmittingtheloadfromparticletoparticle.Bycontrast,roundedparticlesactlikeballbearings,movingunderloads.Angularparticlesaremorestablethanroundedparticles.Asphaltandconcretepavementmaterialsmustbeofthehighestquality,designedfortheconditions,obtainedfromestablishedfirms,andtestedtoensureitmeetsspecifications.4．CompactalllayersIngeneral,themoredenselyamaterialiscompacted,thestrongeritis.Compactionalsoshrinksoreliminatesopenspaces(voids)betweenparticles.Thismeansthatlesswatercanenterthestructure.Waterinsoilcanweakenthestructureorleadtofrostheaves.Thisisespeciallyimportantforunsurfaced(gravel)roads.Usegravelwhichhasamixofsizes(well-gradedaggregate)sosmallerparticlescanfillthevoidsbetweenlargerones.Goodcompactionofasphaltpavementlengthensitslife.5．DesignfortrafficloadsandvolumesDesignforthehighestanticipatedloadtheroadwillcarry.Aroadthathasbeendesignedonlyforcarswillnotstanduptotrucks.Onetruckwith9tonsonasinglerearaxledoesasmuchdamagetoaroadasnearly10,000cars.可編寫-Ruralroadsmaycarrylogtrucks,milktrucks,firedepartmentpumpertrucks,orconstructionequipment.Ifyoudon’tknowwhatspecificloadstheroadwillcarry,agoodruleofthumbistodesignforthelargestpieceofhighwaymaintenanceequipmentthatwillbeusedontheroad.Awell-constructedandmaintainedasphaltroadshouldlast20yearswithoutmajorrepairsorreconstruction.Indesigningaroad,usetrafficcountsthatprojectnumbersandsizesofvehicles20yearsintothefuture.Theseareonlyprojections,atbest,buttheywillallowyoutoplanfortrafficloadingsthrougharoad’slife.6．DesignformaintenanceWithoutmaintenancearoadwillrapidlydeteriorateandfail.Designyourroadssotheycanbeeasilymaintained.Thismeans:adequateditchesthatcanbecleanedregularlyculvertsthataremarkedforeasylocatinginthespring?enoughspaceforsnowafteritisplowedofftheroad?propercrossslopesforsafety,maintenanceandtoavoidsnowdriftsroadsidesthatareplantedortreatedtopreventerosionroadsidesthatcanbemowedsafelyAruleofthumbforadequateroadwidthistomakeitwideenoughforasnowplowtopassanothervehiclewithoutleavingthetravelledway.Markculvertswithapostsotheycanbelocatedeasily.7．PaveonlywhenreadyItisnotnecessarytopaveallyourroadsimmediately.Thereisnothingwrongwitha可編寫-well-builtandwellmaintainedgravelroadiftrafficloadsandvolumedonotrequireapavedsurface.Threehundredvehiclesperdayistherecommendedminimumtojustifypaving.Don’tassumethatlayingdownasphaltwillfixagravelroadthatisfailing.Beforeyoupave,makesureyouhaveanadequatecrushedstonebasethatdrainswellandisproperlycompacted.Therecommendedminimumdepthofcrushedstonebaseis10"dependingonsubgradesoils.Aroadpavedonlywhenitisreadywillfaroutperformonethatisconstructedtooquickly.8．êBuildfromthebottomupThiscommandmentmayseemobvious,butitmeansthatyoushouldn’ttopdressorresurfacearoadiftheproblemisinanunderlyinglayer.Beforeyoudoanyroadimprovement,locatethecauseofanysurfaceproblems.Chooseanimprovementtechniquethatwilladdresstheproblem.Thismaymeanrecyclingorremovingallroadmaterialsdowntothenativesoilandrebuildingeverything.Doinganyworkthatdoesntheproblem’tsolveisawasteofmoneyandeffort.9．êProtecyourinvestmentTheroadsystemcanbeyourmunicipality’investmentbiggest.Justasahomeneedspaintingoranewroof,aroadmustbemaintained.Wisconsin’ssevererequiresclimatemoreroadmaintenancethaninmilderplaces.Dotheseimportantmaintenanceactivities:Surface—grade,shape,patch,sealcracks,controldust,removesnowandiceDrainage—cleanandrepairditchesandculverts;removeallexcessmaterialRoadside—cutbrush,trimtreesandroadsideplantings,controlerosionTrafficservice—cleanandrepairorreplacesigns可編寫-Designroadswithadequateditchessotheycanbemaintainedwithamotorgrader.Cleanandgradeditchestomaintainproperpitchandpeakefficiency.Aftergrading,removeallexcessmaterialfromtheshoulder.10．KeepgoodrecordsYourmaintenancewillbemoreefficientwithgoodrecords.Knowingtheroad’sconstruction,life,andrepairhistorymakesitmucheasiertoplanandbudgetitsfuturerepairs.Recordscanalsohelpyouevaluatetheeffectivenessoftherepairmethodsandmaterialsyouused.Goodrecordkeepingstartswithaninventoryofthesystem.Itshouldincludethehistoryandsurfaceconditionoftheroadway,identifyandevaluateculvertsandbridges,noteditchconditions,shoulders,signs,andsuchstructuresasretainingwallsandguardrails.Updateyourinventoryeachyearorwhenyourepairorchangearoadsection.Aformalpavementmanagementsystemcanhelpusetheserecordsandplanandbudgetroadimprovements.ResourcesTheBasicsofaGoodRoad

#17649,UW-Madison,15min.videotape.PresentstheTenCommandmentsofaGoodRoad.VideotapesareloanedfreethroughCountyExtensionoffices.AsphaltPASERManual(39pp),ConcretePASERManual(48pp),GravelPASERManual(32pp).Thesebookletscontainextensivephotosanddescriptionsofroadsurfacestohelpyouunderstandtypesofdistressconditionsandtheircauses.Asimpleprocedureforratingtheconditionhelpsyoumanageyourpavementsandplanrepairs.Roadware,acomputerprogramwhichstoresandreportspavementcondition可編寫-information.DevelopedbytheTransportationInformationCenterandenhancedbytheWisconsinDepartmentofTransportation,itusesthePASERratingsystemtoprovidefive-yearcostbudgetsandroadwayrepair/reconstructionprioritylists.WisconsinTransportationBulletinfactsheets,availablefromtheTransportationInformationCenter(T.I.C.).RoadDrainage,No.4.Describesdrainageforroadways,shoulders,ditches,andculverts.GravelRoads,No.5.Discussesthecharacteristicsofagravelroadandhowtomaintainone.UsingSaltandSandforWinterRoadMaintenance,No.6.Basicinformationandpracticaltipsonhowtousede-icingchemicalsandsand.Culverts—ProperUseandInstallation,No.15.Selectingandsizingculverts,designing,installingandmaintainingthem.GeotextilesinRoadConstruction/MaintenanceandErosionControl,No.16.Definitionsandcommonapplicationsofgeotextilesonroadwaysandforerosioncontrol.T.I.C.workshopsareofferedatlocationsaroundthestate.Crossroads,an8quarterlynewsletterpublishedbytheT.I.C.carrieshelpfularticles,workshopinformation,andresourcelists.Formoreinformationonanyofthesematerials,contacttheT.I.C.at800/442-4615.可編寫-中文譯文一個優(yōu)秀的公路的基礎長遠以來我們已經掌握了怎樣鋪設好一條道路的方法，考古學家發(fā)此刻4600年古埃及使用建筑金字塔的石塊鋪設道路，此后，羅馬人使用相同的方法成立了一個宏大的道路系統(tǒng)，這類方法向來沿用到今日。此中的某些道路依舊發(fā)揮著作用。假如我們依照到路的基本觀點鋪設，將會建設一條長遠耐用的道路。以下是鋪設好一條道路的十點要求：盡量做好道路的排水路基的基礎必定要牢固采用經濟合理的鋪設資料鋪設的層次重要將就理設計好道路的最大車輛荷載做好設計保護準備工作做好才能鋪設鋪設從下往上開始估算好您的投資保持優(yōu)秀的記錄．盡量做好道路的排水可編寫-我們在怎么重申排水的重要性也不為過，工程師估計，起碼有90％的道路的問題可能與過量的道路積水或低質的排水設備相關。過多的水積攢在道路的結構層內，這樣會減弱結構層與基層的穩(wěn)固性，進而致使路基的損壞。在道路的面層，水分可能惹起路面開裂和裂痕內積水。在基層將惹起基層的支撐能力降落致使基層的損壞，會出現(xiàn)裂痕和坑洞。積水的一個共同的標記是瀝青路面開裂是龜裂的—裂痕相互之間互相關系，形成不規(guī)則的小塊看起來像鱷魚皮。邊沿的裂痕，熱脹冷縮，春季路面解凍的問題。為了防備此類的問題連續(xù)：1）水順邊坡下賤2）排到必需的地方3）假如水分不可以排出就會惹起問題。有效的排水系統(tǒng)，水分的排出和處理。為此，他們利用攔截水渠和斜坡，道路冠冕，溝渠和涵洞系統(tǒng)。轉移--攔截水渠，坐落在道路和路線較高的地點，進而使水能夠遠離道路。這些排水渠與邊坡能夠將水分實時排走。排水--成立在路上一頂王冠，所以沿中心線高于在邊沿鼓舞水流過馬路。往常，鋪設冠應當是1/4每頁寬度腳高于“每此中心線的寬度從山腳到邊沿的肩膀。礫石表面的冠應當是1/2高”。為此流路的工作，路面一定相對水密。路肩還一定遠離公路傾斜，連續(xù)承載著流走。Superelevations在曲線外（銀行）也將有助于drainthe路面。辦理—水渠，涵洞系統(tǒng)進行水離路面結構。水渠應起碼有一個腳比的礫石層，道路排水巷道底低。他們一定保持潔凈，一定傾斜遷入自然排水。假如在水渠的水留它能夠浸透回道路結構和削弱其力量。水渠也應遇到保護不受侵害，栽種草，或安裝巖石和其余水土保持舉措。侵害能夠損壞的肩膀和水渠，擁塞涵洞，損壞路基，并污染鄰近的河流和湖泊?？删帉?評估你的水渠和涵洞制度，每年兩次，以保證它能夠工作。到了秋季，樹葉和樹枝清理掉，能夠阻擋流動。在春季，檢查并除去耕作任何逝世的植物資料，從秋季走開淤泥。．路基的基礎必定要牢固阿路也只有在優(yōu)秀的基礎。一條公路穿從上而下，但瀑布從底部分開。道路基礎一定進行整個結構和交通使用它。為了使一個堅固的基礎，你可能需要用化學穩(wěn)固劑，穩(wěn)固路基，大石頭叫斷路器運轉，或土工織物。當你碰到條件下您思疑鄉(xiāng)土是不穩(wěn)固的，擁有工程師，檢查有關狀況，并設計一個適合的解決方法的工作。．采用經濟合理的鋪設資料全部道路資料的你“，此刻或此后付薪資?！钡唾|資料可能需要在整個公路的生命進行大規(guī)模維修。他們也可能迫使你以代替道經過早。人工砂石料是為基層的最正確資料。在粉碎物料互鎖銳角時，他們都將被壓縮。這支持經過傳輸負載從粒子與粒子之間的路面和交通。對比之下，像圓顆粒球軸承，在外力作用下的運動。瀝青混凝土路面資料一定是最高質量的企業(yè)從成立的條件下獲取的，設計和測試，以保證其切合規(guī)格。．鋪設的層次重要將就理在一般狀況下，更密集的物質被壓縮，這是越強。減小或除去壓實也粒子間空地（縫隙）。這意味著更少的水能夠進入的結構。土壤中水的結構能夠削弱或致使霜凍眼簾。這關于unsurfaced（礫石）道路重要。使用礫石此中有一個尺寸（優(yōu)秀級配碎石）的組合，以便更小的顆粒能夠填充較大的縫隙之間。好瀝青路面壓實延伸其壽命。．設計好道路的最大車輛荷載可編寫-設計最高負荷估計將進行的道路。一個是專為汽車的必由之路不會站起來卡車。9噸卡車之一，在一個后軸不以道路為近萬汽車造成很大傷害。鄉(xiāng)村道路可能攜帶日記卡車，牛奶車，消防部門消防車卡車，或施工設備。假如你不知道什么詳細的道路將進行加載，一個好的經驗法例是，設計為公路保養(yǎng)設備的最大一塊將在道路上使用。一個優(yōu)秀的結構和維修瀝青路面應連續(xù)無大修或重修20年。道路設計，使用交通計數(shù)的項目數(shù)目和20年到將來車輛的大小。這些只是是展望，在最好的，但他們將同意您計劃穿越道路交通負荷的生活。．做好設計保護無需維修道路將會快速惡化并失敗。設計你的道路，讓他們能夠很簡單地保持。這意味著：能夠按期清理水渠充分以方便用戶在春季定位標記暗渠雪足夠的空間是翻耕后走