一輪復(fù)習(xí)英語(yǔ)人教·全國(guó)版學(xué)案語(yǔ)法 第一部分 第四講 詞性轉(zhuǎn)換（構(gòu)詞法）

第四講詞性轉(zhuǎn)換(構(gòu)詞法)英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法主要有三種：合成、轉(zhuǎn)化和派生。合成是指將兩個(gè)意思不同的單詞結(jié)合成一個(gè)新詞；轉(zhuǎn)化是指一個(gè)單詞的詞形不變而由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種詞性；派生是指通過(guò)給一個(gè)單詞加前綴或后綴變成另一個(gè)詞。前綴一般改變?cè)~義而不改變?cè)~性，后綴一般改變?cè)~性而不改變?cè)~義。將構(gòu)詞法置于此處講解，一是對(duì)前面基礎(chǔ)詞法的匯總，二是為攻克后面的重難動(dòng)詞做鋪墊。動(dòng)詞、形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞[全析考法]單句語(yǔ)法填空/單句改錯(cuò)1．(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Thisswitchhasdecreased________(pollute)inthecountry'smajorlakesandreservoirsandmadedrinkingwatersaferforpeople.解析：pollutiondecrease“降低，減少”，為及物動(dòng)詞，后接名詞作賓語(yǔ)，故填名詞pollution。2．(2018·6月浙江高考)Researchershavefoundthatthereisadirectlinkbetweentheincreaseinfoodeatenoutsidethehomeandtherisein________(weigh)problems.解析：weight根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，此處表示體重方面的問(wèn)題，故此處填名詞作定語(yǔ)。3．(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithher________(educate)．解析：education前面有形容詞性物主代詞her，此處應(yīng)該使用動(dòng)詞educate的名詞形式education作賓語(yǔ)。4．(2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Chengduhasdozensofnewmillionaires,Asia'sbiggestbuilding,andfancynewhotels.Butfortouristslikeme,pandasareitstop________(attract)．解析：attraction此處作表語(yǔ)且前面由itstop修飾，應(yīng)該用attract的名詞形式attraction，意為“吸引人之物，誘惑物”。5．(2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius,wholivedfromroughly551to479B．C.,influencedthe__________(develop)ofchopsticks.解析：development根據(jù)空前面的the和空后面的of可知，此處需填develop的名詞形式development。6．(2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Myuncletellsmethatthekeytohissuccessishonest.________________解析：honest→honesty根據(jù)句意和結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處應(yīng)該使用名詞形式。[謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則]1．動(dòng)詞變名詞的后綴后綴例詞-ion/-tion/-sion/-ationcorrect→correction改正celebrate→celebration慶祝；慶祝會(huì)attract→attraction吸引conclude→conclusion結(jié)論；結(jié)束discuss→discussion討論；辯論decide→decision決定admit→admission接納；準(zhǔn)許入學(xué)invite→invitation邀請(qǐng)explain→explanation解釋graduate→graduation畢業(yè)expect→expectation期望-er/-ordrive→driver司機(jī)；駕駛員gather→gatherer收集者；采集者teach→teacher老師announce→announcer廣播員conduct→conductor指揮；售票員-mentpunish→punishment懲罰achieve→achievement功績(jī)；成就argue→argument辯論；論據(jù)treat→treatment對(duì)待；治療equip→equipment裝備；設(shè)備govern→government政府-ance/-enceappear→appearance出現(xiàn)；外貌guide→guidance指引；指導(dǎo)perform→performance表演；節(jié)目exist→existence存在；生存prefer→preference偏愛(ài)refer→reference參考；查閱-inghear→hearing聽(tīng)力；聽(tīng)覺(jué)begin→beginning開(kāi)始-ure/-turefail→failure失??；倒閉press→pressure壓力depart→departure離開(kāi)；出發(fā)mix→mixture混合；混合物-yrecover→recovery恢復(fù)；痊愈discover→discovery發(fā)現(xiàn)其他choose→choice選擇vary→variety多樣化；種類(lèi)tend→tendency趨向；趨勢(shì)2．形容詞變名詞的后綴后綴例詞-ageshort→shortage不足；短缺-cyefficient→efficiency效率；功效fluent→fluency流利；流暢accurate→accuracy準(zhǔn)確性private→privacy隱私；私密-domfree→freedom自由；自主wise→wisdom明智；智慧-encedifferent→difference差異silent→silence沉默-nessweak→weakness虛弱；弱點(diǎn)kind→kindness仁慈；好意careless→carelessness粗心大意-thstrong→strength力氣；強(qiáng)項(xiàng)warm→warmth溫暖；熱情-y/-ty/-ityhonest→honesty誠(chéng)實(shí)difficult→difficulty困難cruel→cruelty殘酷；殘暴safe→safety安全disable→disability無(wú)能；傷殘responsible→responsibility責(zé)任名詞、動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞[全析考法]單句語(yǔ)法填空1．(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Runningischeap,easyandit'salways________(energy)．解析：energetic根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處應(yīng)該使用與其前的cheap,easy相同形式的形容詞energetic作表語(yǔ)。2．(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)AccordingtotheWorldBank,Chinaaccountsforabout30percentoftotal________(globe)fertilizerconsumption.解析：global此處和total一起修飾名詞短語(yǔ)fertilizerconsumption，意為“全世界的化肥總消耗量”，故用其形容詞形式global作定語(yǔ)。3．(2018·6月浙江高考)Theobviousoneismoney;eatingoutonceortwiceaweekmaybe________(afford)butdoingthismostdaysaddsup.解析：affordable根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知此處作表語(yǔ)，所以要用形容詞形式。4．(2014·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Thereweremanypeoplewaitingatthebusstop,andsomeofthemlookedveryanxiousand________(disappoint)．解析：disappointed和前面的anxious并列，表示人的內(nèi)心活動(dòng)，應(yīng)使用-ed形式的形容詞，此處表示“他們中有些人看起來(lái)既焦慮又失望”。[謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則]后綴例詞-ableaccept→acceptable可接受的fort→fortable舒適的fashion→fashionable時(shí)髦的suit→suitable合適的reason→reasonable有道理的-almusic→musical音樂(lè)的origin→original最初的person→personal個(gè)人的；私人的centre→central中央的；中心的nature→natural自然的；天生的-fuldoubt→doubtful懷疑的forget→forgetful健忘的harm→harmful有害的hope→hopeful有希望的peace→peaceful和平的-edscare→scared感到恐懼的confuse→confused感到困惑的underline→underlined下劃線的-ingsurprise→surprising令人驚異的convince→convincing令人信服的satisfy→satisfying令人滿意的-ibleaccess→accessible容易取得的horror→horrible可怕的；恐怖的terror→terrible可怕的-iveact→active積極的；活躍的effect→effective有效的；生效的attract→attractive有吸引力的impress→impressive給人深刻印象的-ouscontinue→continuous不斷的；持續(xù)的anxiety→anxious憂慮的caution→cautious小心的；謹(jǐn)慎的curiosity→curious好奇的humor→humorous幽默的-sometire→tiresome令人厭倦的trouble→troublesome麻煩的-ytaste→tasty美味的；可口的health→healthy健康的wealth→wealthy富裕的；豐富的-erneast→eastern東方的；向東的-ishchild→childish孩子氣的fool→foolish愚蠢的；可笑的self→selfish自私的[特別注意]-ed形容詞多表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)，意為“感到……的”，通常修飾人；-ing形容詞多表示主語(yǔ)所具有的特征，意為“令人……的”，通常修飾物或事。形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為副詞[全析考法]Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空1．(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Atasteformeatis________(actual)behindthechange:Animportantpartofitscornisusedtofeedchickens,pigs,andcattle.解析：actually此處用副詞作狀語(yǔ)修飾系動(dòng)詞is。2．(2018·11月浙江高考)________(recent),caffeinehasfounditswayintoorange,apple,andotherflavoreddrinks.解析：Recently此處考查時(shí)間副詞作狀語(yǔ)，故填Recently。3．(2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Thetitlewillbe________(official)giventomeataceremonyinLondon.解析：officially此處表示(大使)這個(gè)頭銜將在倫敦的一個(gè)儀式上正式授予給我，分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，應(yīng)該使用副詞officially作狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞given。4．(2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Recentstudiesshowthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaks________(regular)．解析：regularly此處需要用副詞修飾動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)“takeshortbreaks”。5．(2015·廣東高考)________(lucky),healsohadacowwhichproducedmilkeveryday.解析：Luckily此處為副詞用于句首修飾整個(gè)句子，表示狀態(tài)。Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)1．(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Ifelthappilythattheirlifehadimproved.________________解析：happily→happy動(dòng)詞felt在此處是系動(dòng)詞，意為“覺(jué)得，感覺(jué)”，其后應(yīng)該使用形容詞happy作表語(yǔ)。2．(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)ItwasareliefandIcametoasuddenlystopjustinthemiddleoftheroad.________________解析：suddenly→sudden此處需要用形容詞修飾后面的名詞stop，表示“突然的停止”。3．(2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Instead,hehopesthathisbusinesswillgrowsteady.________________解析：steady→steadily謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞grow是不及物動(dòng)詞，意為“增長(zhǎng)，增強(qiáng)”，此處應(yīng)該使用副詞steadily作狀語(yǔ)修飾grow。growsteadily意為“穩(wěn)定地增長(zhǎng)”。4．(2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Atonetime,Ievenfeltmyparentscouldn'tunderstandmesoIhopedIcouldbefreelyfromthem.________________解析：freely→free此處需要用形容詞作表語(yǔ)。befreefromthem“擺脫他們”。5．(2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)DadandIwereterribleworried.________________解析：terrible→terribly此處應(yīng)用副詞terribly修飾形容詞worried。[謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則]類(lèi)別例詞直接加-lyclear→clearly清楚地great→greatly很，大大地以輔音字母＋y結(jié)尾的形容詞，變y為i再加-lyhappy→happily高興地heavy→heavily沉重地詞尾為ble/le的形容詞，去掉e，再加-yterrible→terribly可怕地；極度地gentle→gently輕輕地詞尾為ue的形容詞，去掉e再加-lytrue→truly真實(shí)地詞尾為ll的形容詞，直接加-yfull→fully充分地；完全地dull→dully遲鈍地詞尾為-ic的形容詞，加-allybasic→basically主要地，基本上scientific→scientifically合乎科學(xué)地語(yǔ)法填空解題“2策略”1．利用句子成分確定詞性(1)如果要填的詞在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)要考慮名詞形式。(2)如果要填的詞作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，要想到用形容詞；如果作狀語(yǔ)，要想到用副詞。2．根據(jù)修飾詞或被修飾詞確定詞性(1)如果要填的詞被形容詞、定冠詞或形容詞性物主代詞修飾，此時(shí)要考慮用名詞形式。(2)如果要填的詞修飾名詞，要想到用形容詞；如果修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，要想到用副詞。據(jù)第1條解題1．Thisgivesthepaintingsdeepermeaning(mean)andmoreelegance.2．Grasslandisdestroyedwithoutmercysothatduststormseintobeingaffectingdistant_(distance)cities.3．Theoldpeoplethereweretalkativeandtheytoldustheirpersonal(person)storiescheerfully.4．Aftersometime,whenbothofyouhaverenewedyourconfidence(confident)ineachother,gobacktothetimewhenyounearlyfellapart.5．Therefore,let'staketheresponsibility(responsible)tobuildupalow-carboncitybyridingbicycles.eonandjoinus!據(jù)第2條解題6．However,behindhisphysicalappearance(appear),Carryisawarm,fun-loving,intelligentperson.7．Yourideasareveryinteresting,butweneedpractical(practice)suggestionstogetusoutoftrouble.8．Duringthattimeanumberofproductive(product)poetsturnedoutasmanyas50,000classicalpoems.9．Itwasalwaysapleasure(pleasant)tovisitthesetwosisters.10．TheyallefromtheplantCamelliasinensis(茶樹(shù)),andaresimply(simple)processedindifferentways.短文改錯(cuò)解題“2視角”1．看被修飾詞或平行成分(1)如果修飾名詞，要用形容詞；(2)如果修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞和分詞應(yīng)用副詞；(3)修飾人，表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)，意為“感到……的”，用-ed形容詞；修飾物或事，表示主語(yǔ)所具有的特征，意為“令人……的”，用-ing形容詞；(4)注意其平行成分的詞性。2．看句子成分(1)作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，要想到應(yīng)用形容詞。(2)作狀語(yǔ)要想到應(yīng)用副詞。據(jù)第1條解題1．Iworkedasareporterforourschoolnewspaperlastyear,whichIthinkwillcertainhelpmedothejobbetter.certain→certainly2．ItwaswhenIbroughttheminattheduskthatIfoundsomethingterriblyhappened._terribly→terrible3．“Todayismyfather'sbirthday？”Zhangweiwasalittlepuzzling.puzzling→puzzled4．Atthismoment,Ierested→interesting5．EveryonepraisedAhBaoforhisbraveandkindness.brave→bravery據(jù)第2條解題6．Irestartedtopickupmyconfidentagain.confident→confidence7．Thenextmorningwhenhewasout,thehotelworkerhammeredanailexactwherethe“fly”hadbeen.exact→exactly8．IwaslostinhappybecauseIdidalittleforastrangerbutIgainedalot._happy→happiness9．Tomyjoyful,herepliedthathegaveittoahomelessman.joyful→joy10．Toconclude,Iamreadilytotakeonthejob.readily→readyeq\a\vs4\al([語(yǔ)篇綜合檢測(cè)])Ⅰ.語(yǔ)法填空BritishEnglishmayhaveefirst,butaroundtheworld,theAmericanwayofspellingisnowfarmorepopular.An__1__(accuracy)examinationofthesetwovariantsoftheEnglishlanguage__2__(show)thatpublicationsnowlargelyusetheAmericanversion,__3__(swap)wordslike“centre”for“center”afterthe1880s.Accordingtothedata,thisshift__4__(strengthen)aroundthetimeofWorldWarⅠ.Around1880,__5__AmericanEnglishbegantocrossintowideruseamongmanywords,including“grey”and“flavour”，BritishEnglishcanbeseendwindling(縮小)．AfterWorldWarⅠ，theworldalsobegantoprefer“defense”__6__theBritishEnglishversion,“defence”．Formanyyears,BritishEnglishmaintained__7__(it)holdon“honour”，strugglingwiththeAmericanversionforyearsbeforethetwoflip-flopped(突然轉(zhuǎn)向反向)in__8__(popular)aroundtheworld.However,AmericanEnglishwasin__9__leadinthe1970sas“honor”__10__(increasing)becamethemorespellingofchoice.語(yǔ)篇解讀：本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了在英語(yǔ)拼寫(xiě)方面由英式英語(yǔ)占主導(dǎo)到美式英語(yǔ)更受人歡迎這一轉(zhuǎn)變。1．a(chǎn)ccurate考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換?？仗幮揎椕~examination，故用形容詞accurate“準(zhǔn)確的”。2．shows考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)及主謂一致。此處是對(duì)客觀情況的敘述，故應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；句子主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)名詞examination，故謂語(yǔ)用第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式。3．swapping考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處作非謂語(yǔ)，且publications與swap之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，因此用現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。4．strengthened/wasstrengthened考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“aroundthetimeofWorldWarⅠ”可知用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。strengthen“(使)變強(qiáng)”可以作及物動(dòng)詞，也可以作不及物動(dòng)詞，故此處可以用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)也可以用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。5．when考查定語(yǔ)從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞為表示時(shí)間的Around1880，關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，因此用when。6．to考查介