納斯卡線與文化

Nazcalinesandculture----納斯卡線與文化資料來(lái)自網(wǎng)絡(luò)致謝納斯卡線條(NazcaLines)納斯卡線條(NazcaLines)位于秘魯南部的納斯卡地區(qū)，是存在了2000年的謎局：一片綿延幾公里的線條，構(gòu)成各種生動(dòng)的圖案，鑲刻在大地之上，至今仍無(wú)人能破解——究竟是誰(shuí)創(chuàng)造了納斯卡線條、它們又是怎樣創(chuàng)造出來(lái)的、神秘線條背后意味著什么，因此納斯卡線條被列入十大迷團(tuán)。TheNazcaLines【’n?zk?】areaseriesofancientgeoglyphslocatedintheNazcaDesertinsouthernPeru.TheyweredesignatedasaUNESCOWorldHeritageSitein1994.Thehigh,aridplateaustretchesmorethan80kilometres(50

mi)betweenthetownsofNazcaandPalpaonthePampasdeJumanaabout400

kmsouthofLima.AlthoughsomelocalgeoglyphsresembleParacasmotifs，scholarsbelievetheNazcaLineswerecreatedbytheNazcaculturebetween400and650AD.Thehundredsofindividualfiguresrangeincomplexityfromsimplelinestostylizedhummingbirds,spiders,monkeys,fish,sharks,orcas,llamas,andlizards."Thegeometriconescouldindicatetheflowofwaterorbeconnectedtoritualstosummonwater.Thespiders,birds,andplantscouldbefertilitysymbols.Otherpossibleexplanationsinclude:irrigationschemesorgiantastronomicalcalendars.“

TheHummingbird

TheCondor

TheHeron

The"Giant"

TheSpider

ThePelican

TheDog

TheHands

Duetothedry,windless,andstableclimateoftheplateauanditsisolation,forthemostpartthelineshavebeenpreserved.Extremelyrarechangesinweathermaytemporarilyalterthegeneraldesigns.DiscoveryandconstructionContrarytothepopularbeliefthatthelinesandfigurescanonlybeseenwiththeaidofflight,theyarevisiblefromatopthesurroundingfoothills.TheywerefirstdiscoveredbythePeruvianarchaeologistToribioMejiaXesspe,whospottedthemwhenhikingthroughthefoothillsin1927.HediscussedthemataconferenceinLimain1939.PaulKosok,ahistorianfromLongIslandUniversity,iscreditedasthefirstscholartoseriouslystudytheNazcaLines.Inthecountryin1940-41tostudyancientirrigationsystems,heflewoverthelinesandrealizedthatonewasintheshapeofabird.AnotherchancehelpedhimseehowlinesconvergedatthewintersolsticeintheSouthernHemisphere.Hebegantostudyhowthelinesmighthavebeencreated,aswellastotrytodeterminetheirpurpose.HewasjoinedbyMariaReiche,aGermanmathematicianandarchaeologisttohelpfigureoutthepurposeoftheNazcaLines.Theyproposedoneoftheearliestreasonsfortheexistenceofthefigures;tobemarkersonthehorizontoshowwherethesunandothercelestialbodiesrose.Archeologists,historiansandmathematicianshaveallstruggledwithdeterminingthepurposeofthelines.一架飛機(jī)從“蜘蛛”上飛過(guò)順著這位考古學(xué)家阿爾貝托·厄爾巴諾手指的方向看過(guò)去，一條蜿蜒的小路標(biāo)出一副神秘圖形的輪廓，顯然這就是神奇的納斯卡線條。在遠(yuǎn)處，厄爾巴諾步測(cè)著巨大圖形中不規(guī)則四邊形的寬度，這個(gè)四邊形切斷了這些連續(xù)的渦流狀線條。自十九世紀(jì)二十年代末，納斯卡線條變得廣為人知，一波又一波的科學(xué)家和業(yè)余愛(ài)好者強(qiáng)加給納斯卡線條不同的闡釋，仿佛它們是世界上最大的“羅下墨圖”一般。AncientAstronaut

？？GridsandLeyLinesTrapezoidWing(AscensionofConsciousness)

HummingbirdorPhoenix(Creation)

CondorSpider

Flower自山坡上向外凝望，一個(gè)一百英尺（約30米）高、有貓頭鷹眼的圖形赫然在目，它可能是由納斯科時(shí)期一直占據(jù)此地的古代帕拉斯卡人所制作的。之后，隨著季風(fēng)雨所形成的洪水沖刷掉了周圍的地形和圖形中的鐵銹色的巖石，顯露出下層的黃砂。據(jù)說(shuō)這只金剛鸚鵡出土于卡瑞茲勒斯地區(qū)的納斯卡墓地。由于這片地區(qū)氣候又熱又干燥的緣故，這只金剛鸚鵡被自然風(fēng)干，從而很好的保護(hù)了它鮮艷的顏色。這種金剛鸚鵡來(lái)自于遙遠(yuǎn)的亞馬遜雨林，它很可能是被作為寵物來(lái)豢養(yǎng)，最終與它的主人一同埋葬。這條出自卡華奇在慶典儀式上使用的鑲邊圍巾，其上好似好似長(zhǎng)發(fā)頭顱的編織物在與真實(shí)生活中獻(xiàn)祭的頭顱十分相似。這種神圣的納斯卡符號(hào)反襯出他們當(dāng)時(shí)的物質(zhì)文化。這是一只陶土做的猴子，手里似乎抓著一碗花生，這只陶猴發(fā)現(xiàn)在卡華奇慶典儀式現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，它也許代表了一種由納斯卡上流人士所養(yǎng)的寵物。沿著南美洲大西洋沿岸的貿(mào)易，可能會(huì)將現(xiàn)在屬于厄爾瓜多赤道森林中的白額卷尾猴、蜘蛛猴和棕色絨毛猴帶入納斯卡區(qū)域。還有一只靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物呈現(xiàn)了神話般的尺寸，身長(zhǎng)三百多英尺（約90多米），在沙漠地表栩栩如生。塞羅布蘭科是世界上最高的沙丘之一，它矗立在沙漠中央，海拔約6800英尺（約2040米）。納斯卡當(dāng)?shù)厝苏f(shuō)，在沙丘中央有個(gè)湖泊，并認(rèn)為它是水的源頭。時(shí)至今日，此種觀念仍在當(dāng)?shù)厝酥虚g延續(xù)。而且，常有一些人攜帶著獻(xiàn)祭用的陶土器皿行至沙丘頂部朝圣，正如一千三百多年前的古代納斯卡人那么做的一樣。自從這一宗教中心衰落之后（專家們?nèi)耘f對(duì)它衰落的真正原因爭(zhēng)論不休），納斯卡開(kāi)始建造深井蓄水池來(lái)承接山間的雨水。

一位工作者正在道路上灑水以解決cantayoc溝渠的浮塵。這是觀光者最喜歡探索的通往普基奧的古代通道之一。一座由井構(gòu)成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，石頭鑄成的通道將其連接起來(lái)。納斯卡建造開(kāi)發(fā)的蓄水池現(xiàn)在仍能為當(dāng)?shù)氐纳鐓^(qū)提供水源?？拷_布蘭科的地方，一棵枯死的“huarango”樹(shù)仍矗立著，昭示著這里曾經(jīng)是一片提供陰涼的蔥郁樹(shù)林。一些科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，由于清理地面搞農(nóng)業(yè)耕作，納斯卡現(xiàn)在已變得比以前更加干燥了。Determininghowtheyweremadehasbeeneasierthanfiguringwhytheyweremade.ScholarshavetheorizedtheNazcapeoplecouldhaveusedsimpletoolsandsurveyingequipmenttoconstructthelines.Archaeologicalsurveyshavefoundwoodenstakesinthegroundattheendofsomelines,whichsupportthistheory.Onesuchstakewascarbon-datedandwasthebasisforestablishingtheageofthedesigncomplex.ThescholarJoeNickelloftheUniversityofKentuckyhasreproducedthefiguresbyusingtoolsandtechnologyavailabletotheNazcapeople.TheNationalGeographiccalledhiswork"remarkableinitsexactness"whencomparedtotheactuallines.Withcarefulplanningandsimpletechnologies,asmallteamofpeoplecouldrecreateeventhelargestfigureswithindays,withoutanyaerialassistance.Ontheground,mostofthelinesareformedbyashallowtrenchwithadepthofbetween10

cm(3.9

in)and15

cm(5.9

in).Suchtrenchesweremadebyremovingthereddish-brownironoxide-coatedpebblesthatcoverthesurfaceoftheNazcadesert.Whenthisgravelisremovedthelight-coloredearthwhichisexposedinthebottomofthetrenchproduceslineswhichcontrastsharplyincolorandtonewiththesurroundinglandsurface.Thissublayercontainshighamountsoflimewhich,withthemorningmist,hardenstoformaprotectivelayerthatshieldsthelinesfromwinds,therebypreventingerosion.TheNazca"drew"severalhundredsimplebuthugecurvilinearanimalandhumanfiguresbythistechnique.Intotal,theearthworkprojectishugeandcomplex:theareaencompassingthelinesisnearly500squarekilometres(190

sq

mi),andthelargestfigurescanspannearly270metres(890

ft).SomeofthemeasurementsforthefiguresincludethattheHummingbirdis93meters(310

ft)long,theCondoris134meters(440

ft),theMonkeyis93meters(310

ft)by58meters(190

ft),andtheSpideris47meters(150

ft).Theextremelydry,windless,andconstantclimateoftheNazcaregionhaspreservedthelineswell.TheNazcadesertisoneofthedriestonEarthandmaintainsatemperaturearound25°C(77

°F)allyearround.Thelackofwindhashelpedkeepthelinesuncoveredandvisibletothepresentday.Thediscoveryoftwonewsmallfigureswasannouncedinearly2011byaJapaneseteamfromYamagataUniversity.OneoftheseresemblesahumanheadandisdatedtotheearlyperiodofNazcacultureorearlierandtheother,undated,ananimal.InMarch2012theuniversityannouncedthatanewresearchcenterwouldbeopenedatthesiteinSeptember2012tostudytheareaforthenext15years.Theteamhasbeendoingfieldworktheresince2006whenitfoundabout100newgeoglyphs.PurposeArcheologists,ethnologists,andanthropologistshavestudiedtheancientNazcacultureandthecomplextotrytodeterminethepurposeofthelinesandfigures.OnehypothesisisthattheNazcapeoplecreatedthemtobeseenbytheirgodsinthesky.KosokandReicheadvancedapurposerelatedtoastronomyandcosmology:thelineswereintendedtoactasakindofobservatory,topointtotheplacesonthedistanthorizonwherethesunandothercelestialbodiesroseorsetinthesolstices.ManyprehistoricindigenousculturesintheAmericasandelsewhereconstructedearthworksthatcombinedsuchastronomicalsightingwiththeirreligiouscosmology,asdidthelaterMississippiancultureatCahokiainpresent-dayUnitedStates.AnotherexampleisStonehengeinEngland.But,GeraldHawkinsandAnthonyAveni,expertsinarchaeoastronomy,concludedin1990thattherewasinsufficientevidencetosupportsuchanastronomicalexplanation.Reicheassertedthatsomeorallofthefiguresrepresentedconstellations.By1998,PhyllisB.Pitluga,aprotégéofReicheandseniorastronomerattheAdlerPlanetariuminChicago,hadconcludedthattheanimalfigureswere"representationsofheavenlyshapes.Butshecontendsthattheyarenotshapesofconstellationsbutofwhatmightbecalledcounterconstellations,theirregular-shapeddarkpatcheswithinthetwinklingexpanseoftheMilkyWay."Avenicriticizedherworkforfailingtoaccountforallthedetails.In1985,thearchaeologistJohanReinhardpublishedarchaeological,ethnographic,andhistoricaldatademonstratingthatworshipofmountainsandotherwatersourcespredominatedinNazcareligionandeconomyfromancienttorecenttimes.Hetheorizedthatthelinesandfigureswerepartofreligiouspracticesinvolvingtheworshipofdeitiesassociatedwiththeavailabilityofwater,whichdirectlyrelatedtothesuccessandproductivityofcrops.Heinterpretedthelinesassacredpathsleadingtoplaceswherethesedeitiescouldbeworshiped.Thefiguresweresymbolsrepresentinganimalsandobjectsmeanttoinvokethegods'aidinsupplyingwater.But,theprecisemeaningsofmanyoftheindividualgeoglyphsremainunsolvedasof2012.HenriStierlin,aSwissarthistorianspecializinginEgyptandtheMiddleEast,publishedabookin1983linkingtheNazcaLinestotheproductionofancienttextilesthatarcheologistshavefoundwrappingmummiesoftheParacasculture.Hecontendedthatthepeoplemayhaveusedthelinesandtrapezesasgiant,primitiveloomstofabricatetheextremelylongstringsandwidepiecesoftextilethataretypicalofthearea.Byhistheory,thefigurativepatterns(smallerandlesscommon)weremeantonlyforritualisticpurposes.Thistheoryisnotwidelyaccepted,althoughscholarshavenotedsimilaritiesinpatternsbetweenthetextilesandtheNazcaLines,whichtheytakeassharinginacommonculture.Alternativeexplanations

Satellitepictureofanareacontaininglines.Northistotheright.(Coordinates:14°43′S75°08′W14.717°S75.133°W)PhillisPitluga,seniorastronomerattheAdlerPlanetarium&AstronomyMuseumandaprotégéofReiche,didcomputer-aidedstudiesofstaralignments.SheassertedthatthegiantspiderfigureisananamorphicdiagramoftheconstellationOrion.ShefurthersuggestedthatthreeofthestraightlinesleadingtothefigurewereusedtotrackthechangingdeclinationsofthethreestarsofOrion'sBelt.Inacritiqueofheranalysis,Dr.AnthonyF.Aveninotedthatshedidnotaccountfortheothertwelvelinesofthefigure;hecommentedgenerallyonherconclusions,saying:Ireallyhadtroublefindinggoodevidencetobackupwhatshecontended.Pitluganeverlaidoutthecriteriaforselectingthelinesshechosetomeasure,nordidshepaymuchattentiontothearchaeologicaldataClarksonandSilvermanhadunearthed.Hercasedidlittlejusticetootherinformationaboutthecoastalcultures,saveapplying,withsubtlecontortions,Urton'srepresentationsofconstellationsfromthehighlands.AshistorianJacquettaHawkesmightask:wasshegettingthepampashedesired?Someindividualsproposealternativehypotheses.TheSwissauthorErichvonD?nikensuggeststheNazcalinesandothercomplexconstructionsrepresenthighertechnologicalknowledgethancommonlybelievedtobeexistingwhentheglyphswerecreated.VonD?nikenmaintainsthattheNazcalinesinPeruarerunwaysofanancientairfieldthatwasusedbyextraterrestrialsmistakenbythenativestobetheirgods.Histheoryhasnotbeenacceptedbyscholars.JimWoodmannbelievesthattheNazcaLinescouldnothavebeenmadewithoutsomeformofmannedflighttoseethefiguresproperly.Basedonhisstudyofavailabletechnology,hesuggeststhatahotairballoonwastheonlypossiblemeansofflight.Totestthishypothesis,Woodmannmadeahot-airballoonusingmaterialsandtechniquesthatheunderstoodtobeavailabletotheNazcapeople.Theballoonflew,afterafashion.MostscholarshaverejectedWoodmann‘sthesisasadhoc，becauseofthelackofanyevidenceofsuchballoons.NazcaPlainTheNazcaplainisvirtuallyuniqueforitsabilitytopreservethemarkingsuponit,duetothecombinationoftheclimate(oneofthedriestonEarth,withonlytwentyminutesofrainfallperyear)andtheflat,stonygroundwhichminimisestheeffectofthewindatgroundlevel.Withnodustorsandtocovertheplain,andlittlerainorwindtoerodeit,linesdrawnheretendtostaydrawn.Thesefactors,combinedwiththeexistenceofalighter-coloredsubsoilbeneaththedesertcrust,provideavastwritingpadthatisideallysuitedtotheartistwhowantstoleavehismarkforeternity.Thepebbleswhichcoverthesurfaceofthedesertcontainferrousoxide.Theexposureofcenturieshasgiventhemadarkpatina.Whenthegravelisremoved,theycontrastwiththecol