《英語翻譯理論》

Chapter3Diction.

Inordertomakeanaccurateandsmoothtranslation,atranslatorshouldconsiderhowtofindawordorwordsbywhichtheoriginalideamaybemostaptlyexpressed.Diction,thechoiceofwordsandphrasestoexpressmeaning,isthereforeoneofthebasictechniques.Themeaningofawordisitsuseinthelanguage,notonlyitsdefinitionsinthedictionary.Adictionarydoesnotrequireaparticularsenseofawordbutrecordstheusesthathavebeenfoundforit.Nowandthenawordisintheprocessofacquiringanewsense.Thedictionarydefinitionisforthemostpartarecordofthedenotationofawordandoftencannotgiveitsconnotation.Wordsdonothavemeanings;peoplehavemeaningsforwords.Eachwordwhenusedinanewcontextisanewword.Beginnersoftenrigidlyadheretotheverbalconsistencyofwordsintwolanguages,whileneglectingtheircontextualconsistency.Careshouldthereforebetakenintranslatingtodeterminefromthecontexttheexactshadeofmeaningofawordandthechoiceofanappropriateonetoexpressthemeaninginthetargetversion..3.1ChoiceofAffectiveMeaningsAffectivemeaningreferstowhatiscommunicatedofthefeelingsandattitudesofthewritertowardsthereader.Youmayaddresssomebodyasan“idiot”toconveyyourdespise,ordescribesomethingas“marvelous”toexpressyourpositiveevaluation.Therearebasicallythreetypesofaffectivemeanings:positive,neutral,andderogatory.PositiveNeutralDerogatoryportly(發(fā)福的)overweight(超重的)obese（臃腫的）slender,slim(苗條的)underweight(體重不夠的)skinny(瘦削的)senior,elder（長者）oldman/woman(老人)fossil(老朽).

Somewordswhenusedindifferentcontextsmayhavedifferentaffectivemeanings.Intranslating,itissignificanttodeterminetheimplicationsofthesewordsaccordingtothecontext.WordsPositiveNeutralDerogatorydeath仙逝，長眠死，死亡一命嗚呼，見鬼result成果結(jié)果后果ambition雄心，抱負(fù)志向，強烈欲望野心scheme計劃，規(guī)劃，方案陰謀，詭計，計謀collaborate合作，協(xié)作與敵勾結(jié)，通敵.Stillmoreimportanttotranslationisthefactthattheaffectivemeaningsofsomewordsareculture-bound.Thatis,becauseofthedifferencesbetweenthetwocultures,awordiscommendatoryinEnglish,butitsequivalentinChineseisderogatory,orviceversa,hencethenecessitytomakecertainchangesintranslation.1.individualism:①feelingorbehaviourofapersonwholikestodothingshis/herownway,regardlessofwhatotherpeopledo;②theorythatfavoursfreeactionandcompletelibertyofbeliefforeachindividualperson;③theideathattherightsandfreedomoftheindividualarethemostimportantrightsinasociety.

個人主義：一切從個人出發(fā)，把個人利益放在集體利益之上，只顧自己，不顧別人的錯誤思想。個人主義是生產(chǎn)資料私有制的產(chǎn)物，是資產(chǎn)階級世界觀的核心。它的表現(xiàn)形式是多方面的，如個人英雄主義、自由主義、本位主義等。

Therefore,individualism(中性詞)≠個人主義（貶義詞）≈個體主義.2.liberalism:liberalopinionsorprinciples,esp.withregardtosocialandpoliticalmatters;liberal:①willingtounderstandandrespecttheideasandfeelingsofothers;②supportingorallowingsomechange,e.g.inpoliticalorreligiousaffairs;③encouragingorleadingtoawidegeneralknowledge,widepossibilitiesforself-expression,andrespectforotherpeople’sopinions;④givingfreelyandgenerously;⑤givenfreely;large;⑥neitherclosenorveryexact.

自由主義：①19世紀(jì)和20世紀(jì)初期的一種資產(chǎn)階級政治思想。自由主義者代表資產(chǎn)階級的利益，反對政治的、社會的和宗教的束縛，在歷史上曾經(jīng)起過進步的作用。但在資產(chǎn)階取得政權(quán)后，自由主義就成了掩飾資產(chǎn)階級統(tǒng)治的幌子。②革命隊伍中的一種錯誤的思想作風(fēng)，主要表現(xiàn)是缺乏原則性，無組織，無紀(jì)律，強調(diào)個人利益等。

Therefore,liberalism(中性詞)≠自由主義（貶義詞）.

3.pragmatism:pragmaticwaysofconsideringanddealingwiththings;pragmatic:dealingwithmattersinthewaythatseemsbestundertheactualconditions,ratherthanfollowingageneralprinciple;concernedwithpracticalresults.

實用主義：現(xiàn)代資產(chǎn)階級哲學(xué)的一個派別，創(chuàng)始于美國。它的主要內(nèi)容是否認(rèn)世界的物質(zhì)性和真理的客觀性，把客觀存在和主觀經(jīng)驗等同起來，認(rèn)為有用的就是真理，思維只是應(yīng)付環(huán)境解決疑難的工具。

Therefore,pragmatism(褒義詞)≠實用主義（貶義詞）.

Meaningmeansintention.Words,phrases,orsentencesoftenconveyauthors’feelingsorattitudestowardscertainideasorviewpoints.Intranslation,wehavetochoosethemostproperandsuitablewordsfromourown“thesaurus”toexpressauthors’originalintentionsaccordingtothecontext.Becarefultoconveytheintentionoftheauthor,notthatofthetranslator.Examples:1.Aggressivenationsthreatenworldpeace.侵略成性的國家威脅世界和平。

Asalesmanmustbeaggressiveifhewantstosucceed.推銷員如要成功，必須有闖勁。2.Heincitedthesoldierstofightbravely.他激勵士兵勇敢作戰(zhàn)。

Hewaschargedwithincitingpeopletoviolence.他被控煽動人們暴動。3.Everydoghashisday.人人皆有得意之時。4.“Youchicken!”hecried,lookingatTomwithcontempt.“你這膽小鬼！”她輕蔑地看著湯姆嚷道。.Drills3.1(1)Compareandtranslatedthefollowingwordswiththehelpofdictionaries:crowd;mobdeepdealings;adeepscholarpraise;boastchildlike;childishsteadfast;obstinatestatesman;politician(2)ComparethemeaningsandimplicationsoftheEnglishandChinesewords:peasant,農(nóng)民dragon,龍propaganda,宣傳goat,山羊compromise,妥協(xié)westwind,西風(fēng).peasant:（貶）apersonwithouteducationorgoodmanners;apersonwithroughunrefinedmanners,無教養(yǎng)的人，粗野的人，鄉(xiāng)下人，土包子，大老粗；（尤其用于指發(fā)展中國家或從前的）農(nóng)民，農(nóng)夫，小濃，雇農(nóng)。農(nóng)民:

（無貶義）在農(nóng)村從事農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的勞動者。dragon:animaginaryanimalwithwingsandclaws,abletobreatheoutfire;（比喻貶）afierceperson,esp.awoman.（英美民族所想象的）“龍”，從詞典所畫的圖像看，與中國龍(Chinesedragon)不一樣；比喻兇惡的人，尤指悍婦龍：中國古代傳說中的神異動物，身體長，有鱗，有角，有腳，能走，能飛，能游泳，能興云降雨；封建時代用龍作為帝王的象征，也把龍字用在帝王使用的東西上；比喻有褒義，如：“望子成龍”，“龍馬精神”，“龍騰虎躍”等.propaganda:（通常貶）informationthatisspreadinaplannedorofficialway,esp.byagovernment,inordertoinfluencepublicopinion.（尤指政府為了影響民意的）宣傳宣傳：（無貶義）對群眾說明講解，使群眾相信并跟著行動。goat:（比喻貶）amanwhoisveryactivesexually色鬼，色狼，淫蕩的人，好色之徒山羊：無貶褒義.compromise:

（中性，無消極義）settlinganargumentordifferenceofopinionbyeachsideagreeingtosomeofthedemandsoftheother.通過互讓解決爭執(zhí)或分歧，互讓了結(jié)，妥協(xié)，折中，和解妥協(xié)：（有時有消極義）用讓步的方法避免沖突或爭執(zhí)，如：“妥協(xié)投降”，“原則問題上不能妥協(xié)”等。westwind:

英國人對西風(fēng)有好感，如英國著名詩人雪萊的名詩《西風(fēng)頌》西風(fēng)：（比喻貶）日趨沒落的腐朽勢力，如：李白的“西風(fēng)殘照”.(3)Compareandtranslatethefollowing,payingattentiontothewordsinitalics:1.①Thestoryoftheheroisextremelymoving.②Hestoriedabouthisage.③Thatfacemusthaveastorybelongingtoit.④Therealstorywasmadepublic.⑤Whatastory!Idon’tbelieveawordofit.2.①He’sastubbornchildwhowon’tobeyhismother.②Thedefendersputupstubbornresistance.3.①Theyfoundamountainrefugeforclimbers.②Thepoliticaldissidentssoughtrefugeabroad.4.Heisabookworm.5.Alltheconstitutionalpowerswerevestedinasinglebeing..3.2ChoiceofGrammaticalMeanings

Thesameword,whenusedasdifferentpartsofspeechandplayingdifferentrolesinasentence,hasdifferentmeanings.Examples:1.Thelappedwafersarethenpolishedtoamirrorfinishwithgradeddiamondpolish.把研磨好的薄片用各級金剛砂拋光劑拋光到鏡面光潔度。2.Takethecartbacktothebackyardandbackitintotheshedatthebackofthestable.把牛車?yán)氐胶笤海侔阉沟脚Ｅ锖竺娴男∥萑ァ?.Hehadnostomachtofollowus.他不想跟我們走。

Ican’tstomachthisjobanylonger.這工作我再也受不了啦。.Drills3.2Translatethefollowingsentences:1.①Itisneitherroundnorsquare.②Thewheelsgoroundrapidly.③Thenightwatchmanmakeshisroundseveryhour.④Theearthmovesroundthesun.⑤TheshiproundedtheCapeofGoodHope.⑥Thetalkroundedintoaplan.2.Iironmyclotheswithaniron.3.Brushyourhairwiththehairbrush.4.Paperthewallswithwhitepaper.5.Youmustshipthecargoinalargeship.6.Ilightedthelamp,butitgaveabadlight.7.InasecondIsawasecondpicture.8.Isawhimsawwithasawinasawmill.9.Wishesfatherthoughts.10.“Whatdoyoudowithsomanyapples?”“Weeatwhatwecanandwhatwecan’twecan.”.3.3ChoiceofContextualMeanings

Thesameword,whenusedindifferentcontextsorfieldsofdiscourse(business,law,medicine,education,politics,forestry,etc.),hasdifferentmeanings.Forinstance,insomecontexts“mad”means“foolish”,insome“angry”,andinothers“insane”.Examples:Book1.Showmethecomplaintbook,please.請把意見薄拿給我看看。2.Milton’sParadiseLostconsistsoftwelvebooks.彌爾頓的長詩《失樂園》共有12卷。3.That’sallIremember,sir,ontheBook.憑《圣經(jīng)》起誓，長官，我記得的就是這些。4.Heclaimstohavebeengraduatedfromthiscollege,buthisnameisnotonthebooks.他自稱是從本學(xué)院畢業(yè)的，但注冊薄上沒有他的名字。5.Heisalwayspainstakinglyathisbooks.他總是埋頭苦讀。.6.Themusicwasfine,butthebookwasverypoor.音樂是出色的，但是歌詞很糟。7.Howmanynamesarethereonyourbooks?你們的登記名冊上共有多少人？8.Hewentouttothevillagetopaytradesmen’sbooks.他到村里的買賣人那兒付賬去了。9.Inthebusinesscollegestudentsaretaughttokeepbooks.商學(xué)院教授學(xué)生作薄記。10.Areyouinthebook?電話薄里有你的電話號碼嗎？

AccordingtoWebster’sCollegiateDictionary,theaveragenumberofmeaningsperwordis2.5.Heavy-dutywordshavemoremeaningsthanwordsrarelyused,e.g.thewordtakehas69meanings;run,54;light,47;make,41.Thewordcarriercanberenderedinto搬運人，貨運公司，托架（機械），載波（通訊技術(shù)），帶菌者（醫(yī)學(xué)），航空母艦（軍事），載流子（半導(dǎo)體），etc.

.Drills3.3Translatethefollowingsentences:Power1.Iwilldoeverythingwithinmypowertoassistyou.2.Thenewkinescopehasaresolvingpowerof800lines.3.Basically,allpoweriswiththepeople.4.Politicalpowergrowsoutofthebarrelofagun.5.Chinahasafewnuclearweapons,butitwillneverjointheso-calledclubofnuclearpowers.6.Thesurfaceofceramicsmustbecheckedbyexaminationundera20-powerbinocularmicroscope.7.Thetransistorcangofromanoffconditiontoanonconditionwithgreatspeedandminimalpower.8.Thepowersubsystemofthecommunicationfacilitymustprovideaflowofcurrentundercontrolledconditionsofvoltageandload.

.3.4ChoiceofCollocativeMeanings

Somewordshavethesamebasicmeanings,butdifferincollocation.Thatis,theyhavedifferentcollocativemeanings.Forexample,“sense”and“meaning”aresynonymous,but“Johnisamanofsense”isacceptablewhile“Johnisamanofmeaning”isunacceptable.Oneproblemwithcollocationintranslationisthat,veryoftenwhatisgoodcollocationinEnglishmaynotbesowhentranslatedintoChinese,orviceversa.Forinstance,“pretty”and“handsome”arerenderedinto“漂亮的”and“英俊的”respectively.Itisperfectlyallrighttosay“ahandsomecar”,but“英俊的車子”wouldbetotallyunacceptabletotheChinesereader.ThusinEnglish-Chinesetranslation,atranslatormustensurethattheversionisidiomaticorcollocativelyacceptableinChinese.Everylanguagehasitsownusageandcollocations.Inmanycases,literaltranslationoftheusageorcollocationofalanguagerendersthetranslatedversionridiculousifnotunintelligible.Atranslatorshouldknowthatproperwordsinproperplacesmakethetruedefinitionofastyle..Examples:1.Build(v.)buildahouse蓋房子buildabridge架橋buildaship造船buildadam筑壩buildafire生火buildastampcollection集郵buildacar制造汽車buildananswer思索答案buildone’sconfidence樹立信心buildthedramaofastory構(gòu)思故事的戲劇性情節(jié)buildscholarsoftomorrow培養(yǎng)未來的學(xué)者Readingbuildsthemind.閱讀能發(fā)展智力。2.Subjectionofnature’sforcestoman,machinery,applicationofchemistrytoindustryandagriculture,steam-navigation,railways,electrictelegraphs,clearingofwholecontinentsforcultivation,canalizationofrivers,wholepopulationsconjuredoutoftheground—whatearliercenturyhadevenapresentimentthatsuchproductiveforcesslumberedinthelapofsociallabour?自然力的征服，機器的采用，化學(xué)在工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)中的應(yīng)用，輪船的行駛，鐵路的通行，電報的使用，整個整個大陸的開墾，河川的通航，仿佛用法術(shù)從地下呼喚出來的大量人口—過去哪一個世紀(jì)能夠料想到有這樣的生產(chǎn)力潛伏在社會勞動力呢？.Drills3.4Translatethefollowing,payingattentiontothecollocations:1.Heavy(adj.)aheavyrainaheavyseaaheavyloadaheavybuyeraheavycropaheavydemandheavynewsheavysorrowaheavyvoteaheavythinkeraheavyscheduleaheavypoliticianheavyadvertisingaheavyplayheavycasualtiesThisbookisheavyreading.2.Good(adj.)goodmannersgoodsoilagoodkinggoodhumoragoodCatholicgoodlivinggoodeggsagoodquestionagooddebtgoodsenseagoodhouragoodeaterandagoodsleeper.3.Inordertogetalargeamountofwaterpowerweneedalargepressureandalargecurrent.4.Briefly,alongthinwirehasahighresistance;ashortthickwirehasalowresistance.5.Thiscountrywasrecoveringitstrueself,drawinglessonsbothfromitsownmistakesandfromitsenemies.6.Ondisplaywasmerchandiseattractiveinpriceandquality.7.Theycapturedfiftyenemysoldiersandmanyweapons..3.5ChoiceofStylisticMeaningsSomewordsconveythesameideabutdifferinstylisticfeatures.Thesewordsareknownasstylisticsynonyms.Forexample,horse,charger,steed,nayandplugformasynonymicgroup,withinwhichhorsecanbelabeledasneutral,chargerandsteedasformal,nayandplugasinformal.Insomedictionaries,thesestylisticfeaturesareclearlymarkedas“formal”,“informal”,“l(fā)iterary”,“slang”andsoon.Wordsthatoccurindifferentsettingsarestylisticallymarked.Thoseusedforsomeseriouspurpose,forexample,inofficialreports,businesslettersandregulationsarelabeledasformalwhereasthoseusedinprivateconversationorpersonallettersarelabeledasinformal.Translatorshavetochooseamongformalwords,neutralwords,andinformalwordstoensurethatthestyleisappropriatetotheoriginalcontext.Theymustalsodeterminewhethertousestandarddialectsorregionaldialects,archaicwordsorcontemporarywords,generalwordsortechnicalterms,etc.Literarytranslatorsmustalsotrytoreflecttheidiolectofthesourcelanguagewriter..Table1ExamplesofChinesestylisticsynonyms書面語詞母親誕辰清晨逝世散步恐嚇口語詞媽媽生日早上死溜達嚇唬古語詞/舊詞殆乘致木匠廚子大夫現(xiàn)代詞/新詞危險坐給木工廚師醫(yī)生普通用語給現(xiàn)在辦法安排私下這公文用語給予茲措施部署擅自此普通用語飛心靜光亮半夜寂寞文藝作品用語飛翔心靈寂靜晶瑩子夜寂寥.Table2ExamplesofEnglishstylisticsynonymswiththeirtranslationsInformalNeutralFormal(Literary)broke,flatbroke,hardup窮，衣袋空空，窮光蛋，一個子兒也沒有poor貧窮poverty-stricken,penniless,inwant,underprivileged,impecunious,indigent一文不名，窮困，貧困pooped,dog-tired,worn-out,played-out,allin沒勁，累死了tired疲勞exhausted,weary,fatigued,spent疲乏，疲憊，疲憊不堪young/littlepunk(眨),kid,youngguy,lad小流氓，年青人，男孩子，小鬼，小伙子boy,youngperson,teenager男孩，年輕人youth,stripling年輕人，年輕男人.Table3ExamplesofEnglishwordswiththeirChinesestylisticsynonymsWordsExplanatoryDescriptive/Idiomaticlively生動的栩栩如生irrelevant無關(guān)的風(fēng)馬牛不相及identical相同的千篇一律thick厚的，稠的如膠似漆withdiscretion小心謹(jǐn)慎穩(wěn)扎穩(wěn)打witheloquence以雄辯的口才娓娓動聽greatcontribution巨大貢獻豐功偉績invulnerability無法攻破固若金湯meagerfood簡單的食物粗茶淡飯frightened害怕膽戰(zhàn)心驚.

Readthefollowingpassagewiththeformalwordsinthebrackets:Animportantlaw(principle)wasfirstdiscoveredbyArchimedes,ascientistwhodiedover2000yearsago.Hewatchedandnoticed(observed)thatthewaterinhisbathoverflowedwhenhegotin,andthismadehimthinkabout(ledhimtoconsider)waterbeingpushedaside(displacementofwater)bysolidbodies.Agoodtranslatorshouldrepresentnotonlytheoriginalthoughtbutalsotheoriginalstyleaswellinthetargetlanguage.Thatiscalled“意似，形似，神似”.Toillustratethispoint,herearegivensomeexamplestakenfromPygmalionbyBernardShawandtranslatedby楊憲益：《茶花女》—.1.I’mgettingchilledtothebone.WhatcanFreddybedoingallthistime?He’sbeengonetwentyminutes.冷死我了。佛萊第這半天是干什么去了？他去了二十分鐘了。2.Well,itain’tmyfault,missus.這怪不著咱呀，太太。3.Thatsoundsmorelikeit,Judy.這還差不離，姑娘。4.No,nothingmoreforyoutoworryabout.是的，現(xiàn)在沒有讓你傷腦筋的事了。5.Nahthen,Freddy:Lookwh’y’gowin,deah.(=Nowthen,Freedy:Lookwhereyou’regoing,dear.)這是怎么的，弗萊第，你走路不長眼睛哪？6.Yououghttobestuffedwithnails,youought.Takethewholebloomingbasketforsixpence.你真該千刀萬剮！你出六便士把咱這整籃子花都拿去好不？.7.Itwasartfulofyou,colonel;butIbearnomalice:Ishouldhavedonethesamemyself.I’vebeenthevictimofonewomanafteranotherallmylife;andIdon’tgrudgeyoutwogettingthebetterofEliza.上校，你們真鬼，可是咱不怪你；要是咱，咱也這么辦。咱一輩子總是吃娘兒們的虧；咱也不怪你們兩位占了伊麗莎的便宜。8.Thedoorisopenedviolently;andHigginsenterswithhishaton.房門猛烈被推開，息金斯不脫帽子就闖進來了。9.I’marespectablegirl:sohelpme,Ineverspoketohimexcepttoaskhimtobuyafloweroffme.咱可是正經(jīng)人家的女孩子。老天爺，咱也沒說別的，就是請他買一枝花。10.You’reanungratefulwickedgirl.你真是個不識好歹的壞丫頭。11.Ifyourefusethisofferyouwillbeamostungratefulwickedgirl.你要是不接受，你就是最沒有良心、最壞的姑娘。

.ComparisonofTranslatedSentences1.Whoevertriestotwistyouup,maytheendofhisnosetakeatwist.①誰要是想捉弄你，誰的鼻子尖就會弄歪。②誰要是捉弄你，就叫誰的鼻子尖兒歪了。③誰騙你，誰就不得好死。2.Ignoreitasyouignorethecoldoflastwinter.①你別去理他，就像別離上一個冬天有多冷一樣。②別理睬它，就像你不理睬去年冬天的寒冷那樣。③管他們干什么？他們的話，當(dāng)作耳邊風(fēng)好了。3.TheyconfusedmesothatIdidn’tknowthebigendfromthesmall.①我連粗細(xì)大小都分不清了。②他們使我真假不分。③他們把我搞得不知東西南北了。.Examples&Drills3.5aComparethefollowingtranslations,andpointoutwhichispreferredforkeepingitsoriginalstyle:1.Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.①讀書足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以長才。其怡情也，最見于獨處幽居之時；其傅彩也，最見于高談闊論之中；其長才也，最見于處事判事之際。②讀書使人感覺快樂，使人富有光彩，使人增長才干。其快樂之處，主要在于獨處休閑之時；其光彩之處，主要限于社交交談之時；其才干之處，主要見于判斷處事之時。.2.退休工人邵勸幫對小兒子在春說：“那時候，干一天活累得連炕都上不去，渾身疼得要命，睡也睡不著?！雹賁haoQuanbang,aretiredworker,saidtohislittlesonZaichun,“Atthattime,Iwassofatiguedafteraday’sdrudgerythatIfounditveryhardtomountthekang.Mywholeframeachingacutely,Icouldn’tgotosleephoweverhardItried.”②ShaoQuanbang,aretiredworker,saidtohislittlesonZaichun,“Inthosedays,Iwasusuallysodoneupafteraday’shardworkthatIcouldhardlygetonthekang.Asmywholebodyachedlikeanything,Isimplycouldn’tgettosleepevenItriedto.”.3.無論是街道、房屋或公園，這個地方都有一種難以描繪的南國情調(diào)。隨便走到哪里，我都可以看到新鮮有趣的東西。①Allstreets,housesandparksherehaveanindescribablelookofthesouth.NomatterwhereIgo,I’msuretofindthingsnewandinteresting.②Theplace,withitsstreets,itshousesanditsparks,wearsandindescribableairofthesouth.Everycornerbringsmeintoacquaintancewithsomenewinterest..Drills3.5bTranslatethefollowingindifferentstyleswhereverpossible:1.Nothingisnoblerthantosacrificeone’slifeforthecountry.2.Nothinggivesthetranslatormoretroubleandperplexitythanthetranslationoftechnicaltermsofsocialandnaturalsciences.3.Itisatruesayingthattimeandtidewaitfornoman.4.Thereisnothingsurprisingaboutthis.5.Thereisnohelpforit.6.ItwasjustthetimeoftheMid-AutumnFestival.7.Ibothwishedandfearedtoseeheronthedaywhichfollowedthissleeplessnight:Iwantedtohearhervoiceagain,yetfearedtomeethereyes.8.Nothingissadderthantopartforever;Nothingishappierthantocontractanewacquaintance.9.Iamgettingoldforthinkingofyou.Tothinkofyoumakesmeold.10.Ispentmydayscarryingheavyloads,butIenjoyedit..1.Nothingisnoblerthantosacrificeone’slifeforthecountry.崇高莫過于為國犧牲。/為國捐軀，至高無上。/沒有比為國犧牲更崇高的了。2.Nothinggivesthetranslatormoretroubleandperplexitythanthetranslationoftechnicaltermsofsocialandnaturalsciences.譯者之麻煩與困惑，莫過于翻譯社會科學(xué)與自然科學(xué)之專門術(shù)語。/沒有比翻譯社會科學(xué)和自然科學(xué)的專門術(shù)語給譯者更多的麻煩與困惑了。/最使譯者感到頭痛（傷腦筋）的是翻譯社會科學(xué)和自然科學(xué)的專門術(shù)語。3.Itisatruesayingthattimeandtidewaitfornoman.“時間不等人”，這話一點也不假。/“時不我待”，確是至理名言。4.Thereisnothingsurprisingaboutthis.這件事沒有什么奇怪的。/這件事沒有什么可大驚小怪的。/此事不足為奇。5.Thereisnohelpforit.沒法子。/沒法補救了。/無可奈何。.6.ItwasjustthetimeoftheMid-AutumnFestival.那正是中秋節(jié)的時候。/時值中秋佳節(jié)。7.Ibothwishedandfearedtoseeheronthedaywhichfollowedthissleeplessnight:Iwantedtohearhervoiceagain,yetfearedtomeethereyes.我整夜沒睡。到了第二天，我既想見她，又怕見她。我要再聽聽她的聲音，但怕看到她的眼睛。/徹夜沒眠（整夜未曾合眼）。次日，我想見她，又怕見她：想再聽她的聲音，但怕看她的眼睛。8.Nothingissadderthantopartforever;Nothingishappierthantocontractanewacquaintance.悲莫悲兮生別離，樂莫樂兮結(jié)新知。9.Iamgettingoldforthinkingofyou.Tothinkofyoumakesmeold.因為想念你，我變老了。/思君催人老。10.Ispentmydayscarryingheavyloads,butIenjoyedit.我天天抗重貨，干得倒也挺快活。.3.6ChoiceofAmbiguousMeanings

Ambiguity,accordingtoD.Bolinger,isdefinedasonesurfacestructurecoveringtwoormoredeepstructures,thatis,onelinguisticexpressionallowsmorethanoneunderstandingsorinterpretations.Ambiguitycanbeclassifiedaslexicalambiguityandstructuralambiguity.

Lexicalambiguity:Themultiplemeaningoftheutterancedependsonthemeaningofthesingleword.Forexample,inthesentenceIsawhimatthebank,thewordbankcouldmean1)themoneybank,2)theriverbank,or3)thebloodbank.Similarly,thesentenceShecannotbearchildrencouldmean1)shecannotgivebirthtochildrenbecausesheissterileor2)shecannottoleratethechildren.Moreexamples:AsGreendesignedthemachine,hemusthaverealizeditscapability.

因為這臺機器是格林設(shè)計的，他一定事先知道它的性能。格林設(shè)計這臺機器的時候，一定事先知道它的性能。.(2)Structuralambiguity:Themultiplemeaningoftheutterancedependsonthesentencestructure.Forexample:Sheshowedherbabypictures.①她拿出了自己嬰兒時期的照片。②她把嬰兒的照片拿給她看。③她把一些照片拿給她嬰兒看。

Anothersourceofstructuralambiguityisnegation.Forinstance,Johndidn’tbeatMarybecausehelovesher.

①Johndidn’tbeatMary,forthereasonthathelovesher.約翰愛瑪麗，所以沒有打她。

②JohndidbeatMaryforreasonsotherthanthathelovesher.約翰打了瑪麗，并不是因為愛她。.Wecanemploythefollowingmeanstodisambiguatetheproblematicexpressions:(1)Locateanambiguousexpressionandrelatedittothecontextorbackgroundknowledge.Forexample,thesightofafishingrodcannormallyjustifyourinterpretationofthewordbankinthesentenceIsawhimatthebankas“theriverbank”.(2) Stressesandotherphonologicaldevicescanalsohelptoeliminatelexicaland/orstructuralambiguity:① Iwasn’tlisteningallthetime.我整段時間都沒聽。② Iwasn’tlisteningallthetime.我并不是整段時間都在聽。.Drills3.6Translatethefollowingandseehowmanywaysinwhichtheymaybeinterpreted:1. Hedoesnotlendhisbooktoanybody.2. IknewthatyouhadseenhimbeforeImetyou.3. Ididnotsingatyesterday’sconcertasIwished.4. TheyaskedmewhatIdidn’tknow.5. JohnandMaryaremarried.6. Theypaintedthecarsblackandwhite.7. BobwillinterviewsomegueststhismorningandPeterthisafternoon.8. TherewillbemeetingsonMondayandonTuesday.9. Whereveryoulive,youcankeepahorse.10.Thesearesimplebooksandmagazinesforchildren.11.Thereisnothingtobehopedfor.12.Wearedrinkinginthecooleveningair.13.Hisdiseasecanonlybealleviatedbyasurgicaloperation.14.Ionlylenthimonebook.15.ThisisastoryofMarkTwain..1. Hedoesnotlendhisbooktoanybody.他不把他的書借給任何人。/他的書不是任何人都給借的。2. IknewthatyouhadseenhimbeforeImetyou.我知道，在我見到你以前，你就看見過他了。/在我見到你以前，我就知道你看見過他了。3. Ididnotsingatyesterday’sconcertasIwished.在昨天的音樂會上，我唱得不如意。/我本來想在昨天的音樂會上唱歌，但沒有唱。4. TheyaskedmewhatIdidn’tknow.他們盡問些我所不知道的事。/他們問我那些我還不懂。5. JohnandMaryaremarried.約翰和瑪麗結(jié)婚了。/約翰和瑪麗兩人都已結(jié)婚了。/約翰結(jié)婚了，瑪麗也結(jié)婚了。6. Theypaintedthecarsblackandwhite.他們把這些車漆成黑白相間兩種顏色。/他們把一些車漆成黑色，另一些車漆成白色。7. BobwillinterviewsomegueststhismorningandPeterthisafternoon.鮑勃將在上午會見一些客人，下午會見彼得。/鮑勃將在上午會見一些客人，而彼得將在下午會見一些客人。.8. TherewillbemeetingsonMondayandonTuesday.

星期一和星期二各有一次會議。/星期一和星期二各有幾次會議。9. Whereveryoulive,youcankeepahorse.

不管你住在何處，都可以養(yǎng)一匹馬。/你可以在住的地方養(yǎng)一匹馬。10.

Thesearesimplebooksandmagazinesforchildren.

這些是簡易的書和兒童雜志。/這些是簡易的書和簡易的兒童雜志。/這些是供兒童閱讀的簡易的書和兒童雜志。11.

Thereisnothingtobehopedfor.

（心灰意冷）沒什么可指望的了。/（心滿意足）別無所求了。12.

Wearedrinkinginthecooleveningair.

我們正在夜間乘涼喝酒。/我們正陶醉于夜間涼爽的空氣。13.

Hisdiseasecanonlybealleviatedbyasurgicaloperation.

只有外科手術(shù)才能減輕他的疾病。/外科手術(shù)只能減輕他疾病。14.

Ionlylenthimonebook.

我只是借給他一本書。/只有我借給他一本書。/我借給他的書只有一本。15.

ThisisastoryofMarkTwain.

這是關(guān)于馬克?吐溫的一個故事。/這是馬克?吐溫寫的一個故事。.3.7ChoiceofExtendedMeanings

ItisoftendifficulttofindasuitableChinesetranslationforanEnglishwordorexpressioninEnglish-Chinesedictionaries,andamechanicaltranslationmaybeunintelligibletoourreaders.Onewayoutistoextendthemeaningfromtheconcreteorspecifictotheabstractorgeneral,orviceversa.3.7.1ExtendtheMeaningfromtheConcreteorSpecifictotheAbstractorGeneral1.Nowadaysastudentheadingforcollegemaypackafryingpanalongwithhisbooks.實譯：如今上大學(xué)的學(xué)生除了帶他的書上學(xué)校以外，還可以戴上一個煎烙餅的平底鍋了。虛譯：如今打?qū)W生在學(xué)校里也可以自己做點吃的了。.2.Thesceneisadramaticreenactmentofoneamongthousandsofspontaneousactsthatleduptotherevolution.實譯：這是最終導(dǎo)致革命的千萬次自發(fā)行動的戲劇的再現(xiàn)。虛譯：這個非同尋常的時間，只不過是最終導(dǎo)致革命的千萬個自發(fā)行動之一。3.Monday-morningquarterbackingaboutIsrael’slackofpreparednessfortheOctoberwarplungedthecountryintoanewpoliticalcrisislastweek.實譯：人們像星期一上午的四分衛(wèi)那樣指責(zé)以色列在十月戰(zhàn)爭中缺乏準(zhǔn)備。上周，這種指責(zé)將以色列推入了一場新的政治危機。虛譯：人們時候指責(zé)以色列在十月戰(zhàn)爭中缺乏準(zhǔn)備。上周，這種指責(zé)將以色列推入了一場新的政治危機。4.WhenIgoaroundonspeakingengagements,theyallexpectmetoassumeaQuaker-Oatslook.實譯：我應(yīng)邀外出演講時，他們都指望我擺出一付像麥片商標(biāo)中的老頭那樣的表情。虛譯：我應(yīng)邀外出演講時，他們都指望我擺出一付毫無表情、一本正經(jīng)的面孔。.3.7.2ExtendtheMeaningfromtheAbstractorGeneraltotheConcreteorSpecific1.Thereismoretotheirlifethanpoliticalandsocialandeconomicproblems;morethantransienteverydayness.實譯：他們的生活遠(yuǎn)不止那些政治的、社會的和經(jīng)濟的問題，遠(yuǎn)不止一時的日常性。虛譯：他們的生活遠(yuǎn)不止那些政治的、社會的和經(jīng)濟的問題，遠(yuǎn)不止一時的柴米油鹽問題。2.Heisavaluableacquisitiontotheteam.實譯：他是該隊寶貴的一種獲得。虛譯：他是該隊不可多得的新隊員。.3.Thechauvinismofthebourgeoisieisonlyavanity,givinganationalcloaktoalltheirownpretension.實譯：資產(chǎn)階級沙文主義只不過是一種虛榮，它給資產(chǎn)階級的種種要求罩上一件民族的外衣。虛譯：資產(chǎn)階級沙文主義只不過是一種虛假的裝飾品，它給資產(chǎn)階級的種種要求罩