-2012年職稱英語理工類閱讀理解新增文章(含練習(xí)解析及譯文)

2012年職稱英語理工類新增文章閱讀理解（6篇）第六篇MakingLightof1Sleep第十九篇Graphene'sSuperstrength1*第三＋八篇"LifeFormFound"onSaturn'sTitan*第四十篇TeachingMath,TeachingAnxiety+第四＋五篇TeachingMath,TeachingAnxiety+第四十六篇AntsHaveBigImpactonEnvironmentas"EcosystemEngineers"注：1、+表示A級文章；*表示B即文章；其他為C級文章2、閱讀理解3、2012年詞匯部分與2011年教材相比未作任何變化閱讀理解第六篇MakingLightof1SleepAllwehaveaclocklocatedinsideourbrains.Similartoyourbedsidealarmclock，yourinternalclock2runsona24-hourcycle.Thiscycle，calledacircadianrhythm，helpscontrolwhenyouwake，whenyoueatandwhenyousleep.Somewherearoundpuberty，somethinghappensinthetimingofthebiologicalclock.Theclockpushesforward，soadolescentsandteenagersareunabletofallasleepasearlyastheyusedto.Whenyourmothertellsyouit'stimeforbed，yourbodymaybepushingyoutostayup3forseveralhoursmore.AndthelightcomingfromyourcomputerscreenorTVcouldbepushingyoutostayupevenlater.Thisshift4isnaturalforteenagers.Butstayingupverylateandsleepinglatecangetyourbody'sclockoutofsyncwiththecycleoflightanddark5.Itcanalsomakeithardtogetoutofbedinthemorningandmaybringotherproblems，too.Teenagersareputinakindofagraycloud6whentheydon'tgetenoughsleep，saysMaryCarskadon，asleepresearcheratBrownUniversityinProvidence，RI7.Itaffectstheirmoodandtheirabilitytothinkandlearn.Butjustlikeyouralarmclock，yourinternalclockcanbereset.Infact，itautomaticallyresetsitselfeveryday.How?Byusingthelightitgetsthroughyoureyes.Scientistshaveknownforalongtimethatthelightofdayandthedarkofnightplayimportantrolesinsettingourinternalclocks.Foryears，researchersthoughtthatthesignalsthatsynchronizethebody'sclock8werehandledthroughthesamepathwaysthatweusetosee.Butrecentdiscoveriesshowthatthehumaneyehastwoseparatelight-sensingsystems.Onesystemallowsustosee.Thesecondsystemtellsourbodywhetherit'sdayornight.詞匯：circadian/s3:'keidi?n/adj.晝夜節(jié)奏的，生理節(jié)奏的adolescent/?d?u'les?nt/n．青少年；adj．青少年的puberty/'pju:b?ti/n．發(fā)育；青春期sync/si?k/n.（口語）同步；和諧，協(xié)調(diào)synchronize/'si?kr?naiz/V.（使）同時發(fā)生；（使）同步注釋：1.makelightof：輕視，不在乎。例如：Weshouldnotmakelightoftheirachievements．我們不應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)凸浪麄兊某删汀?.yourinternalclock：指的是第一句中的aclocklocatedinsideourbrains，也即是第二段第一句中的thebiologicalclock（生物鐘）。3.stayup：不睡覺，熬夜4.Thisshift：這種調(diào)整。指上文所描述的由于生理時間的變化青少年上床時間越來越晚的現(xiàn)象。5.getyourbody'sclockoutofsyncwiththecycleoflightanddark：打亂了你的生物鐘與晝夜時間循環(huán)之間的平衡6.graycloud：提不起精神的狀態(tài)7.BrownUniversityinProvidence，RI：位于美國羅得島州普羅維登斯的布朗大學(xué)。RI是RhodeIsland（羅得島）的首字母縮寫；Providence是羅得島州的首府。布朗大學(xué)是美國一流大學(xué)，創(chuàng)建于1764年，是世界聞名的美國“常春藤聯(lián)盟”（還包括哈佛大學(xué)、耶魯大學(xué)、普林斯頓大學(xué)、布朗大學(xué)、哥倫比亞大學(xué)、賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)、達(dá)特茅斯大學(xué)和康奈爾大學(xué)）中的一員。8.thesignalsthatsynchronizethebody'sclock：平衡生物鐘的光信號練習(xí)：1.TheclocklocatedinsideourbrainsissimilartoourbedsidealarmclockbecauseAitcontrolswhenwewake，whenweeatandwhenwesleep.Bithasacycleof24hours.Citisacyclealsocalledcircadianrhythm.Ditcanalarmanytimeduring24hours.2.Whatisimpliedinthesecondparagraph?AYoungchildren'sbiologicalclockhasthesamerhythmwiththatoftheteenagers.BPeopleafterpubertybegintogotobedearlierduetothechangeofthebiologicalclock.CChildrenbeforepubertytendtofallasleepearlieratnightthanadolescents.DTeenagersgotobedlaterthantheyusedtoduetothelightfromthecomputerscreen.3.InthethirdparagraphtheauthorwantstotellthereaderthatAitisnaturalforteenagerstostayuplateandgetuplate.Bstayinguplatehasabadeffectonteenagers'abilitytothinkandlearn.Cduringpubertymostteenagersexperienceakindofgraycloud.Ditishardforteenagerstogetoutofbedinthemorning.4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothefourthandfifthparagraphs?AOurbiologicalclockresetsitselfautomatically.Blightgetsthroughoureyesandresetsourbiologicalclock.COurinternalclockaswellasthealarmclockcanberesetautomatically.DOurinternalclock，likethealarmclock，canbereset.5.Accordingtothelasttwoparagraphs，whatdidthepreviousresearchersthinkaboutthehumaneye'slight-sensingsystem?AThehumaneyehadtwolight-sensingsystems.BThehumaneyehadonelight-sensingsystem.CThehumaneyecouldsensethelightofdaymorequicklythanthedarkofnight.DThehumaneyecouldresetourinternalclocksinaccordancewiththealarmclocks.答案與題解：1.B第一段第二句提供了答案。句中的yourinternalclock即指aclocklocatedinsideourBrains。2.C第二段主要內(nèi)容是告訴讀者，過了青春期（puberty），由于生物鐘節(jié)奏的變化，青少年（adolescentsandteenagers）比以前要晚睡幾小時。所以C是該段所隱含的內(nèi)容。3.B第三段的最后一句直接給出了答案。4.C根據(jù)第四和第五段的內(nèi)容，鬧鐘和生物鐘都可以重新設(shè)定時間，但生物鐘能通過眼睛接受的日光來自動調(diào)節(jié)生理節(jié)奏。所以A、B和D都是這兩段中所述內(nèi)容，C是正確選擇，因為鬧鐘不能自動重新設(shè)定時間。5.B問題使用的是過去時，問的是研究者在最新發(fā)現(xiàn)（recentdiscoveries）之前對眼睛感光系統(tǒng)的認(rèn)識，即，thesignalsthatsynchronizethebody'sclockwerehandledthroughthesamepathwaysthatweusetosee（眼睛所接受到的平衡生物鐘的光信號同樣作用于人類的視覺系統(tǒng)），也就是說，研究者之前認(rèn)為人類的眼睛只有一個感光系統(tǒng)。但最新發(fā)現(xiàn)卻是，人的眼睛有兩個感光系統(tǒng)。第十九篇Graphene'sSuperstrength1Bigtechnologycomesintinypackages.Newcellphonesandpersonalcomputersgetsmallereveryyear，whichmeanstheseelectronicsrequireevensmallercomponentsontheinside.Engineersarelookingforcreativewaystobuildthesecomponents，andthey'veturnedtheireyestographene，asuperthin2material，madeofcarbon，thatcouldchangethefutureofelectronics.Thisyear'sNobelPrizeforPhysics3hasbeenawardedtoAndreGeimandKostyaNovoselovfromtheUniversityofManchester4，UK.forthediscoveryofgraphene.Grapheneisn'tjustsmall,it's“thethinnestpossiblematerialinthisworld，”saysNovoselov.Hecallsita“wondermaterial.”It'ssothinthatyouwouldneedtostackabout25,000sheetsjusttomakeapileasthickasapieceofordinarywhitepaper.Ifyouweretoholdasheetofgrapheneinyourfingers5，you'dhavenoideabecauseyouwouldn'tbeabletoseeit.Carbonisoneofthemostabundantelementsintheuniverse.Everyknownkindoflifecontainscarbon.Grapheneisasheetofcarbon，butonlyoneatomthick.Youdon'thavetolookfartofindgrapheme—it'sallaroundyou.Ifyouwantthishigh-techwonderstuff6，allyouneedisapencil，paperandalittleadhesivetape.Usethepenciltoshadeasmallareaonthepaper,andthenapplyasmallpieceofadhesivetapeoverthearea7.Whenyoupullupthetape，you'llseethatitpullsupathinlayerofsomeoftheshadingfromyourpencil.Thatlayeriscalledgraphite，oneofthesoftestmineralsintheworld.Nowstickthesamepieceoftapeonanothersheetofpaperandpullthetapeup—thereshouldbeaneventhinnerlayer，thistimeleftonthepaper.Nowimaginethatyoudothisoverandover，untilyougetthethinnestpossiblelayerofmaterialonthepaper.Thislayerwouldbeonlyoneatomthick，andyouwouldn'tbeabletoseeit.Graphiteismadeoflayersofgraphene，sowhenyougettothethinnestpossiblelayer，you'vefoundgraphene.詞匯：graphene/'gr?fi:n/n．石墨烯abundant/?’b?nd?nt/adj．豐富的，充裕的atom/'?t?m/n．原子adhesive/?d'hi:siv/n．膠粘劑；adj.黏著的stack/st?k/v．使成堆，堆放graphite/'gr?fait/n．石墨注釋：1.superstrength：超強(qiáng)的力量。該詞是一個合成詞，由兩部分組成，super（超級的）和strength（力量）。2.superthin：超薄。見注釋1。3.NobelPrizeforPhysics：諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎4.theUniversityofManchester：曼徹斯特大學(xué)。這是一所位于英國曼徹斯特市的公立研究型大學(xué)，創(chuàng)建于1851年。5.Ifyouweretoholdasheetofgrapheneinyourfingers：句子使用的是虛擬語氣，因為不可能將幾乎肉眼看不到的石墨烯放在指尖上。6.wonderstuff：神奇物。該詞為合成詞，由wonder（神奇）和stuff（東西）兩個詞構(gòu)成。wonderstuff指的是第二段提到的wondermaterial。7.applyasmallpieceofadhesivetapeover…：將一小片膠帶敷在……上。練習(xí)：1.Whatwouldchangethefutureofelectronicsaccordingtoengineers?ABigtechnology.BCreativeways.CGraphene.DBothAandB.2.Accordingtothesecondandthirdparagraphs，whatistrueofgraphene?AItcanbeusedtomakepaper.BItispossibletoseeitwithournakedeye.CItiseasytofindgraphene.DItispossiblythethickestmaterialintheworld.3.Whichofthefollowingcanbeusedtoreplacetheword“apply”inparagraph4?Arequest.Bpolish.Cuse.Dput.4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmeantinthelasttwoparagraphs?AGrapheneismadeofgraphite，oneofthesoftestmaterialsintheworld.BGraphiteismadeoflayersofgraphene，thethinnestmaterialintheworld.CWhenwegettothethinnestpossiblelayerofgraphite，wefindgraphene.DWithapencil，asheetofpaperandapieceofadhesivetape，wecanfindgraphene.5.Graphene'ssuperstrengthliesinthefactthatAItisthethinnestmaterialintheworld.BItismadeofthemostabundantelementsintheworld.CItcanhelptomakeelectroniccomponentssmaller.DIthelpsengineerstoproducemoresensitiveelectronicproducts.答案與題解：1.C第一段最后一句提供了答案：工程師將眼光投向石墨烯，一種由碳原子組成的超薄材料，這種材料能夠改變電子產(chǎn)品的未來。2.C第二段倒數(shù)第二句告訴我們，25,000層石墨烯才能堆砌成一張普通白紙的厚度，這是為了說明石墨烯是多么的薄，而不是說它可以用來造紙，所以A不是正確答案。第三段最后一句說明石墨烯就在我們周圍，因此C是答案。B和D的表述內(nèi)容都與該兩段內(nèi)容不符合。3.Dapply...over：將……涂（敷）在……上。4.A最后兩段告訴我們，用一張紙，一支鉛筆和一片膠帶就能找到石墨烯；無數(shù)層石墨烯構(gòu)成石墨，當(dāng)鉛筆留在紙上的石墨被膠帶剝離到最薄一層時，我們就得到了石墨烯。因此只有A不是最后兩段的表述內(nèi)容。5.C第一段提供了答案。隨著電子產(chǎn)品越來越小，需要更小的電子組件（components)，而石墨烯作為最薄的材料可以幫助工程師實現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)。這就是石墨烯力量所在。*第三＋八篇"LifeFormFound"onSaturn'sTitanScientistssaytheyhavediscoveredhintsofalienlife1ontheSaturn'smoon2.ThediscoveryofasortoflifewasannouncedafterresearchersattheUSspaceagency,NASA3,analyzeddatafromspacecraftCassini4,whichpointedto,theexistenceofmethane-basedformoflifeonSaturn'sbiggestmoon.Scientistshavereportedlydiscoveredcluesshowingprimitivealienbeingsare"breathing"inTitan'sdenseatmospherefilledwithhydrogen.TheyarguethathydrogengetsabsorbedbeforehittingTitan'splanet-likesurfacecoveredwithmethanelakesandrivers.This,theysay,pointstotheexistenceofsome"bugs"5consumingthehydrogenatthesurfaceofthemoonlessthanhalfthesizeoftheEarth."Wesuggestedhydrogenconsumptionbecauseit'stheobviousgasforlifetoconsumeonTitan,similartothewayweconsumeoxygenonEarth,"saysNASAscientistChrisMcKay."Ifthesesignsdoturnouttobeasignoflife,itwouldbedoublyexcitingbecauseitwouldrepresentasecondformoflifeindependentfromwater-basedlifeonEarth."Todate,scientistshavenotyetdetectedthisformoflifeanywhere,thoughthereareliquid-water-basedmicroorganismsonEarththatgrowwellonmethaneorproduceitasawasteproduct.OnTitan,wheretemperaturesarearound90Kelvin6(minus290degreesFarenheit),amethanebasedorganismwouldhavetouseasubstancethatisliquidasitsmediumforlivingprocesses,butnotwateritself.WaterisfrozensolidonTitan'ssurfaceandmuchtoocoldtosupportlifeasweknowit.ScientistshadexpectedtheSun'sinteractionswithchemicalsintheatmospheretoproduceacoatingofacetyleneonTitan'ssurface.ButCassinidetectednoacetyleneonthesurface.TheabsenceofdetectableacetyleneontheTitan'ssurfacecanverywellhaveanon-biologicalexplanation,saidMarkAllen,aprincipalinvestigator7oftheNASATitanteam."Scientificconservatismsuggeststhatabiologicalexplanationshouldbethelastchoiceafterallnon-biologicalexplanationsareaddressed,"Allensaid."Wehavealotofworktodotoruleout8possiblenon-biologicalexplanations.Itismorelikelythatachemicalprocess,withoutbiology,canexplaintheseresults."詞匯：Saturn/'s?t?n/n．土星methane/'mi:θein/n．甲烷，沼氣Titan/'tait?n/n．土衛(wèi)六acetylene/?'setili:n/n．乙炔alien/'eilj?n/n．外星人；adj．外星球的；相異的conservatism/k?n's?:v?tiz?m/n．保守主義,守舊注釋：1.hintsofalienlife：外星生命跡象。2.theSaturn'smoon：指土衛(wèi)六（Titan)。土衛(wèi)六又稱泰坦星，是土星衛(wèi)星中最大的一顆。3.NASA：美國國家航空航天局的縮寫，全稱是：NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration。4.spacecraftCassini：卡西尼號探測器，以出生于意大利的法國天文學(xué)家卡西尼的名字命名，其任務(wù)是環(huán)繞土星飛行，對土星及其大氣、光環(huán)、衛(wèi)星和磁場進(jìn)行深人考察。1997年10月15日，重六噸的“卡西尼”號星際探測器被發(fā)射飛往土星的軌道。這是上世紀(jì)發(fā)射的最后一艘行星際探測的大飛船?！翱ㄎ髂帷碧栍昧藢⒔吣陼r間，在2004年7月1日飛達(dá)土星軌道。5.bugs：微生物。非正式口語表達(dá)，所以使用了引號。6.Kelvin：可翻譯成“絕對溫度”。KelvinScale，絕對溫標(biāo)，開氏溫標(biāo)，是由Kelvin勛爵于19世紀(jì)中葉發(fā)明的溫度計量方法，其零度相當(dāng)于攝氏一273.15"C，被認(rèn)為是宇宙中最低溫度。這種溫度計量方法多為科學(xué)家使用。7.principalinvestigator：研究項目負(fù)責(zé)人8.ruleout：排除……的可能性練習(xí)：1.WhathavescientistsfoundaboutSaturn?ATheyhavefoundanewmoonorbitingSaturn.BTheyhavefoundmethane-basedlifeonSaturn.CTheyhavefoundmethane-basedlifeonTitan.DTheyhavefoundearthlikelifeonaSaturn'smoon.2.WhatdoscientistssayaboutTitan?ATherearelifecluesthere.BThereisacetylenethere.CWateronTitanexistsintheformofice.DRiversandlakestherecontainlifeformls.3.Todate,scientistshavenotyetdetectedthisformoflife.(paragraph5)Whatdoes"thisformoflife"referto?AWater-basedlife.BMethane-basedlife.CLiquid-water-basedmicroorganisms.DGas-basedlife.4.WhatcanbeinferredfromwhatAllensaid?AScientistshavedifferentargumentsoverwhetherthereislifeonTitan.BScientistsallagreethatthereislifeonTitan.CScientistsallsuggestthatabiologicalexplanationisreasonable.DScientistsallagreethatanon-biologicalchemicalreactionisapossibleexplanation.5.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacethetitleofthispassage?AEarthlikeLivingBeingsFoundonTitan.BFindingofOneMoreMoonofSaturn.CTitan,aNewSatelliteFound.DAdifferentLifeForm,aPossibility.答案與題解：1.C短文的第一段提供了答案。該段告訴讀者，科學(xué)家在土星的衛(wèi)星土衛(wèi)六（Titan）上發(fā)現(xiàn)了生命的跡象，這些生命的存在是以甲烷為基礎(chǔ)的。2.A根據(jù)第二段“Scientistshavereportedlydiscoveredcluesshowingprimitivealienbeingsare'breathing'inTitan'sdenseatmospherefilledwithhydrogen.”，說明土衛(wèi)六（Titan）有生命跡象。因此A是答案。3.Bthisformoflife指的是土衛(wèi)六（Titan）上以甲烷為生命基礎(chǔ)呼吸氫氣的生物，即該文討論的主題。4.A科學(xué)家至今對土衛(wèi)六是否存在生物有不同的觀點和解釋。Allen說要做出土衛(wèi)六上有生物的結(jié)論，首先必須對Titan上沒有生物的觀點做出回應(yīng)；要排除土衛(wèi)六上可能沒有生物的觀點，我們還須付出努力。所以只有A是正確選擇。5.D該短文的主題是，科學(xué)家在土衛(wèi)六（Titan）上發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種與地球生物不同的生命形式的跡象，即以甲烷為生命基礎(chǔ)呼吸氫氣的生物，但科學(xué)家還未能最后驗證這一發(fā)現(xiàn)。第四段中的一個句子能夠揭示該短文的主題：“Ifthesesignsdoturnouttobeasignoflife,itwouldbedoublyexcitingbecauseitwouldrepresentasecondformoflifeindependentfromwater-basedlifeonEarth.”*第四十篇TeachingMath,TeachingAnxietyInanewstudyaboutthewaykidslearnmathinelementaryschool,thepsychologistsattheUniversityofChicagol1SianBeilockandSusanLevinefoundasurprisingrelationshipbetweenwhatfemaleteachersthinkandwhatfemalestudentslearn:Ifafemaleteacherisuncomfortablewithherownmathskills,thenherfemalestudentsaremorelikelytobelievethatboysarebetterthangirlsatmath."Ifthesegirlskeepgettingmath-anxiousfemaleteachers2inlatergrades,itmaycreateasnowballeffectontheirmathachievement3saidLevine.Inotherwords,girlsmayenduplearningmathanxietyfromtheirteachers4.Thestudysuggeststhatifthesegirlsgrowupbelievingthatboysarebetteratmaththangirlsare,thenthesegirlsmaynotdoaswellastheywouldhaveiftheyweremoreconfident.Justasstudentsfindcertainsubjectstobedifficult,teacherscanfindcertainsubjectstobedifficulttolearn--andteach.Thesubjectofmathcanbeparticularlydifficultforeveryone.Researchersusetheword"anxiety"todescribesuchfeelings:anxietyisuneasinessorworry.Thenewstudyfoundthatwhenateacherhasanxietyaboutmath,thatfeelingcaninfluencehowherfemalestudentsfeelaboutmath.Thestudyinvolved65girls,52boysand17first-andsecond-gradeteachersinelementaryschoolsintheMidwest.Thestudentstookmathachievementtestsatthebeginningandendoftheschoolyear,andtheresearcherscomparedthescores.Theresearchersalsogavethestudentsteststotellwhetherthestudentsbelievedthatamathsuperstarhadtobeaboy.Thentheresearchersturnedtotheteachers:Tofindoutwhichteacherswereanxiousaboutmath,theresearchersaskedtheteachershowtheyfeltattimeswhentheycameacrossmath,suchaswhenreadingasalesreceipt5.Ateacherwhogotnervouslookingatthenumbersonasalesreceipt,forexample,wasprobablyanxiousaboutmath.Boys,onaverage,wereunaffectedbyateacher'sanxiety.Onaverage,girlswithmath-anxiousteachersscoredlowerontheend-of-the-yearmathteststhanothergirlsinthestudydid.Plus,onthetestshowingwhethersomeonethoughtamathsuperstarhadtobeaboy,20girlsshowedfeelingthatboyswouldbebetteratmath--andallofthesegirlshadbeentaughtbyfemaleteacherswhohadmathanxiety."Thisisaninterestingstudy,buttheresultsneedtobeinterpretedaspreliminaryandinneedofreplicationwithalargersample6,"saidDavidGeary,apsychologistattheUniversityofMissouri7inColumbia.詞匯：snowball/'sn?ub?:l/雪球；滾雪球式增長的事replication/repli'kei??n/n．重復(fù)，復(fù)現(xiàn)superstar/'sju:p?sta:/n．超級明星練習(xí)：1.UniversityofChicago：芝加哥大學(xué)。位于美國伊利諾伊州芝加哥市，是世界一流的私立大學(xué)，創(chuàng)建于1891年。2.keepgettingmath-anxiousfemaleteachers：一直由對數(shù)學(xué)有焦慮感的女教師教授數(shù)學(xué)。此處getting是having的意思，math-anxious指的是上文中提到的對數(shù)學(xué)沒有自信的心理狀態(tài)。另見第三段最后一句對anxiety的解釋。3.snowballeffectontheirmathachievement：在數(shù)學(xué)成就上的雪球效應(yīng)。其含義是：在數(shù)學(xué)上越來越?jīng)]有信心。4.enduplearningmathanxietyfromtheirteachers：最后從老師那里獲得的是對數(shù)學(xué)的焦慮。Endupdoingsomething：最終會做某事5.salesreceipt：銷售清單6.inneedofreplicationwithalargersample：需要用更大的調(diào)查樣本進(jìn)行重復(fù)驗證。replication在量化實證研究中的意思是“重復(fù)（實驗）”。7.theUniversityofMissouri：密蘇里大學(xué)。位于密蘇里州，是美國一所公立研究型大學(xué)，創(chuàng)建于1839年。練習(xí)：1.WhatistheresultoftheresearchattheUniversityofChicago,accordingtothefirstparagraph?AGirlscomfortablewiththeirownmathskillsarebetterthanboysatmath.BGirlsuncomfortablewiththeirownmathskillsarenotasgoodasboysatmath.CFemaleteachers'mathskillshaveinfluenceovergirlstudents'mathskills.DFemaleteachers'confidenceintheirmathskillsisrelatedtogirl'smathskills.2.Whatisimpliedinthethirdparagraph?AMathteachers,likemathlearners,donotlikethesubjectduetoitsdifficulty.BAdifficultsubjectlikemathmayaffectteachers'confidenceinteachingthesubject.CTeachersaremoreanxiousteachingmaththantheirstudentslearningmath.DMathissodifficultthatnoteachersliketoteachit.3.Accordingtotheexperiment,thoseteacherswereprobablyanxiousaboutmathwhentheyfeltAnervousmemorizingthenumbersofasalesreceipt.Bhelplesssavingthenumbersofasalesreceipt.Cuneasyreadingthenumbersofasalesreceipt.Dhopelessfillinginthenumbersofasalesreport.4.ThesixthparagraphtellsusthattheresearchfindingsAproveastronglinkbetweenfemaleteachers'mathanxietyandtheirfemalestudents'mathachievements.Bshowthatmalestudentsarelesslikelytobeaffectedbytheirmathanxietythanfemalestudents.Cprovidestrongevidencethatmathsuperstarsaremorelikelytobemalesthanfemales.Ddiscoverastronglinkbetweenteachers'mathanxietyandtheirstudents'mathachievements.5.DavidGearythinksthatAthestudyisinterestingbutitisbasedonunreliableresearchprocess.Btheresearchresultsneedtoberetestedbasedonalargersample.Ctheresearchresultsneedtobereinterpretedtobemeaningful.Dthestudyiswellbasedandproducessignificantresults.答案與題解：1.D該段告訴我們女教師的想法（whatfemaleteachersthink）和女學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)（whatfemalestudentslearn）之間有很大的關(guān)聯(lián)度，也就是說，女教師如果對自己的數(shù)學(xué)技能沒有自信，她的女學(xué)生很可能相信男孩子會在數(shù)學(xué)方面超過女孩子。2.B第三段的大意是，數(shù)學(xué)對任何人來說都可能有難度（Thesubjectofmathcanbeparticularlydifficultforeveryone)，如同學(xué)生，教師也會覺得數(shù)學(xué)難學(xué)和難教，這就是研究者所言的焦慮。所以，可以推斷，作者是要告訴我們，教師會因為數(shù)學(xué)這門學(xué)科的難度而對教授該課程不自信。其他選項都不是該段所要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。3.C第五段第三句“Tofindoutwhichteacherswereanxiousaboutmath,theresearchersaskedtheteachershowtheyfeltattimeswhentheycameacrossmath,suchaswhenreadingasalesreceipt”指出了答案。memorizingthenumbers；意為“記住數(shù)字”；savingthenumbers意為“保存數(shù)字”；fillinginthenumbers意為“陸續(xù)編入數(shù)字”，而且文中沒有提到asalesreport；它們均不是答案。4.A短文的第六段是對前一段所述調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果的討論，即，男學(xué)生較少受對數(shù)學(xué)有焦慮感的教師影響，而那些數(shù)學(xué)成績較低的女生都有對數(shù)學(xué)有焦慮感的教師（girlswithmath-anxiousteachersscoredlowerontheend-of-the-yearmathtests)，而且，所有認(rèn)為男生數(shù)學(xué)肯定比女生強(qiáng)的女生，其數(shù)學(xué)教師都是有數(shù)學(xué)焦慮感的女教師（allofthesegirlshadbeentaughtbyfemaleteacherswhohadmathanxiety.)。D所以不是正確的選擇，因為只提到teachers和students,而不是femaleteachers和femalestudents。5.B根據(jù)DavidGeary的說法，實驗結(jié)果還是初步的（preliminary)，需要更大的樣本對其進(jìn)行重復(fù)驗證（inneedofreplicationwithalargersample)。他沒有認(rèn)為該實驗的過程不可靠，所以A不是正確選項；他認(rèn)為實驗樣本不夠大，所以D也不是正確選項。+第四＋五篇SmallButWiseOnDecember14,NASA1blastedasmallbutmightytelescopeintospace.ThetelescopeiscalledWISEandisaboutaswidearoundasatrashcan.Don'tletitssmallsizefoolyou:WISEhasapowerfuldigitalcamera,anditwillbetakingpicturesofsomethewildestobjects2intheknownuniverse,includingasteroids,faintstars,blazinggalaxies3andgiantcloudsofdustwhereplanetsandstarsareborn."I'mveryexcitedbecausewe'regoingtobeseeingpartsoftheuniversethatwehaven'tseenbefore,"saidNedWright,ascientistwhodirectstheWISEproject.Sincearrivinginspace,theWISEtelescopehasbeencirclingtheEarth,heldbygravityinapolarorbit4(thismeansitcrossesclosetothenorthandsouthpoleswitheachlap5).Itscameraispointedoutward,awayfromtheEarth,andWISEwillsnapapictureofadifferentpartoftheskyevery11minutes.Aftersixmonthsitwillhavetakenpicturesacrosstheentiresky.ThepicturestakenbyWISEwon'tbelikeeverydaydigitalphotographs,however.WISEstandsfor"Wide-fieldInfraredSurveyExplorer."Asitsnamesuggests,theWISEcameratakespicturesoffeaturesthatgiveoffinfraredradiation6.Radiationisenergythattravelsasawave.Visiblelight,includingthefamiliarspectrumoflight7thatbecomesvisibleinarainbow,isanexampleofradiation.Whenanordinarydigitalcameratakesapictureofatree,forexample,itreceivesthewavesofvisiblelightthatarereflectedoffthetree.Whenthesewavesenterthecamerathroughthelens,they'reprocessedbythecamera,whichthenputstheimagetogether.Wavesofinfraredradiationarelongerthanwavesofvisiblelight,soordinarydigitalcamerasdon'tseethem,andneitherdotheeyesofhumanbeings.Althoughinvisibletotheeye,longerinfraredradiationcanbedetectedaswarmthbytheskin.That'sakeyideatowhyWISEwillbeabletoseethingsothertelescopescan't.Noteverythingintheuniverseshowsupinvisiblelight.Asteroids,forexample,aregiantrocksthatfloatthroughspace一buttheyabsorbmostofthelightthatreachesthem.Theydon'treflectlight,sothey'redifficulttosee.Buttheydogiveoffinfraredradiation,soaninfraredtelescopelikeWISEwillbeabletoproduceimagesofthem.DuringitsmissionWISEwilltakepicturesofhundredsofthousandsofasteroids.Browndwarfs8areanotherkindofdeep-spaceobjectthatwillshowupinWISE'spictures.Theseobjectsare"failed"stars一whichmeanstheyarenotmassiveenoughtojumpstart9thesamekindofreactionsthatpowerstarssuchasthesun.Instead,browndwarfssimplyshrinkandcooldown.They'resodimthatthey'realmostimpossibletoseewithvisiblelight,butintheinfraredspectrumtheyglow.詞匯：trashcan/'tr??,k?n/n．垃圾箱infrared/'infr?'red/adj．紅外線asteroid/'?st?r?id/n.小行星dwarf/dw?:f/n.矮星注釋：1.NASA（美國國家航空航天局）是縮寫詞，全稱是NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration2.thewildestobjects：任何你能想象得到的天體。wild有“未被人馴養(yǎng)的”“荒唐的”“離奇的”意思。3.faintstars,blazinggalaxies：指的是那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃燒而無法觀察到的天體。4.polarorbit：極地軌道。指軌道平面與赤道面夾角為90。的人造地球衛(wèi)星軌道。人造衛(wèi)星運行時能到達(dá)南北極區(qū)上空，即衛(wèi)星能飛經(jīng)全球范圍的上空。需要在全球范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行觀測和應(yīng)用的氣象衛(wèi)星、導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星、地球資源衛(wèi)星等都采用這種軌道。5.lap：一圈。原指競賽場的一圈或游泳池的一個來回，如：Sheovertooktheotherrunnersonthelastlap.她最后一圈超過了其他參賽者。6.infraredradiation：紅外線輻射7.spectrumoflight：光譜，即，光輻射的波長分布區(qū)域。8.Browndwarfs：褐矮星。褐矮星非常暗淡，很難發(fā)現(xiàn)它們，要確定它們的大小就更加困難。9.jumpstart:啟動練習(xí)：1.WhatissospecialaboutWISE?AItissmallinsizebutcarriesalargecamera.BItisassmallasatrashcan.CItsdigitalcameracanhelpastronomerstoseetheunknownspace.DNeverbeforehasatelescopecarriedadigitalcamerainspace.2.WhichisNOTthesynonymfortheword"snap"inthethirdparagraph?Amake.Bshoot.CtakeDphotograph.3.ThecameraonWISEAisnodifferentfromanordinarycamera.Bdoesnotseeinfraredradiationwhiletheordinarycameradoes.Ccatchestheinfraredradiationwhiletheordinarycameradoesnot.Dreflectslightthathumaneyescansee.4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTcorrectabout"asteroids"accordingtoparagraph7?AAsteroidsfloatthroughspacegivingoffvisiblelight.BAsteroidsdonotreflectlightthatreachesthem.CItisdifficulttotakeasteroids'picturesbyordinarycameras,DTheWISEtelescopecantakepicturesofasteroids5.Whatisimpliedinthelastparagraph?ABrowndwarfsgiveoffvisiblelight.BBrowndwarfsgiveoffinfraredradiation.CBrowndwarfsarepowerstarslikethesun.DBrowndwarfsareimpossibletoseewiththeWISEtelescope.答案與題解：1.C短文的第一和第二段提供了答案。WISE的特殊之處就在于，雖然體積小，但它的數(shù)碼相機(jī)能拍到任何天體，所以能夠幫助天文學(xué)家觀測到宇宙空間中（intheknownuniverse）的未知天文現(xiàn)象。其他選項都不是短文表達(dá)的意思。2.Asnap是個多義詞，可以解釋為“拍照”，更為確切的意思是“拍快照”。這里shoot,take和photograph都是snap的同義詞。3.C短文第六段和第四段提供了答案。人類的肉眼和普通相機(jī)看到的光是visiblelights，看不見紅外線輻射（infraredradiation)，而WISE的相機(jī)能夠看到。4.A短文第七段第二句說并非所有的宇宙中的物體都會發(fā)出可見光，比如asteroids，所以A是正確選項。其他選項的內(nèi)容都可以在該段中找到。5.B最后一段的第一句說，褐矮星能出現(xiàn)在WISE照片中，根據(jù)上文對WISE望遠(yuǎn)鏡的描述只有WISE望遠(yuǎn)鏡才能拍到紅外線射線，所以B是正確選擇。+第四十六篇AntsHaveBigImpactonEnvironmentas"EcosystemEngineers"ResearchbytheUniversityofExeter1hasrevealedthatantshaveabigimpactontheirlocalenvironmentasaresultoftheiractivityas"ecosystemengineers"andpredators.Thestudy,publishedintheJournalofAnimalEcology,foundthatantshavetwodistincteffectsontheirlocalenvironment.Firstly,throughmovingofsoilbynestbuilding2activityandbycollectingfoodtheyaffectthelevelofnutrientsinthesoil.Thiscanindirectlyimpactthelocalpopulationsofmanyanimalgroups,fromdecomposerstospeciesmuchhigherupthefoodchain.Secondly,theypreyonawiderangeofotheranimals,includinglargerpreywhichcanbeattackedbyvastnumbersofantworkers.DirkSanders,anauthorofthestudyfromtheuniversity'sCentreforEcologyandConservation,said:"Antsareveryeffectivepredatorswhichthriveinhugenumbers.They'realsoveryterritorial3andveryaggressive,defendingtheirresourcesandterritoryagainstotherpredators.Allofthismeanstheyhaveastronginfluenceontheirsurroundingarea.""Inthisresearch,westudiedforthefirsttimehowbigthisimpactisandthesubtletiesofit.Whatwefoundisthatdespitebeingpredators,theirpresencecanalsoleadtoanincreaseindensityanddiversityofotheranimalgroups4.Theygenuinelyplayakeyroleinthelocalenvironment,havingabiginfluenceonthegrasslandfoodweb,"Sanderssaid.Thestudy,carriedoutinGermany,studiedtheimpactofthepresenceofdifferentcombinationsanddensitiesofblackgardenantsandcommonredants,bothspecieswhichcanbefoundacrossEurope,includingintheUK.Itfoundthatalowdensityofantsinanareaincreasedthediversityanddensityofother