考研英語一真題及答案

及答案2015年考研英語一真題及答案英語(一)即原研究生入學統(tǒng)考“英語”，所有學術(shù)型碩士研究生和部分專業(yè)型碩士必考英語(一)。下面是店鋪整理的2015英語一真題，希望能幫到大家!Section1UseofEnglishReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETpoints)Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareasrelatedasfourthcousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis1astudypublishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has2.Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted31932uniquesubjectswhich4pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth5.While1%mayseem6,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professorof7theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho8ourkin.Thestudy9foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityinolfactorygenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow.10Perhaps,astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore11it.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingintandemthat12usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends13thannalkinshipofbeingfriendswith14!Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving15thanothergenes.Studyingthiscouldhelp16whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor17factor.Thefindingsdonotsimplycorroboratepeoples18tobefriendthoseofsimilar19backgrounds,saytheresearchers.ThoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento20thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangersweretakenfromthesamepopulation.Theteamalsocontrolledthedatatocheckancestryofsubjects.SectionIIReadingComprehension6、InsignificantAlsoReadthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TEXT1KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsistedkingsdontabdicate,theydieintheirsleep.ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicansleftintherecentEuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doesthemonarchyisseeingitslastdaysDoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyles?TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstfollowingtheendoftheFranceregime,monarchscanriseabovemerepolitiesandembodyaspiritofnationalunity.Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpolitiesthatexplainsmonarchyscontinuingpopularityasheadsofstate.Andso,theMiddleEastexpected,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory-andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday-embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarmingofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.hieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchysreputationwithherratherordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice-asnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishworstenemies.21.Accordingtothefirsttwographs,KingJuanCarlosof[A]easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals.[B]usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupport.[C]wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals.[D]endedhisreigninembarrassment.22.MonarchsarekeptasheadofstateinEuropemostly[A]togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupto.[B]toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality.[C]owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus.[D]duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment.23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtograph4?[A]Theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies.[B]Aristocratsexcessiverelianceoninheritedwealth.[C]Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies.[D]Thenobilitysadherencetotheirprivileges.24.TheBritishroyalshavemosttofearbecauseCharles[A]takesatoughlineonpoliticalissues.[B]failstochangehislifestyleasadvised.[C]takesrepublicansashispotentialallies.[D]failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole.25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?[A]Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined[B]Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone[C]Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats[D]Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs21.Dendedhisreigninembarrassment.22.Cowingtotheundoubtedandrespectablestatus23.Atheroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracy24.Bfailstochangehislifestyleasadvised.25.DCarlos,alessonforallMonarchiesTEXT2JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingruling,particularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionsthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCaliforniasadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,guidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCaliforniaslameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofasmartphone-avaststorehouseofdigitalinformationissimilartosay,goingthroughasuspectspurse.ThecourthasruledthatpolicedontviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheygothroughthewalletorpocketbook,ofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringonessmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontaincomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.Thedevelopmentofcloudcomputing.meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCaliforniasargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitutionsprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofautomobileuseasadigitalnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourthAmendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.26.TheSupremecourt,willworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimateto[A]searchforsuspectsmobilephoneswithoutawarrant.horized[C]preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.[D]prohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.27.TheauthorsattitudetowardCaliforniasargumentisone[A]tolerance.[B]indifference.[C]disapproval.[D]cautiousness.heauthorbelievesthatexploringonesphonecontentiscombleto[A]gettingintoonesresidence.[B]handingoneshistoricalrecords.[C]scanningonescorrespondences.[D]goingthroughoneswallet.29.Ingraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat[A]principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.[B]thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.[C]phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.[D]citizensprivacyisnoteffectiveprotected.30.OrinKerrscomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat(A)theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.(B)NewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.(C)CaliforniasargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.(D)PrinciplesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered.26.Bchecksuspectsphonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.27.Cdisapproval28.Agettingintoonesresidence29.Dcitizensprivacyisnoteffectivelyprotected30.BnewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheconstitutionThejournalScienceisaddinganextrasourceatPeer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNottannouncedtoday.TheFollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatMistakesindataanalysisarecontributingtothePublishedresearchfindings.Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,writesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeontheJournalhasappointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingManutwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybytheJournalseditors,orbyitspanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewtheseAskedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid,ThecreationofthestatisticsboardwasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataanalysisinscientificresearchandispartofSciencesGiovanniParmigianiabiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,amroftheSBoREgroup,saysheexpectstheboardtoplayprimarilyonadvisoryrole.HeagreedtojoinbecausehefoundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.ThisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplacesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience.JohnIoannidis,aphysicianwhostudiesresearchmethodology,saysthatthepolicyisamostwelcomestepforwardandlongoverdue,Mostjournalsareweakinstatisticalreview，andthisdamagesthequalityofwhattheypublish.Ithinkthat,forthemajorityofscientificpapersnowadays,essentialthanexpertreviewhesaysButhenotedthatbiomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsofInternalMedicine,theJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationandTheLancetpaystrongattentiontostatisticalreview.Professionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoanalyzedata,butstatisticalerrorsarealarminglycommoninpublishedshouldimprovetheirstandards,hewrotein2012，butjournalsshouldalsotakeatougherline，engagingreviewerswhoarestatisticallyliterateandeditorswhocanverifytheprocess.VauxsaysthatSciencesideatopasssomepaperstostatisticianshassomemerit，butaweaknessisthatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentifythepapersthatneedscrutinyinthefirstplace.31.ItcanbelearnedfromgraphIthat[A]Scienceintendstosimplifyitspeer-reviewprocess.[B]journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks.[C]fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis.[D]lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects.32.Thephraseflaggedup(.2)istheclosestinmeaningto[A]found.Brevised33.GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREmay[A]poseathreattoallitspeers[B]meetwithstrongopposition[C]increaseSciencescirculation.[D]setanexampleforotherjournals34.DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnowA.addstoresearchersworklosd.B.diminishestheroleofreviewers.C.hasroomforfurtherimprovement.D.istofailintheforeseeablefuture.35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?A.ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapersB.ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespectC.DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditorsDesksD.StatisticiansAreComingBackwithScience31.BjournalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecksBmarked33.Dsetanexampleforotherjournals34.Chasroomforfurtherimprovement35.AsciencejoinsPushtoscreenstatisticsinpapersTwoyearsago.RupertMurdochsdaughter,spokeattheunsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethatthemechanisminsocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarketwethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit.Drivingherpointhome,shecontinuedItsincreasinglyabsenceofpurpose，ofamorallanguagewithingovernment,couldbecomeoneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalismcompanies,suchasInternational,shethought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldforehadwithwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.ackingtrialconcludesfindingguiltyoneexeditoroftheNewsoftheWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindingthepredecessor,RebekahBrooks,innocentofthesamecharge-thewidedearthofintegritystillstands.Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepointpersonforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotkplaceOneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,howlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredhowthestoriesarrivedThecoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatsheknewnothing.Intodaysworld,ithasbecomenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbeaccountableforwhathappensintheorganizationsthattheyrun.Perhapsweshouldnotbesosurprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjustice,fairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottotobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructions-norreceivedtraceable,recordedanswers.36.Accordigntothefirsttwographs,Elisabethwasupsetby(A)theconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism.(B)companiesfinanciallossduetoimmoralpractices(C)governmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues.(D)thewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions.37.Itcanbeinferredfromgraph3that(A)GlennMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime.(B)morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking.(C)AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge.(D)phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasions.38.TheauthorbelievesthatRebekahBrookssdefence(A)revealedacunningpersonality.(B)centeredontrivialissues.(C)washardlyconvincing.(D)waspartofaconspiracy.39.Theauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrine(A)generallydistortedvalues.(B)unfairwealthdistribution.(C)amarginalizedlifestyle.(D)arigidmoralcode.40Whichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastgraph?(A)Thequalityofwritingsisofprimaryimportance.(B)Commonhumanityiscentraltonewsreporting.(C)Moralawarenessmattersineditinganewspaper.(D)Journalistsneedstricterindustrialregulations.36.Atheconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism37.Bmorejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking38.Cwashardlyconvincing39.Agenerallydistortedvalues40.CmoralawarenessmattersineditinganewspaperPartBInthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofnumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthesenseofidentifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,drawingonyourimplicitknowledgeofEnglishgrammar.(41)Youbegintoinferacontextforthetext,forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventisinvolved.Whoismakingtheutterance,towhom,whenandwhere.Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofcomprehension.Buttheyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotilationbutofactiveengagementininferenceandproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceandclues.(42)Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedortruemeaningthatcanbereadtotheworld.(43)Thisdoesnt,however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeorenthistoricalperiods,placesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlappingreadingsofthesamewordsontheincludinglhumanconcernsdebatesabouttextscanplayanimportantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefsandvalues.Howwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterestinreadingit.(45)Suchdimensionsofreadingsuggest-asothersintroducedlaterinthebookwillalsodo-thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedormoreworthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentmindsofreadinginformeachother,anotherTogethertheymakeupthereadingcomponentofyouroverallliteracy,orrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextualenvironment.[A]Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfillstherequirementofagivencourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitforinformation?Waysofreadingonatrainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarroom.[B]Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichweareurageustowardscertaininterpretationsbutatthesametimeobscureorevencloseoffothers.[C]Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,usingcluespresentedinthecontext.Ontheassumptionthattheywillbecomerelevantlater,youmakeamentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.[D]Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygivensentence,imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.[E]Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowtheformthebasisofapersonalresponseforwhichtheauthorwillinevitablybefarlessresponsible.[F]Inplays,novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreatedbytheauthor,notnecessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthorsownthoughts.[G]Rather,weascribemeaningstotextsonthebasisofinteractionbetweenwhatwemightcalltextualandcontextualandvariouskindsofbackground,socialknowledge,beliefandattitudethatwebringtothetext.41.C42.E43.G44.B45.AReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturies,atideofemigration-onethegreatfolkwanderingsofhistory-sweptfromEuropetoAmerica.(46)anationoutofawildernessand,byitsnature,shapedthecharacteranddestinyofanunchartedcontinent.(47)TheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipalforces-theimmigrationofEuropeanpeopleswiththeirvariedideas,customsandnationalcharacteristicsandtheimpactofanewcountrywhichmodifiedthesetraits.Ofnecessity,colonialAmericawasaprojectionofEurope.AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsofEnglishmen,Frenchmen,Germans,Scots,Irishmen,Dutchmen,Swedes,andmanyotherswhoattemptedtotransplanttheirhabitsandtraditionstothenewworld.(48)ButtheforceofgeographicconditionspeculiartoAmerica,thesheerdifficultyofmaintainingold-worldwaysinaraw,newcontinentcausedsignificantchanges.Thesechangeswerelpatternwhich,althoughitresembledEuropeansocietyinmanyways,hadacharacterthatwasdistinctlyAmerican.(49)ThefirstshiploadsofimmigrantsboundfortheterritorywhichisnowtheUnitedStatescrossedtheAtlanticmorethanahundredyearsafterthe15th-and-16th-centuryexplorationsofNorthAmerica.Inthemeantime,thrivingSpanishcolonieshadbeenestablishedinMexico,theWestIndies,andSouthAmerica.ThesetravelerstoNorthAmericacameinsmall,unmercifullyovercrowdedcraft.Duringtheirsix-totwelve-weekvoyage,theysurvivedonbarelyenoughfoodallottedtothem.Manyoftheshipswerelostinstorms,manypassengersdiedofdisease,andinfantsrarelysurvivedthejourney.Sometimesstormsblewthevesselsfarofftheircourse,andoftencalmbroughtunbearablylongdelay.TotheanxioustravelersthesightoftheAmericanshorebroughtalmostinexpressiblereliefSaidonerecorderofevents,uesdistancesmeltassweetasanewblowngarden.Thecolonistsfirstglimpseofthenewlandwasasightofdensewoods.(50)Thevirginforestwithitsrichnessandvarietyoftreeswasarealtreasure-housewhichextendedfromMaineallthewaydowntoGeorgia.Herewasabundantfuelandlumber.Herewastherawmaterialofhousesandfurniture,shipsandpotash,dyesandnavalstores.46)在多種強大的動機驅(qū)動下，這次運動在一片荒野上建起了一個國家，其本身塑造了一個未知大陸的性格和命運。47)美國是兩種主要力量的產(chǎn)物即思想習俗、民族特色