英語(yǔ)20篇精讀薈萃

Passageone（Theonlywaytotravelisonfoot）Thepastagesofmanhaveallbeencarefullylabeledbyanthropologists.Descriptionslike‘PalaeolithicMan’,‘NeolithicMan’,etc.,neatlysumupwholeperiods.Whenthetimecomesforanthropologiststoturntheirattentiontothetwentiethcentury,theywillsurelychoosethelabel‘LeglessMan’.Historiesofthetimewillgosomethinglikethis:‘inthetwentiethcentury,peopleforgothowtousetheirlegs.Menandwomenmovedaboutincars,busesandtrainsfromaveryearlyage.Therewereliftsandescalatorsinalllargebuildingstopreventpeoplefromwalking.Thissituationwasforceduponearthdwellersofthattimebecauseofmileseachday.Butthesurprisingthingisthattheydidn’tusetheirlegsevenwhentheywentonholiday.Theybuiltcablerailways,ski-liftsandroadstothetopofeveryhugemountain.Allthebeautyspotsonearthweremarredbythepresenceoflargecarparks.’Thefuturehistorybooksmightalsorecordthatweweredeprivedoftheuseofoureyes.Inourhurrytogetfromoneplacetoanother,wefailedtoseeanythingontheway.Airtravelgivesyouabird’s-eyeviewoftheworld–orevenlessifthewingoftheaircrafthappenstogetinyourway.Whenyoutravelbycarortrainablurredimageofthecountrysideconstantlysmearsthewindows.Cardrivers,inparticular,areforeverobsessedwiththeurgetogoonandon:theyneverwanttostop.Isitthelureofthegreatmotorways,orwhat?Andasforseatravel,ithardlydeservesmention.Itisperfectlysummedupinthewordsoftheoldsong:‘Ijoinedthenavytoseetheworld,andwhatdidIsee?Isawthesea.’Thetypicaltwentieth-centurytraveleristhemanwhoalwayssays‘I’vebeenthere.’Youmentiontheremotest,mostevocativeplace-namesintheworldlikeElDorado,Kabul,Irkutskandsomeoneisboundtosay‘I’vebeenthere’–meaning,‘Idrovethroughitat100milesanhouronthewaytosomewhereelse.’Whenyoutravelathighspeeds,thepresentmeansnothing:youlivemainlyinthefuturebecauseyouspendmostofyourtimelookingforwardtoarrivingatsomeotherplace.Butactualarrival,whenitisachieved,ismeaningless.Youwanttomoveonagain.Bytravelinglikethis,yoususpendallexperience;thepresentceasestobeareality:youmightjustaswellbedead.Thetraveleronfoot,ontheotherhand,livesconstantlyinthepresent.Forhimtravelingandarrivingareoneandthesamething:hearrivessomewherewitheverystephemakes.Heexperiencesthepresentmomentwithhiseyes,hisearsandthewholeofhisbody.Attheendofhisjourneyhefeelsadeliciousphysicalweariness.Heknowsthatsound.Satisfyingsleepwillbehis:thejustrewardofalltruetravellers.1、Anthorpologistslabelnowaday’smen‘Legless’because

Apeopleforgethowtousehislegs. Bpeopleprefercars,busesandtrains. Cliftsandescalatorspreventpeoplefromwalking. Dtherearealotoftransportationdevices.2、Travellingathighspeedmeans Apeople’sfocusonthefuture. Bapleasure. Csatisfyingdrivers’greatthrill. Danecessityoflife.3、Whydoestheauthorsay‘wearedeprivedoftheuseofoureyes’? APeoplewon’tusetheireyes. BIntravelingathighspeed,eyesbecomeuseless. CPeoplecan’tseeanythingonhiswayoftravel. DPeoplewanttosleepduringtravelling.4、Whatisthepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthispassage? ALegsbecomeweaker. BModernmeansoftransportationmaketheworldasmallplace. CThereisnoneedtouseeyes. DThebestwaytotravelisonfoot.5.Whatdoes‘a(chǎn)bird’s-eyeview’mean? ASeeviewwithbird’seyes. BAbirdlooksatabeautifulview. CItisageneralviewfromahighpositionlookingdown. DAscenicplace.VOCABULARYPalaeolithic舊石器時(shí)代的Neolithic新石器時(shí)代的escalator自動(dòng)電梯，自動(dòng)扶梯ski-lift 載送滑雪者上坡的裝置mar 損壞，毀壞blur模糊不清，朦朧smear 涂，弄臟，弄模糊（尤指畫(huà)面、輪廓等）evocative引起回憶的，喚起感情的ElDorado(由當(dāng)時(shí)西班牙征服者想象中的南美洲)黃金國(guó)，寶山，富庶之鄉(xiāng)Kabul 喀布爾（阿富汗首都）Irkutsk伊爾庫(kù)茨克（原蘇聯(lián)亞洲城市）難句譯注與答案詳解Theonlywaytotravelisonfoot旅游的唯一方法是走路難句譯注Airtravelgivesyouabird’s-eyeviewoftheworld–orevenifthewingoftheaircrafthappenstogetinyourway.

【參考譯文】飛機(jī)旅行，你只可俯視世界――如果機(jī)翼碰巧擋住了你的視線，就看得更少了。Whenyoutravelbycarortrainablurredimageofthecountry-sideconstantlysmearsthewindows.

【參考譯文】如果乘車或火車旅行，郊外模糊朦朧的景象不斷地掠過(guò)窗口。寫(xiě)作方法與文章大意文章以因果寫(xiě)作方法，寫(xiě)出了由于種種現(xiàn)代化交通設(shè)施、人們不需用腳走路，甚至也不需要用眼看景，出門(mén)就坐汽車、公交車、地鐵、飛機(jī)……，車、機(jī)速度飛快，外邊的景物難以看清，最終導(dǎo)致人們忘記用腳、用眼成為“無(wú)腳之人”。一切都經(jīng)歷不到。作者建議最佳的旅游方法是徒步――經(jīng)歷現(xiàn)實(shí)。答案詳解A人們忘了用腳。答案在第一段：人類學(xué)家把以往年代的人們分別標(biāo)上舊石器時(shí)代、新石器時(shí)代人，等等。干脆利落地總結(jié)了一個(gè)時(shí)期。當(dāng)他們轉(zhuǎn)向20世紀(jì)，他們肯定會(huì)標(biāo)上“無(wú)腳的人”。因?yàn)樵?0世紀(jì)，人們忘了如何用腳走路。男人女人早年外出就坐車、公共汽車、火車。大樓里由電梯、自動(dòng)扶梯，不需要人們走路。即使度假期間，他們也不用腳。他們筑有纜車道、滑雪載車和路直通山頂。所有的風(fēng)景旅游區(qū)都有大型的汽車停車場(chǎng)。

B人們喜歡汽車、公交車、火車等。C電梯、自動(dòng)扶梯制止人們走路。D有許多交通運(yùn)輸工具。A人們的注意力在未來(lái)。見(jiàn)最后一段第一句話：當(dāng)你高速旅行，現(xiàn)在等于零，你主要生活在未來(lái)，因?yàn)槟愦蟛糠謺r(shí)間盯在前面到達(dá)的某個(gè)地方。真到了，又沒(méi)有意義了，你還要再向前進(jìn)。

B是一種歡樂(lè)。C滿足司機(jī)強(qiáng)烈的渴望。第二段中提及死機(jī)醉心于開(kāi)車、不停車但不是快速前進(jìn)著眼于未來(lái)。D生活的需要。這一條在第一段中提及這種情況是因?yàn)樗麄兡钱惓５纳罘椒◤?qiáng)加給時(shí)代的居民。這是指不用腳走路，而用一切代步器――交通運(yùn)輸工具，不是開(kāi)快車。C人們?cè)诼眯型局惺裁炊家?jiàn)不到。答案在第二段，由一地轉(zhuǎn)向另一地，路上你什么都沒(méi)有見(jiàn)到。乘飛機(jī)你只能俯視世界，火車，汽車，只見(jiàn)外界朦朧景象掠過(guò)窗子。海上旅游，只見(jiàn)到海?！拔业竭^(guò)那里”此話含義就是“我以一小時(shí)一百英里在去某某地方時(shí)經(jīng)過(guò)那里”。正因?yàn)槿绱?，作者指出將?lái)的歷史書(shū)上會(huì)記錄下：我們被剝奪了眼睛的應(yīng)用。

A人們不愿用眼睛。B在高速旅行中，眼睛沒(méi)有用了。D旅行中，人們想睡覺(jué)。D旅行的最佳方式是走路。文章第一段、第二段分別講述了旅行可不用腳、不用眼等情況。第三段，在講述了人們只知向前向前，一切經(jīng)歷都停滯，現(xiàn)實(shí)不再是現(xiàn)實(shí)，還不如死的好。而用腳走路的旅行者總是生活再現(xiàn)實(shí)，對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)旅行和到達(dá)是一回事，他一步一步走到某地，他用眼睛、耳朵，以至整個(gè)身體去體驗(yàn)現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻、旅行終點(diǎn)，他感到全身舒坦愉悅的疲勞，美美享受滿足的酣睡；一切真正旅行者的真實(shí)報(bào)償。這一段就是作者寫(xiě)文章的目的――走路是旅行的最佳方式。

A腳變得軟弱無(wú)力。B現(xiàn)代交通工具把世界變小。C沒(méi)有必要用眼睛。C從高出向下看的景致：俯視。

A用鳥(niǎo)的眼睛看景點(diǎn)。B鳥(niǎo)在看美景。D風(fēng)景點(diǎn)。Passagetwo(ViciousandDangerousSportsShouldbeBannedbyLaw)Whenyouthinkofthetremendoustechnologicalprogresswehavemade,it’samazinghowlittlewehavedevelopedinotherrespects.WemayspeakcontemptuouslyofthepooroldRomansbecausetheyrelishedtheorgiesofslaughterthatwentonintheirarenas.Wemaydespisethembecausetheymistookthesegoingsonforentertainment.Wemayforgivethemcondescendinglybecausetheylived2000yearsagoandobviouslyknewnobetter.Butareourfeelingsofsuperiorityreallyjustified?Areweanylessblood-thirsty?Whydoboxingmatches,forinstance,attractsuchuniversalinterest?Don’tthespectatorswhoattendthemhopetheywillseesomeviolence?Humanbeingsremainsasbloodthirstyasevertheywere.TheonlydifferencebetweenourselvesandtheRomansisthatwhiletheywerehonestenoughtoadmitthattheyenjoyedwatchinghungeylionstearingpeopleapartandeatingthemalive,wefindallsortsofsophisticatedargumentstodefendsportswhichshouldhavebeenbannedlongage;sportswhicharequiteasbarbarousas,say,publichangingsorbearbaiting.Itreallyisincrediblethatinthisdayandageweshouldstillallowhuntingorbull-fighting,thatweshouldbepreparedtositbackandwatchtwomenbattereachothertopulpinaboxingring,thatweshouldberelativelyunmovedbythesightofoneoranumberofracingcarscrashingandburstingintoflames.Letusnotdeceiveourselves.Anytalkof‘thesportingspirit’issheerhypocrisy.Peopletakepartinviolentsportsbecauseofthehighrewardstheybring.Spectatorsarewillingtopayvastsumsofmoneytoseeviolence.Aworldheavyweightchampionshipmatch,forinstance,isfrontpagenews.Millionsofpeoplearedisappointedifabigfightisoverintworoundsinsteadoffifteen.Theyfeeldisappointmentbecausetheyhavebeendeprivedoftheexquisitepleasureofwitnessingprolongedtortureandviolence.Whyshouldwebanviolentsportsifpeopleenjoythemsomuch?Youmaywellask.Theanswerissimple:theyareuncivilized.Forcenturiesmanhasbeentryingtoimprovehimselfspirituallyandemotionally–admittedlywithlittlesuccess.Butatleastwenolongertoleratethesightmadmencoopedupincages,orpublicfloggingsofanyofthecountlessotherbarbaricpracticeswhichwerecommoninthepast.Prisonsarenolongerthegrimforbiddingplacestheyusedtobe.Socialwelfaresystemsareinoperationinmanypartsoftheworld.Bigeffortsarebeingmadetodistributewealthfairly.Thesechangeshavecomeaboutnotbecausehumanbeingshavesuddenlyandunaccountablyimproved,butbecausepositivestepsweretakentochangethelaw.Thelawisthebiggestinstrumentofsocialchangethatwehaveanditmayexertgreatcivilizinginfluence.Ifwebanneddangerousandviolentsports,wewouldbemovingonestepfurthertoimprovingmankind.Wewouldrecognizethatviolenceisdegradingandunworthyofhumanbeings.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor’sopinionofnowadays’humanbeingsis

A.notveryhigh. B.high.

C.contemptuous. D.critical.Themainideaofthispassageis

A. viciousanddangeroussportsshouldbebannedbylaw.

B.peoplearewillingtopayvastsumsmoneytoseeviolence.

C.tocomparetwodifferentattitudestowardsdangeroussports.

D.peoplearebloodthirstyinsports.ThattheauthormentionstheoldRomansis

A.TocomparetheoldRomanswithtoday’speople.

B.togiveanexample.

C.toshowhumanbeingsinthepastknownothingbetter.

D.toindicatehumanbeingsareusedtobloodthirsty.Howmanydangeroussportsdoestheauthormentioninthispassage?

A.Three. B.Five.

C.Six. D.Seven.Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthispassageis

A.that,bybanningtheviolentsports,wehumanbeingscanimproveourselves.

B.that,bybanningthedangeroussports,wecanimprovethelaw.

C.thatwemusttakepositivestepstoimprovesocialwelfaresystem.

D.toshowlawisthemaininstrumentofsocialchange.Vocabularyrelish從……獲得樂(lè)處，享受orgy 狂歡，放縱arena 競(jìng)技場(chǎng)，活動(dòng)或斗爭(zhēng)的場(chǎng)所blood-thirsty 殘忍的，嗜血的bear-baiting 逗熊游戲bull-fight 斗牛batter 猛擊，連續(xù)地猛打/捶，亂打pulp 成紙漿，成軟塊burstintoflames 突然燃燒起來(lái)/著火grim 令人窒息的，簡(jiǎn)陋的coopup 把……關(guān)起來(lái)難句譯注bear-baiting逗熊游戲。這是一種十六、十七世紀(jì)流行于英國(guó)的游戲――驅(qū)狗去咬綁著的熊，很殘忍，后被禁止?！璽womenbattereachothertopulpintheboxingring.

【結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)析】batteronetopulp=beatonetoapulp狠揍某人，打癱某人

【參考譯文】?jī)蓚€(gè)人在拳擊場(chǎng)內(nèi)彼此狠揍，知道一個(gè)人被打倒在地，爬不起來(lái)?！璾nmovedbythesightofoneoranumberofracingcarscrashingandburstingintoflames.

【參考譯文】眼見(jiàn)一輛或多輛賽車相互撞擊，突然燒起來(lái)而無(wú)動(dòng)于衷。Aworldheavyweightchampionshipmatchisfrontpagenews.

【參考譯文】世界重量級(jí)冠軍賽總是頭版頭條新聞。寫(xiě)作方法與文章大意作者采取先對(duì)比、后分析的寫(xiě)作手法。先是今人和古羅馬人對(duì)暴虐體育上對(duì)此兩者都欣賞。后者坦率成人“欣賞暴力體育”，前者施以各種接口、實(shí)際都是嗜血成性者。第二段進(jìn)一步剖析今人欣賞暴虐體育的種種實(shí)例，最后指出改善“暴虐”的根本嗜為改善法律采取積極的步驟，法律才能施以巨大的文明影響，否則人類很難改變。答案詳解A.不太高。文章一開(kāi)始就點(diǎn)出科技巨大進(jìn)步，而其他方面進(jìn)展很少。人們以輕蔑的口氣談及可憐的古羅馬人，因?yàn)樗麄冃蕾p競(jìng)技場(chǎng)上的屠殺。我們輕視他們，因?yàn)樗麄儼堰@些屠殺視為娛樂(lè)。我們可以降階/屈尊地諒解他們，因?yàn)樗麄兩钤?000年前，顯然，對(duì)好的東西不知道。在這里作者反問(wèn)，我們的優(yōu)越感是否正確呢？我們的嗜血性是不是少一些？為什么拳擊比賽吸引那么許多人？在場(chǎng)的觀賞者（觀眾）是不是也希望看到一些暴力呢？結(jié)論是：人類和過(guò)去一樣殘忍。唯一的不同點(diǎn)在于古羅馬人很誠(chéng)實(shí)，他們承認(rèn)他們欣賞觀看饑餓的獅子把人撕碎，活生生吃掉，而我們會(huì)找出各種精辟的理由來(lái)保衛(wèi)早該制止的運(yùn)動(dòng)。第二段舉出具體例子，如斗牛、拳擊中把人打癱在地、車賽中，車子碰撞起火，人們就坐在那里觀看欣賞，參賽者是為了高報(bào)酬，觀眾付出大筆錢財(cái)是為了看到暴力。作者指出任何體育精神的說(shuō)法純粹是虛偽。如果一場(chǎng)打比賽（世界重量級(jí)冠軍賽），兩輪而不是十五輪就告結(jié)束，成千上百萬(wàn)人們會(huì)感到失望――這些都證明人的卑下，不文明。這兩段似乎也證明作者的觀點(diǎn)應(yīng)該是C項(xiàng)――蔑視的。但在第三段談及，好幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，人們一直試圖在精神上和情感上改善自己，又得承認(rèn)不怎么成功?？芍辽傥覀儾辉偃萑摊?cè)私d于籠中，當(dāng)眾鞭撻，以及其他許多過(guò)去普遍存在的野蠻行徑。監(jiān)獄也不再是過(guò)去那種令人窒息的禁錮之地，社會(huì)福利制度在全世界許多地方推行。在財(cái)富公平分配上也作了很大的努力。這些變化的出現(xiàn)不是因?yàn)槿送蝗桓纳?，而是在改變法律上采取了積極的步驟。如果我們禁止危險(xiǎn)的暴力體育項(xiàng)目，那么我們?cè)诟纳迫祟惙矫嬗智斑M(jìn)了一步。我們會(huì)認(rèn)識(shí)暴力是人類的墮落和卑下（人類不應(yīng)有的）。從這段來(lái)看，作者對(duì)人類還抱有希望，不是很蔑視。所以選A項(xiàng)。A.法律應(yīng)禁止墮落而又危險(xiǎn)的體育項(xiàng)目。見(jiàn)第一題注釋。作者從古羅馬人欣賞殘忍的體育項(xiàng)目說(shuō)起，點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)代人也是嗜血成性，喜歡暴力體育項(xiàng)目。這是不文明，是墮落。必須制止，而法律是我們社會(huì)改革最強(qiáng)大的工具，它可應(yīng)用，發(fā)揮強(qiáng)大的文明影響（第三段倒數(shù)第三句）

B.人們?cè)敢庵Ц毒薮罂铐?xiàng)來(lái)觀看暴力。這是作者說(shuō)明“嗜血成性”的具體內(nèi)容之一。C.對(duì)比對(duì)危險(xiǎn)體育項(xiàng)目不同的態(tài)度。這里沒(méi)有對(duì)比。D.人類嗜血成性。這是作者認(rèn)為人們?yōu)槭裁葱蕾p危險(xiǎn)殘忍體育項(xiàng)目的根源。D.人們?cè)隗w育上習(xí)慣于“嗜血成性”，過(guò)去是，現(xiàn)在仍然是，不同點(diǎn)只是前者坦直承認(rèn)，后者婉轉(zhuǎn)掩飾。見(jiàn)第一題注釋。

A.把古羅馬人和現(xiàn)代人對(duì)比。這項(xiàng)沒(méi)有說(shuō)明對(duì)比什么。B.給出一個(gè)例子。太抽象。C.說(shuō)明過(guò)去人類不太知道更美好的東西，這兩項(xiàng)都沒(méi)有到位。B.5個(gè)。作者提到⑴逗熊游戲；⑵斗牛；⑶車賽；⑷拳擊；⑸人獅斗。至于當(dāng)眾鞭撻和絞刑不能稱作體育活動(dòng)。A.通過(guò)制止野蠻體育項(xiàng)目，我們能改善人類自身。這在第三段講的最透徹，見(jiàn)第一題和第二題注釋。

B.通過(guò)制止野蠻體育活動(dòng)，我們能改善法律，不完全對(duì)。作者明確指出要用法律來(lái)禁止野蠻體育項(xiàng)目。C.我們必須采取積極步驟來(lái)改善社會(huì)福利體制。D.去表明法律是社會(huì)變革的主要工具。Passagethree(AdvertisersPerformaUsefulServicetotheCommunity)Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround.‘It’siniquitous,’theysay,‘thatthisentirelyunproductiveindustry(ifwecancallitthat)shouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon’ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoods?Afterall,it’stheconsumerwhopays…’Thepooroldconsumer!He’dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn’tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashingmachine,itismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformance,price,etc.,fromanadvertisement.Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisements,butthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenare,too!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements.Wouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaybyelawswhilewaitingforatrain?Wouldyouliketoreadonlycloselyprintedcolumnsofnewsinyourdailypaper?Acheerful,wittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwalloranewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities.Wemustnotforget,either,thatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspapers,commercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaper,orcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogrammesisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice!Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthe‘smallads.’whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstance,youcanfindajob,buyorsellahouse,announceabirth,marriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe‘hatch,matchanddispatch’columnbutbyfarthemostfascinatingsectionisthepersonalor‘a(chǎn)gony’column.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis!Whatismainideaofthispassage?

A.Advertisement.

B.Thebenefitsofadvertisement.

C.Advertisersperformausefulservicetocommunities.

D.Thecostsofadvertisement.Theattitudeoftheauthortowardadvertisersis

A.appreciative.

B.trustworthy.

C.critical.

D.dissatisfactory.Whydothecriticscriticizeadvertisers?

A.Becauseadvertisersoftenbrag.

B.Becausecriticsthinkadvertisementisa“wasteofmoney”.

C.Becausecustomersareencouragedtobuymorethannecessary.

D.Becausecustomerspaymore.WhichofthefollowingisNotTrue?

A.Advertisementmakescontributiontoourpocketsandwemayknoweverything.

B.Wecanbuywhatwewant.

C.Goodqualityproductsdon’tneedtobeadvertised.

D.Advertisementmakesourlifecolorful.Thepassageis

A.Narration.

B.Description.

C.Criticism.

D.Argumentation.Vocabularycomeinfor(sth.) 是某事物的對(duì)象，吸引（某事物），獲得flair 天資，天分iniquitous 極邪惡的，極不公正的drab 單調(diào)的，乏味的subsist 活下去，生存下去，維持下去hatch 孵化（指生孩子）match 匹配，婚姻dispatch 派遣，發(fā)送agony 極大痛苦，煎熬agonycolumn （報(bào)刊中關(guān)于個(gè)人疑難問(wèn)題征詢意見(jiàn)的）讀者來(lái)信專欄難句譯注Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.

【參考譯文】廣告商總是雄心勃勃（想得很大），也許這就是為什么他們老挨批評(píng)。Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotion.

【參考譯文】他們的批評(píng)者似乎對(duì)他們很氣憤，因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)谧晕姨Ц?標(biāo)榜上很有天分。Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingoroffersuchdeepinsightintohumannature.

【參考譯文】報(bào)紙任何其他欄目都難以提供如此有趣的文章，或提供對(duì)人性的內(nèi)涵如此深刻的洞察。It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis.

【參考譯文】這是廣告中最佳的廣告。寫(xiě)作方法與文章大意文章以因果、對(duì)比的手法寫(xiě)出有沒(méi)有廣告的后果及廣告的真正作用。文章首先指出廣告商遭批評(píng)的原因：廣告商夸大和人們認(rèn)為廣告浪費(fèi)錢財(cái)、商品價(jià)格就搞；然后作者以有無(wú)廣告的后果突出其功能，沒(méi)有廣告，商品價(jià)更高，生活單調(diào)、乏味。有了廣告，商品價(jià)低，生活豐富多彩，人們獲取各種信息。答案詳解C.廣告對(duì)社會(huì)的服務(wù)很有用。作者從三方面來(lái)敘述廣告作用：第二段點(diǎn)出如果廣告不為產(chǎn)品開(kāi)辟?gòu)V大的市場(chǎng)，我們就得付出很多錢，正是因?yàn)榇罅康膹V告費(fèi)用，消費(fèi)者的商品才會(huì)那么便宜。廣告除銷售商品外，其重要的功能在通知/告訴信息，有關(guān)家用商品的許多只是來(lái)自廣告，還有新產(chǎn)品的介紹。

第三段講了美化環(huán)境功能。如果火車站的墻上和報(bào)上沒(méi)有廣告，那會(huì)怎么樣。一幅悅?cè)诵哪?，機(jī)智的廣告將改變一切。

第四段講了它為我們省錢：別忘了廣告對(duì)我們口袋作出積極的貢獻(xiàn)。報(bào)紙、電臺(tái)、電視臺(tái)公司沒(méi)有這筆收入很難生存。我們的報(bào)紙，我們付給很少，或者說(shuō)，我們能享受那么多的節(jié)目完全是因?yàn)閺V告商花的錢。如果要我們付報(bào)紙的全價(jià)，那我們要花多少錢！

最后一段講了各種專欄的功能。人們可以在這些欄目找工作、買賣房子、宣布婚喪嫁娶信息。這些都圍著一個(gè)中心：廣告對(duì)社會(huì)服務(wù)的有用性。

A.廣告。太籠統(tǒng)。B.廣告之優(yōu)點(diǎn)。文章不是講優(yōu)點(diǎn)，而是講服務(wù)于社會(huì)的功能。D.廣告費(fèi)用。A.欣賞/贊賞。從上述注釋也可推知是A項(xiàng)。最重要的，作者提出種種功能，是為了反駁第一段內(nèi)提到的論點(diǎn)：完全是非生產(chǎn)企業(yè)每年吸收幾百萬(wàn)鎊，這說(shuō)明這些大公司利潤(rùn)有多高。最重要的是消費(fèi)者付的廣告費(fèi)等。反駁更說(shuō)明了A項(xiàng)對(duì)。

B.值得信任。C.批評(píng)。D.不滿意。A.因?yàn)閺V告商常常愛(ài)吹，。見(jiàn)難句譯注1.。

B.因?yàn)榕u(píng)者認(rèn)為廣告浪費(fèi)錢。C.因?yàn)閺V告促使消費(fèi)者購(gòu)買不必要的東西。D.因?yàn)橄M(fèi)者支付更多。C.優(yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)品不需要廣告。一切產(chǎn)品都需要廣告，新產(chǎn)品、老產(chǎn)品都需要。

A.廣告對(duì)我們的口袋作出貢獻(xiàn)。B.我們可以買到我們所需的。D.廣告使我們生活豐富多彩。這三條都提到也是真實(shí)的。C.文章一開(kāi)始就提到對(duì)廣告的批評(píng)，然后作者以對(duì)比的手法說(shuō)明其功能。

A.敘事。B.描寫(xiě)。D.議論。Passagefour(preface)Scienceisadominantthemeinourculture.Sinceittouchesalmosteveryfacetofourlife,educatedpeopleneedatleastsomeacquaintancewithitsstructureandoperation.Theyshouldalsohaveanunderstandingofthesubcultureinwhichscientistsliveandthekindsofpeopletheyare.Anunderstandingofgeneralcharacteristicsofscienceaswellasspecificscientificconceptsiseasiertoattainifoneknowssomethingaboutthethingsthatexciteandfrustratethescientist.Thisbookiswrittenfortheintelligentstudentorlaypersonwhoseacquaintancewithscienceissuperficial;forthepersonwhohasbeenpresentedwithscienceasamustystorehouseofdriedfacts;forthepersonwhoseesthechiefobjectiveofscienceastheproductionofgadgets;andforthepersonwhoviewsthescientistsassomesortofmagician.Thebookcanbeusedtosupplementacourseinanyscience,toaccompanyanycoursethatattemptstogiveanunderstandingofthemodernworld,or–independentlyofanycourse–simplytoprovideabetterunderstandingofscience.Wehopethisbookwillleadreaderstoabroaderperspectiveonscientificattitudesandamorerealisticviewofwhatscienceis,whoscientistsare,andwhattheydo.Itwillgivethemanawarenessandunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweenscienceandourcultureandanappreciationoftherolessciencemayplayinourculture.Inaddition,readersmaylearntoappreciatetherelationshipbetweenscientificviewsandsomeofthevaluesandphilosophiesthatarepervasiveinourculture.Wehavetriedtopresentinthisbookanaccurateandup-to-datepictureofthescientificcommunityandthepeoplewhopopulateit.Thatpopulationhasinrecentyearscometocomprisemoreandmorewomen.Thisincreasingroleofwomeninthescientificsubcultureisnotanuniqueincidentbut,rather,partofthetrendevidentinallsegmentsofsocietyasmorewomenentertraditionallymale-dominatedfieldsandmakesignificantcontributions.Indiscussingthesechangesandcontribution,however,wearefacedwithalanguagethatisimplicitlysexist,onethatusesmalenounsorpronounsinreferringtounspecifiedindividuals.Tooffsetthisbuilt-inbias,wehaveadoptedthepolicyofusingpluralnounsandpronounswheneverpossibleand,whenabsolutelynecessary,alternatingheandshe.Thispolicyisfarformbeingideal,butitisatleastanacknowledgmentoftheinadequacyofourlanguageintreatinghalfofthehumanraceequally.Wehavealsotriedtomakethebookentertainingaswellasinformative.Ourapproachisusuallyinformal.Wefeel,asdomanyotherscientists,thatweshouldn’ttakeourselvestooseriously.Asthereadermayobserve,weseescienceasadelightfulpastimeratherthanasagrimanddrearywaytoearnaliving.Accordingtothepassage,‘scientificsubculture’means

[A]culturalgroupsthatareformedbyscientists.

[B]peoplewhoseknowledgeofscienceisverylimited.

[C]thescientificcommunity.

[D]peoplewhomakegoodcontributiontoscience.Weneedtoknowsomethingaboutthestructureandoperationofsciencebecause

[A]itisnoteasytounderstandthethingsthatexciteandfrustratescientists.

[B]Scienceaffectsalmosteveryaspectofourlife.

[C]Scientistsliveinaspecificsubculture.

[D]Itiseasiertounderstandgeneralcharacteristicsofscience.Thebookmentionedinthispassageiswrittenforreaderswho

[A]areintelligentcollegestudentsandlaypersonwhodonotknowmuchaboutscience.

[B]aregoodatproducingvariousgadgets.

[C]workinastorehouseofdriedfacts.

[D]wanttohaveasuperficialunderstandingofscience.Accordingtothispassage,

[A]Englishisasexistlanguage.

[B]onlyinthescientificworldistheroleofwomenincreasingrapidly.

[C]womenaremakingsignificantcontributionstoeliminatingtheinadequacyofourlanguage.

[D]malenounsorpronounsshouldnotbeusedtorefertoscientists.Thispassagemostprobablyis

[A]abookreview.

[B]theprefaceofabook.

[C]thepostscriptofabook.

[D]theconcludingpartofabook.Vocabularysubculture 亞文化群（指在一個(gè)社會(huì)或一種文化內(nèi)具有獨(dú)特性的一群人）superficial 膚淺的，淺薄的，表面的 layperson 外行，門(mén)外漢，俗人musty 發(fā)毒的，老朽的，陳腐的gadget 小玩意兒，小配件，新發(fā)明pervasive 滲透的，彌漫的，遍布的populate 居住于……中，在……中占一席之地implicit 含蓄的，內(nèi)含的unspecified 未特別提出的offset 抵消，補(bǔ)償難句譯注Anunderstandingofgeneralcharacteristicsofscienceaswellasspecificscientificconceptsiseasiertoattainifoneknowssomethingaboutthethingsthatexciteandfrustratethescientist.

【參考譯文】如果一個(gè)人知道那些使科學(xué)家激動(dòng)不已和灰心喪氣的東西，那就比較容易了解科學(xué)的一般（普遍）特征以及特殊科學(xué)概念。Wehopethisbookwillleadreaderstoabroaderperspectiveonscientificattitudeandamorerealisticviewofwhatscienceis,whoscientistsareandwhattheydo.

【參考譯文】我們希望這本書(shū)能引導(dǎo)讀者對(duì)科學(xué)觀念有一個(gè)更為廣闊的透視；對(duì)什么是科學(xué)、科學(xué)家是些什么人以及他們?cè)诟墒裁从幸粋€(gè)更為現(xiàn)實(shí)的觀點(diǎn)。Inaddition,readersmaylearntoappreciatetherelationshipbetweenscientificviewsandsomeofthevaluesandphilosophiesthatarepervasiveinourculture.

【參考譯文】另外，讀者可學(xué)會(huì)正確評(píng)價(jià)科學(xué)觀點(diǎn)與我們文化中無(wú)處不在的某些價(jià)值觀和哲學(xué)思想之間的關(guān)系。Thisincreasingroleofwomeninthescientificsubcultureisnotanuniqueincidentbut,rather,partofthetrendevidentinallsegmentsofsocietyasmorewomenentertraditionallymale-dominatedfieldsandmakesignificantcontributions.

【參考譯文】科學(xué)亞文化群中婦女作用越來(lái)越大。這不是難得一見(jiàn)的意外事件，而是，確切地說(shuō)，在社會(huì)各部門(mén)顯著潮流的一部分由于越來(lái)越多婦女進(jìn)入了傳統(tǒng)上為男子統(tǒng)治的領(lǐng)域并作出了重大的貢獻(xiàn)。Thispolicyisfarfrombeingideal,butitisatleastanacknowledgementoftheinadequacyofourlanguageintreatinghalfofhumanraceequally.

【參考譯文】這一策略并不理想，但它至少承認(rèn)了一個(gè)事實(shí)，那就是在平等對(duì)待人類另一半上，我們的語(yǔ)言功能還不全。寫(xiě)作方法與文章大意這是一篇書(shū)的序言，作者用夾敘夾議的寫(xiě)作方法介紹了書(shū)的涉及面及其功能。首先提出科學(xué)是我們文化的重大主題，但人們也該了解科學(xué)家生活的亞文化群，只有懂得一些激勵(lì)和挫傷科學(xué)家的種種情況，才能理解科學(xué)的一般特征及其特殊概念。第二方面指出書(shū)的讀者對(duì)象是對(duì)科學(xué)一知半解的學(xué)生及門(mén)外漢。書(shū)可作理工科課程的輔助（補(bǔ)充）讀物，又可獨(dú)立自成體系。它可開(kāi)闊人們科學(xué)的視野，真正了解科學(xué)、科學(xué)家及其工作，理解科學(xué)和文化的關(guān)系，科學(xué)觀點(diǎn)和哲學(xué)的關(guān)系。第三方面指出亞文化群中婦女增多，貢獻(xiàn)巨大，而我們的語(yǔ)言卻隱含這性別的歧視，難以充分平等地反映婦女。最后指出書(shū)信息量大又具娛樂(lè)性，寓教于樂(lè)。答案詳解C科學(xué)社區(qū)。答案在第一段第二句，人們也該了解科學(xué)家生活在其中的亞文化群以及他們是什么樣的人。第三段又講到，有關(guān)科學(xué)社區(qū)的畫(huà)面以及婦女對(duì)科學(xué)亞文化的貢獻(xiàn)?？梢?jiàn)科學(xué)社區(qū)即亞文化。

A.科學(xué)家所組成種種文化群體。B.科學(xué)知識(shí)有限的一些人。C.對(duì)科學(xué)作出很大貢獻(xiàn)的人。B因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)幾乎影響到我們生活的各個(gè)方面。文章開(kāi)綜明旨點(diǎn)出：科學(xué)是我們文化中的重要主題，由于它幾乎涉及到我們生活的每一方面，有知識(shí)的人至少需要熟悉一些結(jié)構(gòu)和作用。

A.了解激發(fā)和挫傷科學(xué)家的事情可不太容易。（比較難）C.科學(xué)家生活在特定的亞文化群中。D.了解科學(xué)的一般特性比較容易。A不太了解科學(xué)的大學(xué)生或門(mén)外漢。第二段首句就點(diǎn)出了這本書(shū)為對(duì)科學(xué)一知半解的大學(xué)生和門(mén)外漢所寫(xiě)，為某些人，一直把科學(xué)看作干巴巴的事實(shí)堆砌的發(fā)霉的石屋的人；為那種把科學(xué)的主要目的視為生產(chǎn)小配件的人；為那些把科學(xué)視為某種魔術(shù)的人而寫(xiě)。這說(shuō)明主要為A項(xiàng)人所寫(xiě)，對(duì)科學(xué)了解不多的大學(xué)生和普通人。

B.善于生產(chǎn)各種小配件。C.在干巴巴的事實(shí)堆砌的石屋中工作。D.相對(duì)科學(xué)有膚淺了解的人。D不應(yīng)當(dāng)用陽(yáng)性的名詞和代詞去指科學(xué)家。第三段集中講了這本書(shū)提供精確而又現(xiàn)代的有關(guān)科學(xué)社區(qū)（社會(huì)）和居住在其中的人的畫(huà)卷。近年來(lái)，越來(lái)越多的婦女包括進(jìn)來(lái)，原因是許多婦女進(jìn)入傳統(tǒng)上為男人統(tǒng)治的領(lǐng)域，并作出巨大貢獻(xiàn)，所以婦女在科學(xué)亞文化群中的增多并不是罕見(jiàn)的偶然事件，而是社會(huì)各部門(mén)明顯趨勢(shì)的組成部分。在討論其變化和貢獻(xiàn)時(shí)，我們面臨著隱含性別歧視的語(yǔ)言――用陽(yáng)性名詞和代詞來(lái)指未指定人物，為了消除這種偏頗，我們?cè)诳赡芎捅匾獣r(shí)采用了復(fù)數(shù)名詞和代詞來(lái)取代他或她。

A.英語(yǔ)是一種性別語(yǔ)言。B.只有在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域中，婦女的作用增長(zhǎng)很快。C.婦女在曉民我們語(yǔ)言中的不適當(dāng)性作出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn)。根據(jù)此題注釋說(shuō)明這三項(xiàng)都不對(duì)。英語(yǔ)不能說(shuō)成是有性別的語(yǔ)言，其中雖有些詞性表示男性或女性。文內(nèi)明確指科學(xué)界婦女增多是整個(gè)社會(huì)的趨勢(shì)的組成部分。由于婦女在科學(xué)界的貢獻(xiàn)，所以不能再用陽(yáng)性名詞或代詞去指科學(xué)界，并不是在消滅語(yǔ)言……B書(shū)的前言，見(jiàn)文章大意。

A.書(shū)的評(píng)論。C.書(shū)跋、書(shū)的附錄。D.書(shū)的結(jié)論部分。Passagefive(MeditationinIndonesianBusiness)Itlookedlikeatypicalbusinessmeeting.Sixmen,neatlydressedinwhiteshirtsandtiesfiledintotheboardroomofasmallJakartacompanyandsatdownatalongtable.Butinsteadofconsultingfilesorhearingreports,theyclosedtheireyesandbegantomeditate,consultingthespiritsofancientJavanesekings.MysticismtouchesalmosteveryaspectoflifeinIndonesiaandbusinessisnoexception.Oneofthemeditatorssaidhisweeklymeditationsessionsareaimedmainlyatbringingthepeaceofmindthatmakesforgooddecision-making.Buttheinsightgainedfrommysticcommunicationwithspiritsofwisekingshasalsohelpedboosttheprofitsofhisfivecompanies.Mysticismandprofitshavecometogethersincethe13thcenturyintroductionofIslamtoIndonesiabyIndianMoslemmerchants.Thosedevouttraders,called‘WaliUllah’or‘thoseclosetoGod,’energeticallyspreadbothtradeandreligionbyadaptingtheirappealstothenativemysticismofJava.LegendsattributemagicpowerofforeknowledgetotheWaliUllah.Thesepowerswerebelievedtobegainedthroughmeditationandfasting.BusinessmanHadisikosaidhisgroupfastsandmeditatesallnighteveryThursdaytobecomeclosertoGodandtocontactthespiritsofthegreatmenofthepast.‘Ifwewanttoemploysomeoneatthemanageriallevel,wemeditatetogetherandoftenthemessagecomesthatthismancan’tholeontomoneyorheisuntrustworthy.Ormaybethespiritswilltellusheshouldbehired.’Hadizikohastenedtoaddthathiscompaniesalsoholdmodernpersonnelmanagementsystemsandthatformalqualificationsareessentialforacandidateeventobeconsidered.Perspectiveinvestmentsalsoareconsideredthroughmysticmeditation.‘Withthemindrelaxedandopen,itiseasiertobeobjectiveinjudgingtheriskofanewventure.Meditationandcontactwiththewisdomoftheoldleaderssharpensyourowninsightandintuition.Thenyouhavetoapplythatintuitiontotheinformationyouhaveandworkhardtobesuccessful.’Mysticmeditationhelpedreverseabusinessslidehiscompaniesexperiencedinthemid-1980.Operatingwithnormalbusinessprocedures,helostmorethan$3millionsinthatyearalone.Meditationbroughtbackhispeaceofmind.Puttingtherightpersonsintherightjobsandgainingconfidenceinhisbusinessdecisionswerethekeystoaturningaroundthathasbroughtexpansionandprofitability.ThemysticisminHandspike’sboardroomispartofagrowingmovementinIndonesiacalledKebatinan–the‘searchfortheinnerself.’Oneofhismanagers,YusufSoemado,whostudiedbusinessadministrationatHarvardUniversity,comparedtheideaofmysticmanagementtowesternsystemofpositivethinking.‘Willpowerandsubconsciousmindarerecognizedasimportantfactorsinbusiness.Suchapproachesaspsycho-cybernetics