（六） 動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)

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?考點歸納

1.2023屆考試手冊中注明的需把握的動詞的十種時態(tài):一般現(xiàn)在時、現(xiàn)在進行時、現(xiàn)在完成時、一般過去時、過去進行時、過去完成時、一般

將來時、過去將來時、現(xiàn)在完成進行時、將來進行時(只作理解要求)，這些時態(tài)形式如下:

現(xiàn)在過去將來過去將來一般時態(tài)does/dodidwill/shalldowould/shoulddo進行時態(tài)is/am/aredoingwas/weredoingwill/shallbedoing完成時態(tài)has/havedonehaddone完成進行時態(tài)has/havebeendoing2.常見時態(tài)的常見用途:

⑴一般現(xiàn)在時表經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或經(jīng)常存在的狀態(tài)；表習(xí)慣、能力、客觀真理、客觀存在；常用于某些從句(“主將從現(xiàn)〞)；常與always,often,usually等連用；可表瞬間動作；含位置移動含義的動詞或表示按時間表將要發(fā)生的動作常用它代替一般將來時表該含義(如come,leave等)；特別地，表示希望(Ihope/Ibet)或表“務(wù)必〞含義的句型[see(toit),makesure,makecertain]等的that分句中用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時表將來⑵現(xiàn)在進行時表正在進行的動作；與now,atpresent等連用；暗含計劃、重復(fù)且經(jīng)常(如某一習(xí)慣)、未終止等含義；表示一個現(xiàn)階段或最近按計劃要進行的動作；可代替一般現(xiàn)在時表示說話人的感情；注意有些詞一般不用進行時，如wish,know,consist,belongto等

⑶現(xiàn)在完成時表結(jié)果；表過去發(fā)生的該動作對現(xiàn)在有影響；常與since+時間點或for+時間段連用；將現(xiàn)在與過去建立聯(lián)系；表示延續(xù)的動作，瞬間動詞(join,bedead等)此時不能使用

⑷一般過去時含“過去如此，現(xiàn)在并非如此〞之意；常與lastyear等連用；有時，由于某些如until,before的連接詞已說明句中動詞發(fā)生的先后順序，故既可用它也可用一般過去時

e.g.Thetrain(had)leftbeforeIreachedthestation.

⑸過去進行時表過去正在進行的動作；從句中常用于表示兩個過去發(fā)生的動作同時發(fā)生(某些工具書中將其說做“為另一動作提供背景〞，有些句子含有突然發(fā)生之意)⑹過去完成時需以過去某一時間為前提；與一般過去時連用強調(diào)動作的時間先后順序；表意愿動詞用該時態(tài)表示愿望未實現(xiàn)

⑺一般將來時表將來；常與tomorrow等連用；begoingto表示計劃、預(yù)計；betodo表示按計劃要發(fā)生，有時也表示命令；常見于祈使句、themore…themore等句型

⑻過去將來時(woulddo)表示過去時間后的動作；多見于間接引語

⑼現(xiàn)在完成進行時表動作從過去一直持續(xù)到當(dāng)前，是否繼續(xù)下去未知；有時帶有感情色調(diào)

⑽將來進行時表將來按計劃進行的動作

3.時態(tài)的關(guān)系:常用時間軸表示兩時態(tài)間的先后問題，便于解題

4.動詞的語態(tài):主動與被動；表被動時動詞的基本形式是bedone；一般在動作執(zhí)行者不

明確、不重要等狀況下，或出于行文流暢的需要，會運用被動語態(tài)；被動語態(tài)的形式如下:現(xiàn)在過去將來過去將來一般時態(tài)is/aredonewas/weredoneshall/willbedoneshould/wouldbedone進行時態(tài)is/am/arebeingdonewas/werebeingdone完成時態(tài)has/havebeendonehadbeendone說明:被動語態(tài)不用于將來進行時態(tài)和各完成進行時態(tài)

5.不及物動詞(vi.)沒有被動語態(tài)(如takeplace,happen等)；當(dāng)相互代詞(eachother等)或反

身代詞為動詞賓語時，句子不能被轉(zhuǎn)換成被動語態(tài)；大量詞組無被動語態(tài)，如consistof,belongto

6.被動常用句式:itisreportedthat/getsth.done等

被動句型的轉(zhuǎn)換:Peoplebelievethatheisill.→Itisbelievedthatheisill.(TypeI)

→Heisbelievedtobeill.(TypeII)2注意轉(zhuǎn)換過程中，that分句中的謂語動詞表將來時則II句型(TypeII)變?yōu)閠obedoing，如謂語動詞表示過去時間或現(xiàn)在完成時，則II句型變?yōu)閠ohavedone7.一些“主動表被動〞的固定搭配:

系動詞??起來某些vi.+某些adv.can’t/won’t+某些vi.Thethingprovedtrue./Thefoodsmellsnice./Thebooksellswell./Mycarcan’tmove./Itwritessmoothly.對于第三個例子的這類動詞，有多種不同的理解。常見工具書將其定義成如下兩種類型:①多數(shù)既可作vt.又可作vi.的動詞，若動作發(fā)出者(施動者)無需強調(diào)(不強調(diào)被動)或已明確時多用主動，如Ifthesituationathomedoesn’timprove,I’llhavetomoveout.②對于既可作vt.又可作vi.的動詞，若句子主語(物居多)具有內(nèi)在特征，能夠促使動詞動作得以實現(xiàn)或難以實現(xiàn)時，常用主動表被動；綜上所述，試比較:

Shedoesn’tphotographwell.Shehasn’tbeenphotographedwell.她不上照。(取決與主語內(nèi)在特征)她的照沒有被拍好。(或取決于攝像師)

同理，以下句子中:Thesentencesreadclearly.Thesentencesarereadclearly.Thevasebreakseasily.ThevaseisbrokenbyPeter.針對sentences，指句子沒有歧義針對人，指讀的人讀得好針對vase，指花瓶的屬性為易碎針對人，指客觀事實，人將花瓶打碎

8.如open,close,shut,lock等表屬性的動詞一般用主動表示被動；不定式toblame作表語

時用主動表示被動；be+a.+todo結(jié)構(gòu)，如形容詞難為易形容詞(或稱為表屬性的形容詞)，多用主動表示被動；若不定式的規(guī)律主語為句子主語，用主動表示被動；某些形容詞結(jié)構(gòu)(如too…to/…enoughtodo)，此時多用主動表示被動；beworth等特別結(jié)構(gòu)用主動表示被動9.need/want/require表“需要〞，deserve表“值得〞等動詞用主動表示被動；結(jié)構(gòu)為need/want/require/deserve+doing/tobedone10.注意翻譯中漢語與英語的被動結(jié)構(gòu)的互譯:漢語不出現(xiàn)主語(昨天抓到一個特務(wù)。)?英語被動(Aspywascaughtyesterday.)漢語主動表被動(這種料子很好銷售。)?英語主動(Thiskindofmaterialsellswell.)漢語主動表被動(圖書館將提前竣工。)?英語被動(Thenewlibrarywillbecompletedaheadoftime.)11.注意某些不帶to的不定式在被動語態(tài)時需還原to?考前穩(wěn)定

I.Putintheappropriateformofthegivenverbs.

1.I_______(wash)myclotheswhenthebell_______(ring).

2.We_______(make)atriptotheWestLakeassoonasthework_______(finish).

3.―_______you_______(buy)thedictionary?‖―No,Ihaven’t.WhenI_______(get)tothe

bookstoreyesterday,allthedictionaries_______already_______(sell)out.‖4.Tom,youraunt_______(come)thisafternoon.

5.Theteachersaidthattheearth_______(move)roundthesun.

.3.It_______(get)dark.Whatabout_______(go)homeatonce?Useyourheadandyou_______(find)abetterway.Look!Someone_______(lie).Seethatyou_____(be)readyat8.

Mysister_____(live)athomeforthemoment.

Don’ttalktome.I_____(try)tolearnthispagebyheart.Comequickly,I_____(smell)burning.

Thisisthethirdtimeyou_____(be)here.Whatexactlyyou_____(come)fornow?

II.Rewritethefollowingsentencesbyusing“TypeI〞and“TypeII〞..5.

Peoplethinkthatheiscoming.

Weknowthatyouwereintownonthenightofthecrime.

ThereisareportthatunidentifiedflyingobjectswereseenoverNewJerseylastnight.Peopleknowhimtobeagoodteacher.

WeunderstandthatshewasthebestsingerthatAustraliahaseverproduced.

III.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingthewordsgiveninthebrackets.

Payattentiontothetense(時),aspect(體，即進行體、完成體)andvoice(態(tài)，即主動態(tài)、被動態(tài))...2.

到下周末，我在這兒就整整一年了。(By)

下星期你從陜西省回來，探討會已經(jīng)終止。(when)上星期他每天都來看我。(see)

一有消息我就給你打電話。(directly)

有人建議會議推遲到下周四舉行。(suggest)

不久以后一些藥品的價格將再一次下調(diào)。(before)應(yīng)當(dāng)勉勵學(xué)生用多種方法解決同一問題。(encourage)

各個地區(qū)采取了措施，使未能回家的人一起過了個開心年。(sothat)這對夫婦眼下渴望著去歐洲旅行。(look)網(wǎng)球運動在上海越來越流行了。(popular)這本雜志花了我30多元。(cost)

據(jù)說，中國人比西方人更早使用紙幣。(It)

IV.Choosethebestanswer.

1.Bytheendoflastterm,hehadwrittentoanumberofcolleges,receivedthreelettersof

acceptance,and_____twocampuses.A.sawB.seenC.seeingD.haveseen2.Hedecidedtogotothemuseumassoonashe_____.A.finisheswhathedidB.wouldfinishwhathewasdoingC.finishedwhathedidD.finishedwhathewasdoing

3.WhileMary_____apailofmilkfromthebarntothekitchen,shespilledsomeofitonher

skirt.A.carriedB.hadcarriedC.wascarryingD.hadtocarry4.Accordingtothetimetable,theaeroplaneforSanFrancisco_____ateighto’clockinthe

morning.A.willleaveB.isgoingtoleaveC.hasleftD.leaves

5.Ms.Green_____intownforonlyoneyear,yetsheseemstobeacquaintedwitheveryone

whocomestothestore.

6.7.

held

8.Adesertareathathasbeenwithoutwaterforsixyearswillstillbloomwhenrain_____.A.willcomeB.isgoingtocomeC.comesD.havecome9.Noneofusunderstoodhowhe_____topasstheexam.A.canmanageB.hasmanagedC.hadmanagedD.manage10.Yousee,we_____forparentsallmorningyesterday,butnobodycame.A.werewaitingB.hadwaitedC.waitedD.hadbeenwaiting

11.She_____herconsciousnesswhentherescuersfoundherinthesnowandsavedherjustin

time.A.waslosingB.hadlostC.lostD.hadbeenlosing

12.Bytheendofthe19thcentury,Shanghai_____asmalltownontheHuangpuRiver.A.hadremainedB.wasremainedC.wasremainingD.remained

13.Theadvantagesofcomputerizedtypingandediting_____toallthewrittenlanguagesofthe4world.A.arenowbeingextendedB.havenowbeenextendedC.willextendD.isnowextended14.He_____thearmybytheendof1992.He_____inthearmysincethen.A.joined…isB.hasjoined…h(huán)asbeenC.hadjoined…isD.hadjoined…h(huán)asbeen

15.Thefirstuseofatomicweaponswasin1945,andtheirpower_____increasedenormously

eversince.A.isB.wasC.hasbeenD.hadbeen16.–HasSamfinishedhishomeworktoday?–Ihavenoidea.He_____itthismorning.A.didB.hasdoneC.wasdoingD.haddone

17.Monthsagowesailedtenthousandmilesacrossthisopensea,which_____thePacific,and

wemetnostorms.A.wascalledB.iscalledC.hadbeencalledD.hasbeencalled

18.–Howareyoutoday?

–Oh,I_____asillasIdonowforaverylongtime.A.didn’tfeelB.wasn’tfeelingC.don’tfeelD.haven’tfelt19.ThereportersaidthattheUFO_____easttowestwhenhesawit.A.wastravellingB.travelledC.hadbeentravellingD.wastotravel20.Selectingamobilephoneforpersonaluseisnoeasytaskbecausetechnology_____so

rapidly.A.ischangingB.haschangedC.willchangeD.wouldchange21.I_____ping-pongquitewell,butIhaven’thadtimetoplaysincethenewyear.A.willplayB.haveplayedC.playedD.play22.Accordingtotheartdealer,thepainting_____togoforatleastamilliondollars.

A.hasbeenlivingB.hadbeenlivingC.livedD.livesDon’ttellhimanythingaboutmewhenyou_____withhimtomorrow.A.aretalkingB.willtalkC.willbetalkedD.wouldtalkTheOlympicGames,firstcelebratedinAthensin1896,_____everyfouryearssofarthiscentury,exceptduringthetwoworldwars.A.aretakenplaceB.wereheldC.hadbeenheldD.havebeen

A.isexpectedB.expectsC.expectedD.isexpecting23.Thelittlegirl_____herheartoutbecauseshe_____hertoybearandbelievedshewasn’t

evergoingtofindit.A.hadcried…lostB.cried…h(huán)adlostC.hascried…h(huán)aslostD.cries…h(huán)aslost

24.JohnandI_____friendsforeightyears.WefirstgottoknoweachotherataChristmasparty.

Butwe_____eachotheracoupleoftimesbeforethat.A.hadbeen…h(huán)aveseenB.havebeen…h(huán)aveseenC.hadbeen…h(huán)adseenD.havebeen…h(huán)adseen25.–Sorry,Joe,Ididn’tmeanto…

–Don’tcallme―Joe‖.I’mMr.Parkertoyou,and_____youforgetit!A.doB.didn’tC.didD.don’t

26.Allmorningasshewaitedforthemedicalreportfromthedoctor,hernervousness_____.A.hasgrownB.isgrowingC.grewD.hadgrown27.–Howlong_____DavidandVicky_____married?

–Foraboutthreeyears.A.were…beingB.have…gotC.have…beenD.did…get

28.Thenewscameasnosurprisetome.I____forsometimethatthefactorywasgoingtoshut

down.A.hadknownB.knewC.haveknownD.know29.Comeandseemewhenever_____.A.youareconvenientB.youwillbeconvenientC.itisconvenienttoyouD.itwillbeconvenient

30.Hekeptlookingather,wonderingwhetherhe_____hersomewhere.A.sawB.hasseenC.seesD.hadseen31.–GeorgeandLucygotmarriedlastweek.Didyougototheirwedding?

–No,I_____.Didtheyhaveabigwedding?

5A.wasnotinvitedB.haven’tbeeninvitedC.hadn’tbeeninvitedD.didn’ti