英國文學(xué)發(fā)展史一覽

英國文學(xué)發(fā)展史一覽1.EnglishLiteratureofAnglo-SaxonPeriodTime:about7thcenturyFeatures:verseliterature（唱詩）twogroups:pagan（非宗教性的）andreligiousMainworks:“Beowulf”poetrybyCaedmonandCynewulf2.EnglishLiteratureofMiddleCenturiesTime:mid11thCentury–15thCenturyFeatures:1.influenceoftheNormanConquest2.Mainworksandwriters:3.theRomances（騎士文學(xué)）4.Chaucer’s“TheCanterburyTales”3.EnglishLiteratureofRenaissanceTime:early16thCentury—mid17thCenturyFeatures:thefirstgloriousperiodofEnglishliteraryhistory,“Anestofsingingbirds…”（百家爭鳴，百花齊放）Mainwriters:1.ThomasMore2.EdmundSpencer3.FrancisBacon4.Shakespeare4.EnglishLiteratureduringtheBourgeoisRevolutionTime:1625—1688TheEnglishBourgeoisRevolutionbeginsfrom1642Features:PuritanagerepresentedbyJohnMiltonMainliteraryform:PoetryMainwriters:JohnMilton1608--16745.EnglishLiteratureofthe18thCenturyFeatures:AlsoastheEnlightenmentMovementPeriod（啟蒙時期）Itisdividedinto3stages:1.“Gloriousrevolution”totheendof1730’s;2.Thematureperiod(1740’s—1750’s);3.Thelastperiodcoverstherestdecadesofthe18thcentury.Mainauthors:（小說家）DanielDefoe，JonathanSwift,HenryFielding（詩人）AlexanderPope6.RomanticisminEnglandTime:1798--1832Features:1.是英國文學(xué)史上詩歌最為繁盛的時期；2.分為消極和積極兩組。Mainpoets:1.以WilliamWordsworth為代表的消極派“湖畔派詩人”2.以Shelley,Baron,Keats為代表的積極派詩人。7.EnglishLiteratureoftheMid&Late19thCenturyFeatures:又被稱為“CriticalRealismPeriod”即批判現(xiàn)實主義階段；以CharlesDickens和WilliamThackeray為代表的現(xiàn)實主義小說家；作品集中反映19世紀(jì)英國的社會現(xiàn)實；開始涌現(xiàn)一批女作家：有大家熟悉的CharlotteBronte&EmilyBronte,她們的代表作有《呼嘯山莊》和《簡愛》8.EnglishLiteratureofthe20thCenturyFeatures:二十世紀(jì)以來，英國在世界上的主導(dǎo)地位日漸趨淡，二戰(zhàn)以后更是附屬于美國；國內(nèi)女權(quán)運動高漲；文學(xué)作品多反映中下層人民的生活，涉及諸多生活側(cè)面；抒情詩再領(lǐng)潮流。Mainwriters:1.BernardShaw的戲??；2.D.H.Lawrence的情愛小說；3.JamesJoyce的意識流小說，“StreamofConsciousness”4.WilliamButlerYeats的詩歌。AppreciationofpoetryfromtheaspectofVersification

ContentsⅠ.MeterⅡ.FootⅢ.RhythmⅣ.SoundpatternsⅤ.RhymeⅥ.RhymeSchemeⅦ.FormsofpoemⅧ.AppreciationsⅠ.meter（格）1.concept:theregularpatternofstressedandunstressedsyllables.2.types:“︶”standsforunstressedsyllableand“_”representsstressedsyllable.“\”isusedtoseparatedifferentfeet.1．抑揚格（輕重格）Iambus：是最常見的一種格式，每個音步由一個非重讀音節(jié)加一個重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。Asfair/artthou/mybon/nielass,

Sodeep/inluve/amI:

AndI/willluve/theestill,/mydear,

Tilla`/theseas/gangdry:

RobertBurns(1759-1796):MyLuveIslikeaRed,RedRose

注:art=are

luve=love

bonnie=beautiful

a`=all

gang=go

上例中為四音步與三音步交叉，可標(biāo)示為：︶－／︶－／︶－／（︶－）2．揚抑格（重輕格）Trochee：每個音步由一個重讀音節(jié)加一個非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。Tyger!/Tyger!/burning/bright

Inthe/forests/ofthe/night

WilliamBlake:TheTyger

上例中為四音步揚抑格（少一個輕音節(jié)），可標(biāo)示為：－︶／－︶／－︶／－3．抑抑揚格（輕輕重格）Anapaestfoot:每個音步由兩個非重讀音節(jié)加一個重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。Likeachild/fromthewomb,

Likeaghost/fromthetomb,

Iarise/andunbuild/itagain.三音步抑抑揚格︶︶－／︶︶－／︶︶－4．揚抑抑格（重輕輕格）Dactylicfoot:每個音步由一個重讀音節(jié)加兩個非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。ˊTouchhernot/ˊscornfully,

ˊThinkofher/ˊmournfully.

--ThomasHood

兩音步揚抑抑格－︶︶／－︶︶5．抑揚抑格（輕重輕格）Amphibrach：每個音步由一個非重讀音節(jié)加一個重讀音節(jié)再加一個非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。如：三音步抑揚抑格︶－︶／︶－︶／︶－︶

下例中最后一個音步為抑揚格。

Oˊhushthee/myˊbabie/thyˊsirewas/aknight.

注：在同一首詩中常會出現(xiàn)不同的格律，格律解析對朗讀詩歌有一定參考價值?，F(xiàn)代詩中常不遵守規(guī)范的格律。

Ⅱ.Foot（音步）1.Concept:aunitofpoeticmeterofstressedandunstressedsyllable2.Types:Monometer:onefoot;Pentameter:fivefeetDimeter:twofeet;Hexameter:sixfeetTrimeter:threefeet;Heptameter:sevenfeetTetrameter:fourfeet;Octameter:eightfeetDistinctionbetween“foot”and“meter”Footisnottobeconfusedwithmeter,thoughthenamesforfeetendwith“-meter”.Meterisbasedonsyllables,indicatinghowstressedandunstressedsyllablesarearranged.Footisappliedwithasingleline,indicatinghowmanymetersareemployedinthatline.Note:Meter+foot=metricalrhythm/versificationⅢ.Rhythm（節(jié)奏/韻律）concept:Thepassageofregularorapproximatelyequivalenttimeintervalsbetweendefiniteeventsortherecurrenceofspecificsoundsorkindsofsoundsortherecurrenceofstressedandunstressedsyllablesiscalledrhythm.Twinkle,twinkle,littlestar,HowIwonderwhatyouare!Ⅴ.rhyme（押韻）1.concept:therepetitionofthestressedvowelsoundandallsucceedingsoundse.g.Home,Foam;chair,there2.types:Ⅵ.RhymeScheme（韻式）1.Concept:Thearrangementofrhymesinapoemorstanza.2.types:1．endrhyme（尾韻）occursattheendofaline.1）聯(lián)韻：“aabb”型。

Ishotanarrowintotheair,aItfelltoearth,IknewnotwhereaFor,softlyitflew,thesightbCouldnotfollowitinitsflight.bHenryWadsworthLongfellow:TheArrowandtheSong

2）交叉韻：abab型。Sunsetandeveningstar,a

Andoneclearcallforme!bAndmaytherebenomoaningofthebar,aWhenIputouttosea,bAlfredTennyson(1809-1892):CrossingtheBar

3）同韻：有的詩押韻，一韻到底，大多是在同一節(jié)詩中共用一個韻腳。如下例就共用／i:p／為韻腳Thewoodsarelovely,darkanddeep,

ButIhavepromisestokeep,

AndmilestogobeforeIsleep,

AndmilestogobeforeIsleep.

RobertFrost(1874-1963):StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening2.頭韻(alliteration)：是指一行（節(jié)）詩中幾個詞開頭的輔音相同，形成押韻。下例中運用／f／、／b／與／s／頭韻生動寫出了船在海上輕快航行的景象。Thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,

Thefurrowfollowedfree,

Wewerethefirstthateverburst

Intothatsilentsea.

T.S.Coleridge:RimeoftheAncientMariner

3．內(nèi)韻：指詞與詞之間原因的重復(fù)形成的內(nèi)部押韻。

下面一節(jié)詩中／i／及／iη／重復(fù)照應(yīng)，呈現(xiàn)出一派歡樂祥和的氣氛。Spring,thesweetspring,istheyear’spleasantking;

Thenbloomseachthing,thenmaidsdanceinaring,

Colddathnotsting,theprettybirdsdosing:

Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!

ThomasNashe(1567-1601):Spring,theSweetSpring

Ⅶ.Formsofpoem（詩體）Formisthedesignofapoem,theparticularpatternittakeswhenitiswrittenonpaper.Ineachpoem,weusuallyfindanumberofsimilarunits.Eachunitmayhavethreelines,fourlinesormore.Thisrecurringunitofapoemiscalledstanza.（詩節(jié)）2.FormsofPoetry1）.Blankverse（無韻詩體）Blankverse:unrhymediambicpentameter,alineconsistingoffivefeetofunstressedandstressedsyllables.（由不押韻的詩行組成的詩體，通常是抑揚格五音步）Examples:Shakespeare'splays,Milton'sParadiseLostandWordsworth'sPreludearewritteninblankverse.ThefollowingisfromShakespeare'sAsYouLikeIt:Alltheworld'sastage,Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers:Theyhavetheirexitsandtheirentrances.2）.Couplet（對偶句）Couplet:apairofrhymedlineswhichmayormaynotconstituteaseparatestanzainapoem.Popularintheeighteenthcentury,acoupletmaybelongorshort,butusuallycontainacompletethoughtinitself,thefirstlineendingwithapauseandthesecondlinewithafullstop.(包括兩個相連的詩行的一種詩的單位，通常壓韻并具有同樣的格律，經(jīng)常組成一個完整的意思和句法單位。)Examples:GeoffreyChaucerandJohnDrydenamongothershavewrittenincouplets.ThefollowingisfromDryden's"MacFlecknoe".AllhumanthingsaresubjecttodecayAndwhenfatesummons,monarchsmustobey.3）.Tercet（同韻三行詩節(jié)）Tercet:athree-linestanza,alsocalledterzarima,which,ifrhymed,keepstoonerhymesound.（由三行詩文組成的一個詩節(jié)，通常壓同韻或與另一三行詩節(jié)壓韻）Example:Dante'sDivineComedyandShelley's"OdetotheWestWind"usedthisstanza.ThefollowingisfromShelley.OwildWestWind,thoubreathofAutumn'sbeing,Thou,fromwhoseunseenpresencetheleavesdeadAredriven,likeghostsfromanenchanterfleeing,4）.Quatrain(四行詩)Quatrain:afour-linestanzainmanylinelengthsandsometimesinlinesofvaryinglength,rhymedusuallyinlinestwoandfour.（四行一節(jié)的詩）Example:ThisstanzaisusedveryofteninEnglishpoetry,mostnotablyinballads,andinThomasGray's"ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard"andTennyson'sInMemoriam.HereisanexamplefromTennyson's"Break,Break,Break".Break,break,break,Onthycoldgraystones,OSea!AndIwouldthatmytonguecouldutterThethoughtsthatariseinme.5）.Sonnet(十四行詩)Sonnet:afourteen-linestanzaofiambicpentameter.ComingoriginallyfromItalyandusedoftentowritelovepoems,theEnglishsonnethasdifferentrhymeschemes.TheItaliansonnet,orPetrarchansonnet（(意大利詩人彼特拉克推廣的)彼特拉克體十四行詩）,consistsofanoctave(8-linestanza)andsestet(6-linestanza),rhymedabbaabbacdecde.TheEnglishsonnet,initiatedbyEdmundSpensercalledSpenserianStanza,rhymedabab-bcbc-cdcd-eeShakespeareansonnet,consistsofthreequatrainsandacouplet,rhymedababcdcdefefgg.MostEnglishpoetshavewrittensonnetsandsomehavewrittenaseriesofsonnetsoncertainsubjects.ThemostfamoussonnetsequencesareSpenser'sAmoretti,Shakespeare'sSonnetsandElizabethBarrettBrowning'sSonnetsfromthePortuguese.6）.Epigram(諷刺短詩;警句;雋語詩,)Epigram:ashortpoemendinginawittyturnofthought.Briefandrhymed,epigramisusuallysatiric,mercilesslyplayfulandsometimesmalicious.Example:ThefollowingisfromJ.V.Cunningham(1911-1985):ThisHumanistwhomnobeliefsconstrainedGrewsobroad-mindedhewasscatter-brained7）.Limerick:(五行打油詩)Limerick:fiveanapesticlinesusuallyrhymedaabba.MadepopularbyEdwardLear(1812-1888),authorofnonsensepoems,limerickishumorousandplayful.（一種通俗幽默短詩，有五行組成，韻式為aabba）Example:ThefollowingisfromananonymousauthorandaboutEinstein'stheoryofrelativity.TherewasayoungladynamedBrightWhotraveledmuchfasterthanlight.ShestartedonedayIntherelativewayAndreturnedonthepreviousnight.Ⅷ.AppreciatethefollowingsonnetThatTimeofYear

ByShakespeareThattimeofyearthoumay’stinmebehold

Whenyellowleaves,ornone,orfew,dohang

Uponthoseboughswhichshakeagainstthecold,

Bareruinedchoirswherelatethesweetbirdssang,

Inmethousee’stthetwilightofsuchday

Asaftersunsetfadethinthewest,

Whenbyandbyblacknightdothtakeaway,

Death’ssecondself,thatsealsupallinrest.

Inmethousee’sttheglowingofsuchfire,

Thatontheashesofhisyouthdothlie.

Asthedeathbedwhereonitmustexpire,

Consumedwiththatwhichitwasnourishedby.

Thisyouperceivest,whichmakesthylovemorestrong,

Tolovethatwellwhichthoumustleaveerelong.

Notes:may’st:maybehold:seelate:nolongagothou:yousee’st:see

fadeth:fades

doth:does

sealsupallatrest:徹底埋葬

thy:your

perceivest:perceive

erelong:beforelong

HintsWriteyourcriticismaccordingtothefollowingguides.1.forms2.foot+meter3.rhyme4.Chinesetranslation5.imagerySonnetsappreciation1.ItalianSonnet2.SpenserianSonnet3.ShakespearianSonnetBacon,FrancisLIFEBacon,Francis(philosopher)(1561-1626),Englishphilosopherandstatesman,oneofthepioneersofmodernscientificthought.WORKSBacon'swritingsfallintothreecategories:philosophical,purelyliterary,professional.Thebestofhisphilosophicalworks TheAdvancementofLearning《學(xué)術(shù)的推進》(1605),areviewinEnglishofthestateofknowledgeinhisowntime,andNovumOrganum《新工具》(1620). Chiefcontributionstoliterature Bacon‘sEssays《隨筆》,hischiefcontributionstoliterature,werepublishedatvarioustimesbetween1597and1625.HisHistoryofHenryVII《亨利七世王朝史》(1622)showshisabilitiesinscholarlyresearch.InhisfancifulNewAtlantis《新大西島》Baconsuggestedtheformationofscientificacademies.Professionalworks Bacon'sprofessionalworksincludeMaximsoftheLaw(1630),ReadingontheStatuteofUses(1642),pleadingsinlawcases,andspeechesinParliament.ThetheorythatBacon,ratherthananobscureactorfromStratford-upon-Avon,isthetrueauthorofWilliamShakespeare'splayshasbeenthoroughlydiscredited.EssaysOfStudy(論讀書）1 Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelightisinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshalingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornamentisaffectation;tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrulesisthehumorofascholar.Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience;fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesgogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem,fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.OfStudy2 Readnottocontradictandconfute,nortobelieveandtakeforgranted,nortofindtalkanddiscourse,buttoweighandconsider.（2）Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputyandextractsmadeofthembyothers,butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantargumentsandthemeanersortofbooks;elsedistilledbooksarelikecommondistilledwaters,flashythings.Readingmakethafullman,conferenceareadyman,andwritinganexact.Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit;andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemorecunning,toseemtoknowthathedothnot.OfStudy3 （3）Historiesmakemenwise,poets,witty;themathematics,subtle;naturalphilosophy,deep;moral,grave;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend.Abeuntstudiainmores.Nay,thereisnostondorimpedimentinthewitbutmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies,likeasdiseasesofthebodymayhaveappropriateexercises.Bowlingisgoodforthestoneandreins,shootingforthelungsandbreast,gentlewalkingforthestomach,ridingforthehead,andthelike.Soifaman’switbewandering,lethimstudythemathematics;forindemonstrations,ifhiswitbecalledawayneversolittle,hemustbeginagain.Ifhiswitbenotapttodistinguishorfinddifferences,lethimstudytheschoolmen,fortheyareCyminisectores.Ifhebenotabletobeatovermattersandtocalluponethingtoproveandillustrateanother,lethimstudythelawyer’scases.Soeverydefectofthemindmayhaveaspecialreceipt.Translationoftheunderlined 1.讀書足以怡情，足以博彩，足以長才。 2.書有可淺嘗者，有可吞食者，少數(shù)則須咀嚼消化。讀書使人充實，討論使人機智，寫作使人準(zhǔn)確。 3.讀史使人明智，讀詩使人靈秀，數(shù)學(xué)使人周密，科學(xué)使人深刻，倫理使人莊重，邏輯修辭之學(xué)使人善辯，凡有所學(xué)，皆成性格。 Translationofthewhole1 讀書足以怡情，足以博彩，足以長才。其怡情也，最見于獨處幽居之時；其傅彩也，最見于高談闊論之中；其長才也，最見于處世判事之際。練達之士雖能分別處理細(xì)事或一一判別枝節(jié)，然縱觀統(tǒng)籌、全局策劃，則舍好學(xué)深思者莫屬。讀書費時過多易惰，文采藻飾太盛則矯，全憑條文斷事乃學(xué)究故態(tài)。讀書補天然之不足，經(jīng)驗又補讀書之不足，蓋天生才干猶如自然花草，讀書然后知如何修剪移接；而書中所示，如不以經(jīng)驗范之，則又大而無當(dāng)。有一技之長者鄙讀書，無知者羨讀書，唯明智之士用讀書，然書并不以用處告人，用書之智不在書中，而在書外，全憑觀察得之。讀書時不可存心詰難作者，不可盡信書上所言，亦不可只為尋章摘句，而應(yīng)推敲細(xì)思。書有可淺嘗者，有可吞食者，少數(shù)則須咀嚼消化。換言之，有只須讀其部分者，有只須大體涉獵者，少數(shù)則須全讀，讀時須全神貫注，孜孜不倦。書亦可請人代讀，取其所作摘要，但只限題材較次或價值不高者，否則書經(jīng)提煉猶如水經(jīng)蒸餾、淡而無味矣。 2 讀書使人充實，討論使人機智，筆記使人準(zhǔn)確。因此不常作筆記者須記憶特強，不常討論者須天生聰穎，不常讀書者須欺世有術(shù)，始能無知而顯有知。讀史使人明智，讀詩使人靈秀，數(shù)學(xué)使人周密，科學(xué)使人深刻，倫理學(xué)使人莊重，邏輯修辭之學(xué)使人善辯：凡有所學(xué)，皆成性格。人之才智但有滯礙，無不可讀適當(dāng)之書使之順暢，一如身體百病，皆可借相宜之運動除之。滾球利睪腎，射箭利胸肺，慢步利腸胃，騎術(shù)利頭腦，諸如此類。如智力不集中，可令讀數(shù)學(xué)，蓋演題須全神貫注，稍有分散即須重演；如不能辨異，可令讀經(jīng)院哲學(xué)，蓋是輩皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物闡證另一物，可令讀律師之案卷。如此頭腦中凡有缺陷，皆有特藥可醫(yī)。（王佐良先生譯）EnglishLiteraturePartOne:EarlyandMedievalEnglishLiteratureByTigerHeTheOldEnglishPeriodOriginoftheEnglishNationTheRomanConquestTheEnglishConquestTheOldEnglishLanguageTheliteratureoftheOldEnglishPeriodBeowulfAssignments2.TheMedialEnglishPeriodOverviewofPeriodsofEarlyEnglishHistory

Pre-History—1066A.D.Pre-Roman/Pre-Historicalàupto55B.C.RomanOccupationà55B.C.–410A.D.Anglo-SaxonPeriod410–787A.D.VikingInvasions787–1066A.D.NormanConquestbeginsin1066OriginoftheEnglishNationManycenturiesago,theCeltsweretakenastheearliestnatives,whowerelateralsocalledtheBritons.TheCeltisOneofanIndo-EuropeanpeopleoriginallyofcentralEuropeandspreadingtowesternEurope,theBritishIsles,andsoutheasttoGalatiaduringpre-Romantimes.Theyactuallyknewnothingofawrittenlanguage.TheRomanConquestTheRomanConqueststartedfrom55B.C.Notuntil78A.D.theRomansestablishedtheirrulingroleinBritain.Atthesametime,Romancivilizationwasbroughtin:aknowledgeofiron,abetterwayofcultivationandRomanlawwereintroduced;highways,towns,temples,theatresandfinebuildingswerebuilt.TheRomanoccupationlastedforabout400years,andin410A.D.whentheGermanicraceswereattackingRome,alltheRomantroopswerewithdrawn.RomanOccupationTheEnglishConquestInthe4thand5thcenturieswhentheHuns（匈奴）camepouringintoEurope,alltheGermanictribesofEuropefeltthepressure,amongthemtheAnglesandtheSaxonsandtheJutesdrovetheBritonswestandnorth,andsettleddownthemselves.ThethreetribeshadmixedintoawholepeoplecalledEnglish,andthethreedialectsspokenbythemgrewintoasinglelanguagecalledAnglo-Saxon,whichisnowcalledOldEnglish.Anglo-SaxonHeptarchyHeptarchy=SevenKingdomsNorthumbria(1)Mercia(2)EastAnglia(3)Essex(4)Wessex(5)Kent(6)Sussex(7)TheOldEnglishLanguageEnglishisamemberoftheAnglo-Frisian（荷蘭省名，靠近北海）branchoftheWestGermaniclanguagesandalsopartoftheIndo-Europeanfamilyoflanguages.TheoldEnglishisafullinflectional（曲折的，抑揚的）languagewithitssounddifferentfromthatofModernlanguage.TheliteratureoftheOldEnglishPeriodTheepicsaretheearliestpiecesofliteraturesurvivingfromtheOldEnglishperiod.Theyareusuallythecomposinginverseoftribalornationallegendsaboutagreathero,alwaysafightingwarrior.Beowulfisagoodexample.Epic史詩Epic:Alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofagreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.Manyepicsweredrawnfromanoraltraditionandweretransmittedbysongandrecitationbeforetheywerewrittendown.Beowulf(1)AmanuscriptofBeowulfBeowulf(2)Beowulf,anAnglo-Saxonepicpoem,themostimportantworkofOldEnglishliterature.Thepoemconsistsof3182lines,eachlinewithfouraccentsmarkedbyalliterationanddividedintotwopartsbyacaesura（節(jié)律的停頓）Thesomberstoryistoldinvigorous,picturesquelanguage,withheavyuseofmetaphor.Thepoemtellsofahero,aScandinavianprincenamedBeowulf,whoridstheDanesofthemonsterGrendel,halfmanandhalffiend,andGrendel‘smother,whocomesthateveningtoavengeGrendel’sdeath.FiftyyearslaterBeowulf,nowkingofhisnativeland,fightsadragonwhohasdevastatedhispeople.BothBeowulfandthedragonaremortallywoundedinthefight.ThepoemendswithBeowulf‘sfuneralashismournerschanthisepitaph（墓志銘）..Beowulf(3)ItisanAnglo-Saxonnationalepic,inalliterativeverse,originatingfromthecollectiveeffortsoforalliterature.originallyintheoralformin6thcenturyandthepresentonewrittenin10th.Thetheme:itissetinScandinavianandtellsofhisthreemajoradventureshowtheherodefeatsthemonsterGrendelandGrendel’smother,theseamonsterandafire-breathingdragon,buteventuallyreceiveshisowndeath.Analysisofthepoem:Battleisawayoflife.Strength,courageandloyaltyarebasicvirtuesforbothkingsandwarriors.Itshowshowtheprimitivepeoplewageheroicstrugglesagainstthehostileforcesofthenaturalworldunderawiseandmightyleader.But,theforcesofwyrd(fate)seemtocontrolman’sdestinywithmysteriousomnipotencefatalism.ArtisticFeatures:RhymelessMetaphors(samplesonPage6)Understatements(samplesonPage6)Alliteration頭韻Therepetitionofthesameconsonantsoundsorofdifferentvowelsoundsatthebeginningofwordsorinstressedsyllables,asin:roundtherocksrunstheriveronscrollsofsilversnowysentencesAssignmentsDefinetheliterarytermsbelow.AlliterationEpicAnswerthefollowingquestions.Whatarethemaincontentof“Beowulf”andwhatareitsartisticfeatures?TheLiteratureoftheMiddleEnglishTheNormanConquestanditsInfluenceRomanceWilliamLanglandTheEnglishBalladsChaucerAssignmentsTheNormanConquestanditsInfluenceTheFrench-speakingNormansheadedbyWilliam,DukeofNormandy,invadedEnglandin1066.ThebattlebetweenthetwoarmiesbrokeoutnearHastingsinSouthernEnglandandendedinthefailureoftheEnglish.TheNormanconquesthadgreatinfluenceuponEnglandinmanyfields.ItmarkstheestablishmentoffeudalisminEngland.TheNormansalsobroughttoEnglandthewealthofanewlanguageandliterature,whichtheEnglishgraduallyabsorbedandsocamethemiddleEnglish.Threemajorthemes

RomanceRomance,alongnarrativeinproseorversethattellsoftheadventuresandheroicexploitsofchivalricheroes,isthemostprevailingkindofliteratureinfeudalEngland.ManyromancesareassociatedwiththeromanticfigureofKingArthur,kingArthurandhisRoundTableknightamongwiththebestisSirGawainandtheGreenKnight.WilliamLanglandWilliamLangland(1330?-1400?)wrotePiersPlowman,animportantliteraryworkinMiddleEnglish.Itisanalliterativepoemcomposedofaseriesofdreams,inwhichtheTheEnglishBalladsAballadisanarrativepoem,oftenoffolkoriginandintendedtobesung,consistingofsimplestanzasandusuallyhavingarecurrentrefrain.Theballad,unlikewrittenliteratureinfeudalEnglandwhichwasintendedonlyfortheupperclasses,isaliteratureoftheEnglishpeople.ThemostimportantballadsarethoseofRobinHood,alegendarypopularhero.Heisdepictedintheballadsasavaliantoutlaw,famousinarcherylivingunderthegreenwoodtreewithhismerrymen,takingfromtherichandgivingtothepoor,wagingwaragainstbishopsandarchbishops,andconstantlyhuntedbythesheriffs,whomheconstantlyoutwits.GeoffreyChaucer(1)GeoffreyChaucer(1343-1400),thegreatestMiddleEnglishwriter,andfounderoftheEnglishrealisticliterature,wasborninLondonabout1340anddiedin1400.HewasburiedinWestminsterAbbey,thusfoundingthe‘Poets’Corner’.GeoffreyChaucer(2)Chaucer’sworksfallintothreemaingroupscorrespondingroughlytothethreeperiodsofhisadultlife:TheperiodofFrenchinfluence,whichsawhimtranslatingworkfromFrench,e.g.TheRomauntoftheRose.TheperiodofItalianinfluence,especiallyofDanteandBoccaccio,duringwhichhebegantousetheheroiccouplet.TroilusandCriseyde.Theperiodofhismaturity,inwhichheusedtheheroiccoupletandwhichsawhisfullattainmentinTheCanterburyTales.GeoffreyChaucer-thefatherofEnglishpoetryTheParliamentofFowlsThelyfsoshort,thecraftsolongtolerne,Th’assaysohard,sosharpthecnquerynge,Thedredfuljoyealweythatslitsoyerne:AlthismenIbyLove.生命這樣短，學(xué)習(xí)期間這樣長；嘗試這樣難，克服這樣猛烈；驚人的快樂消逝的這樣快：這一切我是指戀愛而言。GeoffreyChaucer-thefatherofEnglishpoetryThesestoriesserveasaverydefinitereflectionofthemoraldegeneracycommontotheclericals（牧師的，教士的）oftheday.OfChaucer’sothertalesmentionshouldbemadeofthephysician’staleofJudgeAppius’sslanderous（毀謗性的）accusationoftheinnocentandvirtuousVirginia.Inthesethreetalesslanderandreligiouspersecutionandcheatingarerespectivelyobjectsofcensure（譴責(zé)）.AnothergroupofthethreetalestheWifeofBath’staleofanArthurianKnight,theOxfordClerk’staleandtheFranklin’stalehavebeenKnownas“themarriagegroup”dealingwithmarriage.HeroiccoupletAverseunitconsistingoftworhymedlinesiniambicpentameter.英雄偶句詩（英雄雙韻體）：由兩行互相押韻的含有五個抑揚音步的詩句組成的韻文單位Couplet:apairofrhymedlineswhichmayormaynotconstituteaseparatestanzainapoem.Popularintheeighteenthcentury,acoupletmaybelongorshort,butusuallycontainacompletethoughtinitself,thefirstlineendingwithapauseandthesecondlinewithafullstop.coupletGeoffreyChaucerandJohnDrydenamongothershavewrittenincouplets.ThefollowingisfromDryden's"MacFlecknoe".AllhumanthingsaresubjecttodecayAndwhenfatesummons,monarchsmustobey.Seecourseware“AppreciationofPoetry”TheCanterburyTales(1)TheCanterburyTales,isChaucer’sgreatestworkandonemonumentalworksinEnglishliterature.Itiswrittenforthegreatpartinheroiccouplets(about17,000lines).Thewholepoemisaseriesofstoriesarrangedona‘framework’asthePrologueprovides.ComingtogetherattheTabardInn,apartyof31pilgrimspreparetogototheshineofBecketatCanterbury.Asaprogramofentertainmentfortheirjourney,itisproposedthateachpilgrimistotelltwostoriesgoingandtwomorereturning.Butonly24exists.TheCanterburyTales(2)Thesetwenty-fourstoriescovervirtuallyeverytypeofmedievalliterature:courtlyromance,folktale,beastfable,storyoftravelandadventure,saint’slife,allegoricaltale,sermon,alchemicalaccount,etc,whicharesufficienttogiveapictureofEnglishsocietyinthe14thcentury.Generallyspeaking,thePrologueandthetalesoftheKnight,thePardoner,theNun’sPriest,theWifeofBatharerecognizedtobebetterthanotherparts.TheWifeofBathTheCanterburyTaleswaswrittenchieflyintheyears1387-1400,containingageneralprologueandtwenty-fourtales,andsome“prologues”and“l(fā)inks”accompanyingsomeofthetales.TheGeneralprologuehasusuallybeenregardedasthemostsignificantpartofthepoem.Ofparticularinteresttousarethosetalesthatcontainratherkeensocialcriticism.Theportraitsofthethreeugliestfiguresamongtheecclesiastics–thepardoner(賣赦罪符的人),thesummoner（傳道者）andthefriar（天主教會修士）.Thesestoriesserveasaverydefinitereflectionofthemoraldegeneracycommontotheclericals（牧師的，教士的）oftheday.OfChaucer’sothertalesmentionshouldbemadeofthephysician’staleofJudgeAppius’sslanderous（毀謗性的）accusationoftheinnocentandvirtuousVirginia.Inthesethreetalesslanderandreligiouspersecutionandcheatingarerespectivelyobjectsofcensure（譴責(zé)）.AnothergroupofthethreetalestheWifeofBath’staleofanArthurianKnight,theOxfordClerk’staleandtheFranklin’stalehavebeenKnownas“themarriagegroup”dealingwithmarriage.Almostallthereligiouscharactersconnectedwiththechurch,withtheonlyexceptionoftheparsonwhoisquitefavorablyrepresented,aredrawneitherwithtouchesofironyandsubtlesatireonwithopenrepugnance（厭惡）.Theworstarethepardonerandthesummoner,bothofwhomnotonlyhavethemostrepulsivephysicalappearancebutarepossessedofamostodious（可惡的）characterandinveterately（積習(xí)地）indulgeincheatingandoppressingthecommonpeople.onestrikingphenomenonconcerninganumberofthepilgrimsistheircommonpracticeofacquiringmoneybyimpropermeans,oftenbydownrightcheatingandtrickery.Anotherstrikingreflectionofthesocialre