Xiaojing（孝經(jīng)）參考資料

THECLASSICOFFILIALPIETY

XiaoJing[HsiaoChing]

ITheScopeandMeaningoftheTreatise

(Once),whenZhongNi1wasunoccupied,andhisdiscipleZeng2wassittingbyinattendanceonhim,theMastersaid,"Theancientkingshadaperfectvirtueandall-embracingruleofconduct,throughwhichtheywereinaccordwithallunderheaven.Bythepracticeofitthepeoplewerebroughttoliveinpeaceandharmony,andtherewasnoill-willbetweensuperiorsandinferiors.Doyouknowwhatitwas?"

Zengrosefromhismatandsaid,"HowshouldI,Shen,whoamsodevoidofintelligence,beabletoknowthis?"

TheMastersaid,"(Itwasfilialpiety.)Nowfilialpietyistherootof(all)virtue,3and(thestem)outofwhichgrows(allmoral)teaching.Sitdownagain,andIwillexplainthesubjecttoyou.Ourbodies—toeveryhairandbitofskin—arereceivedbyusfromourparents,andwemustnotpresumetoinjureorwoundthem.Thisisthebeginningoffilialpiety.Whenwehaveestablishedourcharacterbythepracticeofthe(filial)course,soastomakeournamefamousinfutureagesandtherebyglorifyourparents,thisistheendoffilialpiety.Itcommenceswiththeserviceofparents;itproceedstotheserviceoftheruler;itiscompletedbytheestablishmentofcharacter.

"ItissaidintheMajorOdesoftheKingdom:

Everthinkofyourancestor,

Cultivatingyourvirtue."4

Notes

1Thisisthezior"style"ofConfucius.

2ZengZispeaksinfourteensayingsintheAnalects,e.g.,1.4.Henameshimselfabitlaterbyhismingor"givenname,"Shen.Hisnameistraditionallyassociatedwiththevirtueoffilialpiety;see,forexample,Analects1.9&19.17&18.

3"Allvirtue"meansthefivevirtuousprinciples,theconstituentsofhumanity:benevolence,righteousness,propriety,knowledge,andfidelity.

4ShiIII,i,ode1,stanza6,p.431.Mao235.

IIFilialPietyintheSonofHeaven

TheMastersaid,"Hewholoveshisparentswillnotdare(toincurtheriskof)beinghatedbyanyman,andhewhorevereshisparentswillnotdare(toincurtheriskof)beingcontemnedbyanyman.1Whentheloveandreverence(oftheSonofHeaven)arethuscarriedtotheutmostintheserviceofhisparents,thelessonsofhisvirtueaffectallthepeople,andhebecomesapatternto(allwithin)thefourseas.ThisisthefilialpietyoftheSonofHeaven.

"Itissaidin(theMarquisof)FuonPunishments:

TheOnemanwillhavefelicity,

andthemillionsofthepeoplewilldependon(whatensureshishappiness)."2

Notes

1Manytranslatorshavemissedthepassiveforceofthisconstruction.

2ShuJing,volIIIofTheChineseClassics,p.600.

IIIFilialPietyinthePrincesofStates

"Aboveothers,andyetfreefrompride,theydwellonhigh,withoutperil.Adheringtoeconomyandcarefullyobservantoftherulesandlaws,theyarefull,withoutoverflowing.Todwellonhighwithoutperilisthewaylongtopreservenobility;tobefullwithoutoverflowingisthewaylongtopreserveriches.Whentheirrichesandnobilitydonotleavetheirpersons,thentheyareabletopreservethealtarsoftheirlandandgrain,andtosecuretheharmonyoftheirpeopleandmeninoffice.1Thisisthefilialpietyoftheprincesofstates.

"ItissaidintheBookofPoetry:

Beapprehensive,becautious,

Asifonthebrinkofadeepabyss,

Asiftreadingonthinice."2

Notes

1Thekinghadagreataltartothespirit(orspirits)presidingovertheland.Thecoloroftheearthinthecenterofitwasyellow;thatoneachofitsfoursidesdifferedaccordingtothecolorsassignedtothefourquartersofthesky.Aportionofthisearthwascutawayandformedthenucleusofacorrespondingaltarineachfeudalstate,accordingtotheirpositionrelativetothecapital.Theprinceofthestatehadtheprerogativeofsacrificingthere.Asimilarruleprevailedforthealtarstothespiritspresidingoverthegrain.Solongasafamilyruledinastate,solongitschiefofferedthosesacrifices;andtheextinctionofthesacrificeswasanemphaticwayofdescribingtheruinandextinctionoftherulinghouse.

2Shi,II,v,ode1,stanza6,p.333.Mao195.ThispassageiscitedbyZengZiinAnalects8.3.

IVFilialPietyinHighMinistersandGreatOfficers

"Theydonotpresumetowearrobesotherthanthoseappointedbythelawsoftheancientkings,nortospeakwordsotherthanthosesanctionedbytheirspeech,nortoexhibitconductotherthanthatexemplifiedbytheirvirtuousways.Thusnoneoftheirwordsbeingcontrarytothosesanctions,andnoneoftheiractionscontrarytothe(right)way,fromtheirmouthstherecomesnoexceptionablespeech,andintheirconducttherearefoundnoexceptionableactions.Theirwordsmayfillallunderheaven,andnoerrorofspeechwillbefoundinthem.Theiractionsmayfillallunderheaven,andnodissatisfactionordislikewillbeawakenedbythem.Whenthesethreethings—(theirrobes,theirwords,andtheirconduct)—areallcompleteastheyshouldbe,theycanthenpreservetheirancestraltemples.1Thisisthefilialpietyofhighministersandgreatofficers.

"ItissaidintheBookofPoetry:

Heisneveridle,dayornight,

IntheserviceoftheOneman."

Notes

1Theirancestraltemplesweretotheministersandgrandofficerswhatthealtarsoftheirlandandgrainweretothefeudallords.Everygreatofficerhadthreetemplesorshrines,inwhichhesacrificedtothefirstchiefofhisfamilyorclan,tohisgrandfather,andtohisfather.Whiletheseremained,thefamilyremained,anditshonorswereprepetuated.

2Shi,III,iii,ode6,stanza4,p.543.Mao260.

VFilialPietyinInferiorOfficers

"Astheyservetheirfathers,sotheyservetheirmothers,andtheylovethemequally.Astheyservetheirfathers,sotheyservetheirrulers,andtheyreverencethemequally.Henceloveiswhatischieflyrenderedtothemother,andreverenceiswhatischieflyrenderedtotheruler,whilebothofthesethingsaregiventothefather.Thereforewhentheyservetheirrulerwithfilialpiety,theyareloyal;whentheyservetheirsuperiorswithreverence,theyareobedient.Notfailinginthisloyaltyandobedienceinservingthoseabovethem,theyarethenabletopreservetheiremolumentsandpositions,andtomaintaintheirsacrifices.1Thisisthefilialpietyofinferiorofficers.2

"ItissaidintheBookofPoetry:

Risingearlyandgoingtosleeplate,

Donotdisgracethosewhogaveyoubirth."3

Notes

1Theseofficershadtheir'positions'orplaces,andtheirpay.Theyhadalsotheirsacrifices,butsuchaswereprivateorpersonaltothemselves.

2not'scholar,'amoremodernmeaningofshi.TheshioffeudalChinaweretheyoungersonsofthehigherclasses,andmenthatbytheirabilitywererisingoutofthelower,andwhowereallininferiorsituationsandlookingforwardtoofficesoftrustintheserviceoftheroyalcourtoroftheirseveralstates.Whenthefeudalsystemhadpassedaway,theclassof'scholars'graduallytooktheirplace.

3Shi,II,v,ode2,stanza4,p.335.Mao196.

VIFilialPietyintheCommonPeople

"Theyfollowthecourseofheaven(intherevolvingseasons);theydistinguishtheadvantagesaffordedby(different)soils;theyarecarefuloftheirconductandeconomicalintheirexpenditure—inordertonourishtheirparents.Thisisthefilialpietyofthecommonpeople.

"ThereforefromtheSonofHeavendowntothecommonpeople,thereneverhasbeenonewhosefilialpietywaswithoutitsbeginningandendonwhomcalamitydidnotcome."1

Notes

1ThischapteristheendofwhatZhuXiregardedastheonlyportionoftheXiaothatcamedirectlyfromConfucius.Thechaptersthatfollowlackthesequenceoftheforegoing.

VIIFilialPietyinRelationtotheThreePowers1

ThediscipleZengsaid,"Immenseindeedisthegreatnessoffilialpiety!"

TheMasterreplied,2"Yes,filialpietyistheconstant(method)ofHeaven,therighteousnessofEarth,andthepracticaldutyofMan.Heavenandearthinvariablypursuethecourse(thatmaybethusdescribed),andthepeopletakeitastheirpattern.(Theancientkings)imitatedthebrilliantluminariesofheavenandactedinaccordancewiththe(varying)advantagesaffordedbyearth,sothattheywereinaccordwithallunderheaven,andinconsequencetheirteachings,withoutbeingsevere,weresuccessful,andtheirgovernment,withoutbeingrigorous,securedperfectorder.

"Theancientkings,seeinghowtheirteachingscouldtransformthepeople,setbeforethemthereforeanexampleofthemostextendedlove,andnoneofthepeopleneglectedtheirparents.Theysetforthtothem(thenatureof)virtueandrighteousness,andthepeoplerousedthemselvestothepracticeofthem.Theywentbeforethemwithreverenceandyieldingcourtesy,andthepeoplehadnocontentions.Theyledthemonbytherulesofproprietyandbymusic,andthepeoplewereharmoniousandbenignant.Theyshowedthemwhattheylovedandwhattheydisliked,andthepeopleunderstoodtheirprohibitions.

"ItissaidintheBookofPoetry:

Awe-inspiringareyou,OGrand-MasterYin,

Andthepeoplealllookuptoyou."3

Notes

1i.e.,Heaven,Earth,Man

2ThefirstpartofConfucius'replyisfoundintheZuoZhuan(Legge,vol.V,p.708)

3Shi,II,iv,ode7,stanza1,p.309.Mao191.

VIIIFilialPietyinGovernment

TheMastersaid,"Anciently,whentheintelligentkingsbymeansoffilialpietyruledallunderheaven,theydidnotdaretoreceivewithdisrespecttheministersofsmallstates.Howmuchlesswouldtheydosotothedukes,marquises,counts,andbarons!Thusitwasthattheygot(theprincesof)themyriadstateswithjoyfulhearts(toassistthem)inthe(sacrificial)servicestotheirroyalpredecessors.

"Therulersofstatesdidnotdaretoslightwifelessmenandwidows.Howmuchlesswouldtheyslighttheirofficersandthepeople!Thusitwasthattheygotalltheirpeoplewithjoyfulhearts(toassistthem)inservingtherulers,theirpredecessors.

"Theheadsofclansdidnotdaretoslighttheirservantsandconcubines.Howmuchlesswouldtheyslighttheirwivesandsons!Thusitwasthattheygottheirmenwithjoyfulhearts(toassistthem)intheserviceoftheirparents.

"Insuchastateofthings,whilealive,parentsreposedin(thegloryof)theirsons,and,whensacrificedto,theirdisembodiedspiritsenjoyedtheirofferings.Thereforeforallunderheavenpeaceandharmonyprevailed;disastersandcalamitiesdidnotoccur;misfortunesandrebellionsdidnotarise.

"ItissaidintheBookofPoetry:

Toanupright,virtuousconduct

Allinthefourquartersofthestaterenderobedienthomage."

Notes

1ShiJing,III,iii,ode2,stanza2,p.511.Mao256.

IXTheGovernmentoftheSages1

ThediscipleZengsaid,"Iventuretoaskwhetherinthevirtueofthesagestherewasnotsomethinggreaterthanfilialpiety."

TheMasterreplied,"Ofall(creatureswiththeirdifferent)naturesproducedbyHeavenandEarth,manisthenoblest.Ofalltheactionsofmanthereisnonegreaterthanfilialpiety.In

filialpietythereisnothinggreaterthanthereverentialaweofone'sfather.Inthereverentialaweshowntoone'sfatherthereisnothinggreaterthanthemakinghimthecorrelateofHeaven.2ThedukeofZhouwasthemanwho(first)didthis.

"FormerlythedukeofZhouattheborderaltarsacrificedtoHouJiasthecorrelateofHeaven,andintheBrilliantHallhehonoredkingWenandsacrificedtohimasthecorrelateofGod.Theconsequencewasthatfrom(allthestates)withinthefourseas,every(prince)cameinthedischargeofhisdutyto(assistinthose)sacrifices.Inthevirtueofthesageswhatbesideswastheregreaterthanfilialpiety?

"Nowthefeelingofaffectiongrowsupattheparents'knees,andas(thedutyof)nourishingthoseparentsisexercised,theaffectiondailymergesinawe.Thesagesproceededfromthe(feelingof)awetoteach(thedutiesof)reverence,andfrom(thatof)affectiontoteach(thoseof)love.Theteachingsofthesages,withoutbeingsevere,weresuccessful,andtheirgovernment,withoutbeingrigorous,waseffective.Whattheyproceededfromwastheroot(offilialpietyimplantedbyHeaven).

"Therelationanddutiesbetweenfatherandson,(thusbelongingto)theHeaven-conferrednature,(containinthemtheprincipleof)righteousnessbetweenrulerandsubject.Thesonderiveshislifefromhisparents,andnogreatergiftcouldpossiblybetransmitted.Hisrulerandparent(inone),hisfatherdealswithhimaccordingly,andnogenerositycouldbegreaterthanthis.Hence,hewhodoesnotlovehisparents,butlovesothermen,iscalledarebelagainstvirtue,andhewhodoesnotreverehisparents,butreveresothermen,iscalledarebelagainstpropriety.When(theruler)himselfthusactscontraryto(theprinciples)whichshouldplacehiminaccord(withallmen),hepresentsnothingforthepeopletoimitate.Hehasnothingtodowithwhatisgood,butentirelyandonlywithwhatisinjurioustovirtue.Thoughhemayget(hiswill,andbeaboveothers),thesuperiormandoesnotgivehimhisapproval.

"Itisnotsowiththesuperiorman.Hespeaks,havingthoughtwhetherthewordsshouldbespoken;heacts,havingthoughtwhetherhisactionsaresuretogivepleasure.Hisvirtueandrighteousnessaresuchaswillbehonored;whatheinitiatesanddoesisfittobeimitated;hisdeportmentisworthyofcontemplation;hismovementsinadvancingorretiringareallaccordingtotheproperrule.Inthiswaydoeshepresenthimselftothepeople,whobothrevereandlovehim,imitateandbecomelikehim.Thusheisabletomakehisteachingofvirtuesuccessful,andhisgovernmentandorderstobecarriedintoeffect.3

"ItissaidintheBookofPoetry:

Thevirtuousman,theprincelyone,

Hasnothingwronginhisdeportment."

Notes

1i.e.,thesovereignsofantiquity

2peitian.Thephraseisusedwithreferencetothevirtueofasovereign,makinghimasitwerethemateofGod,rulingonearthasGodrulesabove,andwithreferencetothehonorspaidtoadepartedsovereign,whenheisassociatedwithGodinthegreatsacrificialservices.Inthenextparagraph,'correlateofGod'renderspeishangdi.Leggehasalongdiscussionofhisrenderingofthetermstianandshangdiinhispreface,pp.xxiii-xxix.Inaddition,inhisnote,Leggeexplainsthat"Heaven"and"God"havethesamereference;theformerexpresseshonor,thelatteraffection.

3ThisparagraphisamosaicofpassagesfromtheZuoZhuan.

4Shi,I,xiv,ode3,stanza3,p.223.Mao152.

XAnOrderlyDescriptionoftheActsofFilialPiety

TheMastersaid,"Theservicewhichafilialsondoestohisparentsisasfollows:Inhisgeneralconducttothem,hemanifeststheutmostreverence.Inhisnourishingofthem,hisendeavoristogivethemtheutmostpleasure.Whentheyareill,hefeelsthegreatestanxiety.Inmourningforthem(dead),heexhibitseverydemonstrationofgrief.Insacrificingtothem,hedisplaystheutmostsolemnity.Whenasoniscompleteinthesefivethings,(hemaybepronounced)abletoservehisparents.

"Hewho(thus)serveshisparents,inahighsituationwillbefreefrompride,inalowsituationwillbefreefrominsubordination,andamonghisequalswillnotbequarrelsome.Inahighsituationprideleadstoruin;inalowsituationinsubordinationleadstopunishment;amongequalsquarrelsomenessleadstothewieldingofweapons.Ifthosethreethingsbenotputaway,thoughasoneverydaycontributebeef,mutton,andporktonourishhisparents,heisnotfilial."1

Notes

1Cf.Analects2.7.

XIFilialPietyinRelationtotheFivePunishments

TheMastersaid,"Therearethreethousandoffensesagainstwhichthefivepunishmentsaredirected,1andthereisnotoneofthemgreaterthanbeingunfilial.

"Whenconstraintisputuponaruler,thatisthedisowningofhissuperiority.Whentheauthorityofthesagesisdisallowed,thatisthedisowningof(all)law.Whenfilialpietyisputaside,thatisthedisowningoftheprincipleofaffection.These(threethings)pavethewaytoanarchy."

Notes

1Cf.Shu,Legge,vol.III,p.44-45andesp.p.388-390.

XIIAmplificationof"TheAll-embracingRuleofConduct"inChapterI

TheMastersaid,"Forteachingthepeopletobeaffectionateandloving,thereisnothingbetterthanfilialpiety.Forteachingthem(theobservanceof)proprietyandsubmissiveness,thereisnothingbetterthanfraternalduty.Forchangingtheirmannersandalteringtheircustoms,thereisnothingbetterthanmusic.Forsecuringthereposeofsuperiorsandthegoodorderofthepeople,thereisnothingbetterthantherulesofpropriety.

"Therulesofproprietyaresimply(thedevelopmentof)theprincipleofreverence.Thereforethereverencepaidtoafathermakes(all)sonspleased.Thereverencepaidtoanelderbrothermakes(all)youngerbrotherspleased.Thereverencepaidtoarulermakes(all)subjectspleased.ThereverencepaidtotheOnemanmakesthousandsandmyriadsofmenpleased.Thereverenceispaidtoafew,andthepleasureextendstomany.Thisiswhatismeantbyan'All-embracingRuleofConduct.'"

XIIIAmplificationof'thePerfectVirtue'inChapterI

TheMastersaid,"Theteachingoffilialpietybythesuperiorman1doesnotrequirethatheshouldgotofamilyafterfamilyanddailyseethemembersofeach.Histeachingoffilialpietyisatributeofreverencetoallthefathersunderheaven.Histeachingoffraternalsubmissionisatributeofreverencetoalltheelderbrothersunderheaven.Histeachingofthedutyofasubjectisatributeofreverencetoalltherulersunderheaven.

"ItissaidintheBookofPoetry:

Thehappyandcourteoussovereign

Istheparentofthepeople.2

"Ifitwerenotaperfectvirtue,howcoulditberecognizedasinaccordancewiththeirnaturebythepeoplesoextensivelyasthis?"

Notes

1Thejunziheremustbetakentomeanthesovereign.

2Shi,III,ii,ode7,stanza1,p.489.Mao251.

XIVAmplificationof"MakingourNameFamous"inChapterI

TheMastersaid,"Thefilialpietywithwhichthesuperiormanserveshisparentsmaybetransferredasloyaltytotheruler.Thefraternaldutywithwhichheserveshiselderbrothermaybetransferredassubmissivedeferencetoelders.Hisregulationofhisfamilymaybetransferredasgoodgovernmentinanyofficialposition.Therefore,whenhisconductisthussuccessfulinhisinner(private)circle,hisnamewillbeestablished(andtransmitted)tofuturegenerations."

XVFilialPietyinRelationtoReproofandRemonstrance

ThediscipleZengsaid,"Ihaveheardyourinstructionsontheaffectionoflove,onrespectandreverence,ongivingreposeto(themindsof)ourparents,andonmakingournamesfamous.Iwouldventuretoaskif(simple)obediencetotheordersofone'sfathercanbepronouncedfilialpiety."

TheMasterreplied,"Whatwordsarethese!Whatwordsarethese!Anciently,iftheSonofHeavenhadsevenministerswhowouldremonstratewithhim,althoughhehadnotrightmethodsofgovernment,hewouldnotlosehispossessionofthekingdom.Iftheprinceofastatehadfivesuchministers,thoughhismeasuresmightbeequallywrong,hewouldnotlosehisstate.Ifagreatofficerhadthree,hewouldnot,inasimilarcase,lose(theheadshipof)hisclan.Ifaninferiorofficerhadafriendwhowouldremonstratewithhim,agoodnamewouldnotceasetobeconnectedwithhischaracter.Andthefatherwhohadasonthatwouldremonstratewithhimwouldnotsinkintothegulfofunrighteousdeeds.Thereforewhenacaseofunrighteousconductisconcerned,asonmustbynomeanskeepfromremonstratingwithhisfather,noraministerfromremonstratingwithhisruler.Hence,sinceremonstranceisrequiredinthecaseofunrighteousconduct,howcan(simple)obediencetotheordersofafatherbeaccountedfilialpiety?"1

Notes

1Cf.Analects4.18andLiJi,X,i,15.

XVITheInfluenceofFilialPietyandtheResponsetoIt

TheMastersaid,"Anciently,theintelligentkingsservedtheirfatherswithfilialpiety,andthereforetheyservedHeavenwithintelligence.Theyservedtheirmotherswithfilialpiety,andthereforetheyservedEarthwithdiscrimination.Theypursuedtherightcoursewithreferencetotheir(own)seniorsandjuniors,andthereforetheysecuredtheregulationoftherelationsbetweensuperiorsandinferiors(throughoutthekingdom).WhenHeavenandEarthwereservedwithintelligenceanddiscrimination,thespiritualintelligencesdisplayed(theirretributivepower).1

"ThereforeeventheSonofHeavenmusthavesomewhomhehonors;thatis,hehashisunclesofhissurname.Hemusthavesometowhomheconcedestheprecedence;thatis,hehashiscousins,whobearthesamesurnameandareolderthanhimself.Intheancestraltemplehemanifeststheutmostreverence,showingthathedoesnotforgethisparents.Hecultivateshispersonandiscarefulofhisconduct,fearinglestheshoulddisgracehispredecessors.Whenintheancestraltempleheexhibitstheutmostreverence,thespiritsofthedepartedmanifestthemselves.Perfectfilialpietyandfraternaldutyreachto(andmove)thespiritualintelligencesanddiffusetheirlightonallwithinthefourseas.Theypenetrateeverywhere.

"ItissaidintheBookofPoetry:

Fromthewesttotheeast,

Fromthesouthtothenorth,

Therewasnotathoughtbutdidhimhomage."

Notes

1The"spiritualintelligences"hereareHeavenandEarthconceivedofasspiritualbeings.

2Shi,III,i,ode10,stanza6,p.463.Mao244.

XVIITheServiceoftheRuler

TheMastersaid,"Thesuperiorman1serveshisrulerinsuchawaythat,whenatcourtinhispresence,histhoughtishowtodischargehisloyaldutytotheutmost,andwhenheretiresfromit,histhoughtishowtoamendhiserrors.Hecarriesoutwithdeferencethemeasuresspringingfromhisexcellentqualitiesandrectifieshim(only)tosavehimfromwhatareevil.Hence,asthesuperiorandinferior,theyareabletohaveanaffectionforeachother.

"ItissaidintheBookofPoetry:

InmyheartIlovehim,

AndwhyshouldInotsayso?

InthecoreofmyheartIkeephim,

Andneverwillforgethim."

Notes

1Junziherecanonlybethegoodandintelligentofficerintheroyaldomainoratafeudalcourt.

2Shi,II,viii,ode4,stanza4,p.415.Mao228.

XVIIIFilialPietyinMourningforParents

TheMastersaid,"Whenafilialsonismourningforaparent,hewails,butnotwithaprolongedsobbing.Inthemovementsofceremonyhepaysnoattentiontohisappearance.Hiswordsarewithouteleganceofphrase.Hecannotbeartowearfineclothes.Whenhehearsmusic,hefeelsnodelight.Whenheeatsadelicacy,heisnotconsciousofitsflavor.Suchisthenatureofgriefandsorrow.

"Afterthreedayshemaypartakeoffood,forthusthe