跨文化交際學課后思考題

跨文化交際練習題討論題1、在你的日?；顒又心男┦潜容^典型的跨文化交際？2、你認為強調個人之間的文化差異有什么利弊？3、我國的地區(qū)文化差異是否可以作為跨文化交際研究的重要方面？4、跨文化交際學為什么產(chǎn)生在美國？5、在我國為什么是一批外語教師首先對于跨文化交際學感興趣？6、跨文化交際學主要和哪些學科有密切的關系？為什么？跨文化交際學為什么沒有大家一致接受的理論框架和研究方法？7、為什么文化會有這么多不同的定義？8、你認為哪幾個定義對于你了解文化的內涵有幫助？9、文化具有哪些特點？認識這些特點對我們有什么意義？為什么文化是跨文化交際研究的核心？你同意這個說法嗎？10、在漢語中“交際”與“傳播”的詞義有何異同？11、為什么人類不能沒有傳播？12、傳播在人類歷史上起了什么作用？13華”在漢語中的文化內涵與bull在英語中的文化內涵有何異同？14、在語用規(guī)則方面你能否舉例說明英語與漢語的某些差異？15、在語篇結構方面除了本章所講的以外你認為英美人與中美人之間還有什么差異？16、如果比較語言交際和非語言交際，你認為哪個更重要？為什么？17、在非語言交際的各種手段中，你認為哪一種最容易引起誤解？18、非語言交際是否一成不變？你能否舉出例子說明它的變化？19、為什么在漢語的見面語中有許多是與當時情景相聯(lián)系的提問？20、為什么在我國文化中如此重視謙虛？在改革開放的二十年中在這方面有無變化？21、為什么我國在許多地方有送重禮的習俗？近年來有無變化？22、中國傳統(tǒng)的“五倫”在現(xiàn)代的社會中有什么改變？23、為什么在我國的單位在過去很長一段時間里“無所不包”？有什么益處和缺陷？24、中國人和美國人在對待友誼的態(tài)度上有什么異同？試舉例說明。25、Guy和Mattock認為文化背景對于公司的特點以及談判方式等具有很大的影響，你同意這種論斷嗎？26、在你的朋友中有沒有在外企工作的？他們感到最不適應的是什么？27、外商在我國開公司辦企業(yè)，他們的主要抱怨是什么？你有所了解嗎？你對于這些問題作何解釋？28、價值觀是如何形成的？試舉例說明。29、價值觀與社會習俗比較，哪一個更難改變？30、價值觀在什么條件下更容易改變？試舉例說明。31、人們?yōu)槭裁闯３谕渌褡迮c自己一樣？32、請用英語釋義的詞典查以下幾個詞并說明它們有什么區(qū)別：generalizationcategorizationstereotype33、我們當中有哪些刻板印象是比較典型的？試舉例。34、在和其他國家的人士接觸的過程中，你感到最難適應的是什么？35、不同年齡段的人在對異文化的適應方面是否有區(qū)別？你認為原因何在？36、除了書中所列的跨文化訓練的各種方法以外，你還有什么其它建議？37、Howdoyouthinkcultureandcommunicationarerelated?38、Whatarethebarriersyouexperiencedininterculturalcommunication?Andhowdidyouhandlethem?39、Workingroupstodecidewhichofthefollowingbelongtoovertcultureandwhichtocovert:WhatandhowpeopleeatHowtokeephealthyHowtoraisechildrenHowtodobusinessHowtousetimeHowtointroducepeopleHowtoparticipateinceremoniesRulesforfacialexpressionsandeyecontactRitualsEtiquetteWorkspeedWhatisrightorwrong,beautifulorugly,cleanordirty,goodorbad,etc.Theoriesofdisease,sin,death,godorgods,sanity,self,etc.40、Canyouaddmoretotheabovelist?Whichofthemdoyouthinkaremorelikelytocauseproblemsininterculturalcommunication?Andwhydoyouthinktheyare?41、StudythefollowingtwoversionsofthesamespokendiscoursepresentedinabusinessmeetingbetweenaHongKongChineseandanAnglo—NorthAmericanbusinessman.Decideinsmallgroups,whichonemightbegivenbyaChineseandwhichbyanAmerican.Why?42、WeknowthatWesternerstendtodistinguishmindfrombody,peoplefromnature,andGodfromhumankind,whileChineseareusedtolookingattheworldasawholeunit.NowcomparetheWesternMedicineandthetraditionalChineseMedicine.Arethereanydifferences?Dothedifferencesreflecttosomeextentdifferentworldviews?Ifyes,trytonamethesetwoworldviews.43、InChinaweaddressastrangerwithanadvancedage,Grandpa"or,Grandma”.Whydowedososincethatstrangerisnotconnectedtousbyblood?HowdoesthissoundtoanEnglishear?44、Chineseroutinelyusemanyposition-linkedoroccupation-linkedtitlestoaddresspeople,suchas王經(jīng)理，馬局長，張主任，李醫(yī)生，etc.Discusswhy?DoAmericanshavesimilarcustoms?45、FindasmanyexpressionsandproverbsaspossiblerelatingtotimeinEnglishandChineserespectively.Examplesare:，Timeismoney."，Buzhaoji,manmanlai"（不著急，慢慢來）.Thensumupandcomparetheirattitudestowardstime案例分析1.TwomenmeetonaplanefromTokyotoHongKong.ChuHon-feiisaHongKongexporterwhoisreturningfromabusinesstriptoJapan.AndrewRichardsonisanAmericanbuyeronhisfirstbusinesstriptoHongKong.ItIsaconvenientmeetingforthembecauseMr.Chu’scompanysellssomeoftheproductsMr.RichardsonhassometoHongKongtobuy.Afterabitofconversationtheyintroducethemselvestoeachother.Mr.Richardson:Bytheway,I’mAndrewRichardson.MyfriendscallmeAndy.Thisismybusinesscard.Mr.Chu:I’mDavidChu.Pleasedtomeetyou,Mr.Richardson.Thisismycard.Mr.Richardson:No,no.CallmeAndy.Ithinkw’ellbedoingalotofbusinesstogether.Mr.Chu:Yes,Ihopeso.Mr.Richardson(readingMr.ChUscard):Chu,Hon-fei.Hon-fei,I’llgiveyouacalltomorrowassoonasIgetsettledatmyhotel.MrChu(smiling):Yes,I’llexpectyourcall.Whenthesetwomenseparate,theyleaveeachotherwithverydifferentimpressionsofthesituation.Mr.RichardsonisverypleasedtohavemadetheacquaintanceofMr.Chuandfeelstheyhavegottenofftoaverygoodstart.Theyhaveestablishedtheirrelationshiponafirst-namebasisandMr.Chu’ssmileseemstoindicatethathewillbefriendlyandeasytodobusinesswith.Mr.RichardsonisveryparticularlypleasedthathehastreatedMr.ChuwithrespectforhisChinesebackgroundbycallinghimHon-feiratherthanusingthewesternname,David,whichseemstohimanunnecessaryimpositionofwesternculture.Incontrast,Mr.ChufeelsquiteuncomfortablewithMr.Richardson.Hefeelsitwillbedifficulttoworkwithhim,andthatMr.Richardsonmightberatherinsensitivetoculturaldifferences.HeisparticularlybotheredthatMr.Richardsonusedhisgivenname,Hon-fei,insteadofeitherDavidorMr.Chu.Howdoyouaccountfortheirdifferentimpressions?Doescultureplayaroleinthecommunicationbetweenthesetwomen?DuringtheAmericanCivilWar,averyhungryyoungmanfelldowninfrontofafarmgate.Thefarmergavehimfoodbutinreturnheaskedtheyoungmantomoveapileofwoodinhisyard—infactitwasnotatallnecessarytomovethewoodbacktoitsoriginalplace.Seeingallthis,farmer’ssonwasconfused..Whydidthefarmerdothat?.Whatvaluesarereflectedinthisstory?DearMary,WeworkinthetypingpoolofalargeLondonstoreandareveryconcernedforthewelfareofoneofouryoungcolleagues.Sheisonly19,unmarried,andhasbecomeveryfriendlywithayoungmanwhoworksinoneofthedepartmentsofthestore.Hepopsintothetypingpooltoseeherandthere.Weknowthatheisengagedtoagirlwholivesnearhim.Wefeelfortheprotectionofthegirl,thatweshouldcomplaintothegeneralmanager.Butwewouldn’tlikeanybodytogetthesack.FourWorriedTypistsTheanswerfromthecolumnist:Myadviceissimple:Mindyourownbusiness.Thegirlisoldenoughtoknowwhatsheisdoing.Whatvaluecanweseebehindtheletterandanswer?AsaforeignstudentattheUniversityofWisconsininMadison,KeikoIharawasonastrictbudget.Shehadallhertuitionandbookspaidforbyscholarshipsandgrantsanduntilrecentlywascomfortablyhousedinthedormitory,shefoundasmallapartmenttosharewithafriend.Hercollegefriends,knowingofhersituation,offeredtoroundupsomeofthenecessaryitemsforapartmentliving.Keikopolitelydeclined,sayingshecouldmanage.Wantingtohelpoutherfriendsfoundsomeoldbutstillusablehouseholdappliancesandfurniture.Maryhadanolddeskthatwasinhergarage.Edhadsomechairsfromhisuncle,andJoeandMarionhadafewextradishes.Theycheerfullybroughtthemoveroneday.Keikoseemedveryembarrassed,butgracefullyacceptedthem,sincerelyandprofuselythankedthem.ThefollowingweektheywereeachpresentedwithagiftfromKeiko.Marygotanornatejewelrybox,EdavolumeofwoodcutsbyafamousJapaneseartist,andJoeandMarionabeautifulJapanesecase,allofwhichwereofconsiderableworthandvalue,muchmorethantheoldthingstheyhaddonatedtoher.Theyallprotestedthatshecouldnotaffordtogivesuchelaborategifts;theyreallyexpectednothingasthehouseholditemswerenotreallybeingusedandtheywouldratherhaveherusethem.Keiko,however,insistedthattheytakethegifts.Intheend,theyacceptedthegifts,althoughtheyallfeltuncomfortableastheyknewshewasreallysacrificingtogivethem.WhatdoyouthinkofKeikoinsistingongivingvaluablegiftstohercollegefriends?HowwouldyoufeelifKeikopresentedyouwithagiftforyourhelp?Environmentssignificantlyinfluenceone’scognition,effect,andbehavior.Onefeelstheimpactofthedifferentcultureespeciallywhenonecomesintoaforeigncountry.Shen-Lan,whoisfromTaiwan,wassatisfiedforherfirsttwenty-fiveyearsoflifebecauseshewassurroundedbythepeoplewhohavelovedherandwhomshehasloved.Herfriendsusedtoaskherwhyshelookedveryhappyalltime.Eventhoughherparentslimitedherbehaviororactivitiesbecauseofsocialbias,sheacceptedthosecontrolsbecausesheunderstoodherparentsreallylovedher.Also,herparentsdideverythingforher,suchastakingcareofher,cookingforherandmakingdecisionsforher.Shecompliedwithwhatherparentsexpected.ShehadneverlefthomebeforeshecametoAmerica.WhenshecametoAmerica,cultureshockobviouslyinfluencedherself-concept,self-esteem,andself-presentation.InChineseculture,shewastaughttobeinterdependent.Shehadtocarenotonlyaboutherselfbutalsoaboutthepeoplewhowerearoundher,forexampleparents,siblings,andfriends,evenneighbors.However,inAmericansociety,shenoticedthateveryonewasveryindependent,andmindedhisorherownbusiness,andnobodycaredaboutoneanother.Becauseshedidnotwanttogethurt,sheknewthatshehadtomakesomechanges.Inherself-concept,shechangedherinterdependentviewtoanindependentview.Usingadifferentlanguage,themajorreasonforcultureshock,reallyinjuredherself-esteem.Shen-Langraduatedfromawell-knownuniversityinTaiwan,andshefeltproudofthat.WhenshecametoAmerica,shewassupposedtobegoodatEnglish,butshewasnot.Afterthisrealization,shetriedtostudyhardinEnglishtomatchherstandards.However,shehadstudiedEnglishforoneyear,yetshedidnotimprovegreatly.Shelackedself-confidencetospeakEnglish,soherself-esteemdecreased.Thechangeinself-conceptandself-esteemwasreflectedinherself-presentation.BecauseShen-Lanwantedtobecomeindependent,andshewasafraidthatshedisturbedotherswithherpersonalproblems,soshebegantoisolateherself.ForEnglish,shedidnotgiveupbecauseofherhighgoaltomeetherownandtheexpectationsofothers.Shetriedtoavoidtalkingtoherfriendswhospeakthesamelanguagethoughshefeltlonesome.Sherecognizedandlearnedthenewculturalrulesandexpresseditthroughadifferentself-presentation.Thethreesocialself-componentsofShen-Lan:self-concept,self-esteem,andself-presentationwereinfluencedbycultureshock.Shen-Lantriedtobeindependent,becameawareofherself-esteem,andlearnedAmericanbehavior.Rightnow,shestartstothinkabouthavingapet.CanshebecomeanAmericanwoman?(Source:///iei/student_life/1995_web_projects/shu-min_liuZessayshu-min.html)JoseandJimworkedtogetherinarestaurant.Theyhadbecomefriendlybecausebothofthemwerealsostudying.Jimwasstudyingbusiness,andJosewastakingEnglishclassesandplannedtostudyengineering.Oneday,astheywereleavingwork,JimaskedJose,Jose,Ineedafavor.Ihavetogoovertoschool,andI’moutofmoney.CouldyoulendmeadollarsoIcantakethebusoverthereandthengethome?I’llpayyoubacktomorrow."Sure,Jim.Noproblem.Youdonthavetopaymeback；'saidJose,ashehandedJimadollar.Assoonashegotouttoworkthenextday,JimwentovertoJoseandhandedhimadollar,saying,Thanks,Jose.Ireallyappreciatedthislastnight.Itsurewastoocoldtowalk.；Forgetit,”saidJose,ashehandedJimbackhisdollar.Oh,no,Iinsist.Idon’twanttotakeadvantageofafriend.WhatifIneedtoborrowmoneyagainsometime?IfIdidn’tpayyoubacknow,Iwouldfeelwrongaskingtoborrowmoneyagain,；saidJim,asheputthedollarintoJose’sshirtpocket.Joseanswered,，Butthat’swhatfriendsarefor.InSpanish,Wehaveasaying,‘todayforyou,tomorrowforme.’Ifyoupaymeback,IwillfeelthatIwon’tbeabletoaskyouformoneywhenIneedit.Iwillfeellikeyouareclosingthedooronme,thatthereisnotrustbetweenus.Ithoughtwewerefriends.HowcanItakethemoney?Josehandedbackthedollar.，ButIwon’tfeelrightifyoudon’ttakeit!?saidJim.)WhydidJiminsistonreturningthedollartoJose?)WhydidJosenotwanttotakeit?)Doyouthinkthattheirattitudesarecultural?Rosa(Mexican--American)andAnnie(American)sharedasmalldormitoryroomatauniversity.TheylikedeachotherverymuchandgotalongwelluntilaproblemcameupOneday,RosatoldAnnie,，Mysecondcousinwantstocomeandseetheuniversity.Shemightwanttogotoschoolherenextyear.Doyoumindifshestayswithuswhileshevisits??，Gee,it’sprettycrowdedwithjustthetwoofus.Where’sshegoingtosleep??，Oh,that’snoproblem.Shecansleepinmybed,withme.”,Well,okay,?saidAnnie.，It’suptoyou.?,Great!?answeredRosa.，She’scomingtomorrow.?Twoweekslater,thecousinwasstillwiththem.Sinceshedidnotbringenoughmoney,Rosapaidforhermeal.Rosamissedmanyofherclassessothatshecouldhelphercousinfindherwayaround.RosanevercomplainedaboutanyofthistoAnnie,butAnniedecidedtospeaktoherfriend.，Rosa,?shesaid.，Iknowit’snoneofmybusiness.ButIdohtliketoseeyoubeingtreatedthisway.I’tsnotfairofyourcousintotakeadvantageofyou,usingyourtimeandyourmoneylikethis.Andhowdoyouevergetanysleep,anyway?Ithinkyoushouldtellheryouhaveyourownlifetolive.Afterall,she’sonlyyoursecondcousin.?Rosawassurprised.Sheanswered,,Oh,thebeddoesn’tbotherme!Itremindsmeofsleepingwithmysisterasachild.You’reright,though,aboutmyschoolwork.IknowI’mmissingtoomanyclasses.Butfamilycomesfirst.Ijustcouldn’tleavemycousinherebyherself.?Evenaftertheirconversation,Anniestillcouldnotunderstandherfriend.Beforehercousinarrived,Rosahadalwaysseemedlikesuchanindependent,responsibleperson,whonevermissedaclass.Anniejustcouldnotunderstandwhyshehadchanged.WhywasAnnieconfused?WhydidRosacontinuetohelphercousin?DoyouthinkRosa’sandAnnie’sideasaretypicaloftheirculture?KevinwasleavingworkoneFriday,whenhestoppedtotalktBlanca,anewworker.OnWednesday,theyhadtalkedatlunch.ShehadtoldhimthatshehadjustcomefromtheDominicanRepublictwomonthsbefore.Kevinlikedher.So,Blanca,whatareyourplansfortheweekend?askedKevin.Oh,hi.Kevin,Blancasmiled.Ihavetogoshoppingwithmycousinforawintercoat.Tonightsomeofusfromworkaregoingouttoaplacecalled‘TheBlueHat’forbeersandsomethingtoeat.Wouldyouliketocome?Icouldpickyouupateightifyoutellmewhereyoulive.Okay,Kevin.Thatsoundsnice.IhopeifsO.K.ifIbringmylittlesisteralong.Asyourchaperone?laughedKevin,makingajoke.That’sright,saidBlanca.IguessyouknowsomethingabouttheDominicanculture.It’stheonlywaymyparentswillletmego.Areyouserious?Kevinstaredather.Well,I’llbethereateight.WhenKevin,Blanca,andhersisterarrivedatTheBlueHat,theysatdownwithKevin’sfriends,whowerealreadyeating.Awaitercameandasked,Whatwouldyouliketohave?AndshallIputthisallononecheckorwillyouallpayseparately?Separatechecks,please,answeredKevin.I’llhaveahamburgerandFrenchfriesandabeer,please.Blanca?Blancaopenedherpurseunderthetable.ThenshewhisperedsomethingtohersisterinSpanish.Shelookedatthewaiterandsaid,MysisterandIaren’thungry.Acokeandabeer,please.WhydidBlancabringalongherlittlesister?WhywasKevinsurprised?WhydidKevinsay,Separatechecks,please?KatherinecametoBeijingin1998andfoundajobasanEnglishteacherinaforeignlanguageinstitute.Soonafterherclassesbegan,shefoundthatherstudentsshowednointerestinherteachingandquiteafewofthemavoidedtoasktheDirector,Prof.Wang,forhelp.Oneday,shecametotheDirectorandtoldhimthatshewouldliketotalktohimaboutherproblem.Thedirectorlookedathistimetableandaskediftheycouldmeetatteno’clockonThursdaymorningandsheagreed.OnThursdayshearrivedattheDirector’sofficeattheexacttimeoftheirappointmentwhenshefoundthatProf.WangwastalkingwithanotherteacherinChinese.Seeingthatshehadcome,Prof.Wangsmiledtogestureaseatandaskedhertositdown.Shegotherselfseated,andtheprofessorexcusedhimselfandcarriedonthetalkwiththeteacher.Aboutfiveminuteslater,heconcludedhistalkandmadeaprofoundapologybeforehebegantotalkwithKatherine.TheDirectorshowedgreatconcernandaskedherwhattheproblemswas.Justasshewasspecifyingherproblem,anotherChineseteachercamein,withaformthatapparentlyneededsignatureoftheDirector.TheDirectorsmiledanapologytoKatherineagainandturnedtotalkwiththatteacher,alsoinChinese.Katherinebecameimpatient,wonderingwhythe