機場運營人地面活動規(guī)范培訓

機場運營人地面活動規(guī)范培訓第1頁/共49頁機場運營人地面活動規(guī)范培訓項目概述和目的飛行區(qū)標志助航燈光飛行區(qū)標記牌通訊信號槍的使用跑道侵入施工結論第2頁/共49頁培訓目的建立規(guī)范的地面運動的訓練計劃，使機場運營商和車輛運營商掌握可用資源，盡可能保持機場環(huán)境處于高安全等級。確保減少跑道入侵事件的數(shù)量，降低飛機事故或事故隱患的風險。第3頁/共49頁Definitions術語定義Runway–Adefinedrectangularsurfaceonanairportpreparedorsuitableforthelandingortakeoffofaircraft.Taxiway–Adefinedpathestablishedforthetaxiingofaircraftfromonepartofanairporttoanother.MovementArea–Runways,taxiways,andotherareasofanairportwhichareusedfortaxiing,orhovertaxiing,airtaxiing,takeoff,andlandingofaircraft,exclusiveofloadingrampsandaircraftparkingareas.RunwayIncursion–Anyoccurrenceatanairportinvolvinganaircraft,vehicle,person,orobjectonthegroundthatcreatesacollisionhazardorresultsinalossofseparationwithanaircrafttakingoff,intendingtotakeoff,landing,orintendingtoland.第4頁/共49頁AirfieldMarkings標志HoldBarsILSHoldBarsMovement/Non-MovementAreaBoundaryIntermediateHoldingPosition(Taxiway/Taxiway)SurfacePaintedHoldingPositionSurfacePaintedDirectionalSignsSurfacePaintedLocationTaxiwayEdge(FullandDashed)GeographicPositioningVehicleRoadways第5頁/共49頁HoldBarsUsedtoidentifythelocationwhereapilotorvehicleistostopwhenclearancehasnotbeengrantedontoarunway.Nevercrosswithoutpermission.Holdonthesolidlineside.HoldHere第6頁/共49頁ILS/MLSHoldBarToidentifythelocationwhereapilotorvehicleistostopwhenhe/shedoesnothaveclearancetoentertheILS/MLSarea.LocatedattheperimeteroftheILS/MLScriticalarea.UnauthorizedpenetrationcoulddisruptNAVAIDS.第7頁/共49頁Movement/Non-MovementAreaBoundaryDefinestheboundaryofthemovementareaandnon-movementarea.MusthavepermissionfromATCtoentermovementarea.Holdonthesolidlineside.Hold

Here第8頁/共49頁IntermediateHoldingPosition(Taxiway/Taxiway)Toidentifyalocationofataxiwayorapronwhereaircraftorvehiclesaresupposedtostopwhenadvisedtoholdshortofanothertaxiwayorapron.Usedatairportswherethereisanoperationalneedtoholdtrafficattaxiway/taxiwayintersections,geographicposition,oraholdingbay.第9頁/共49頁SurfacePaintedHoldingPositionUsedwherepilotshaddifficultydiscerningthelocationoftheholdingpositionandtosupplementsignslocatedatholdingpositions.Requiredwherethewidthofholdingpositiononthetaxiwayisgreaterthan200’.Usedinconjunctionwiththeholdbar.第10頁/共49頁SurfacePaintedDirectionSigns

Usefultoguidepilotstorunwaysortaxiwaysandtoavoidmissingtaxiwayturns.Appliedontaxiwaysurfacewhenitisnotfeasibletoprovideelevateddirectionalsignsortosupplementelevatedsigns.第11頁/共49頁SurfacePaintedLocationSignsUsedtosupplementelevatedsignsandassistpilotsinconfirmingthetaxiwayonwhichtheaircraftislocated.Locatedontaxiwaypavedsurface.第12頁/共49頁TaxiwayEdgeStripesUsedtodelineatetheedgeofataxiway,primarilywhentheedgeoftheuseabletaxiwaydoesnotcorrespondtotheedgeofthepavement.(Example,taxiwayshoulders).Continuous–Pavedsurfaceotherthanfullstrengthtaxiwaynotintendedforusebyaircraft.Dashed–Operationalneedtoidentifytaxiwayedgewhereabuttingpavedsurfaceisintendedforusebyaircraft.第13頁/共49頁GeographicPositionMarkingsDesignedtoidentifythelocationoftaxiingaircraftduringperiodsoflowvisibility.Locatedontaxiroutesinaccordancewiththeairports’SurfaceMovementGuidanceandControlSystem(SMGCS)plan.第14頁/共49頁VehicleRoadwayMarkingsDefinesroutethatvehiclesshouldusewhenthesameareaisusedinconjunctionwithaircraft.Markingscanbesolidorzipperstyleforgreatervisibility.Vehiclesshouldusetheseroutestothegreatestextentpracticable.第15頁/共49頁AirportLighting助航燈光系統(tǒng)RunwayLightingTaxiwayLightingRunwayCenterlineLightingTaxiwayCenterlineLightingElevatedGuardLights(Wigwags)InPavementGuardLightsRunwayEndLights第16頁/共49頁RunwayEdgeLightingDesignedtoidentifytheedgeoftheusablerunwaysurfaceatnightandduringperiodsoflowvisibility.Clear(orwhite)exceptthelast2000’ofaprecisionornon-precisioninstrumentrunway,lightsareamber.第17頁/共49頁TaxiwayEdgeLightingDesignedtoidentifytheedgeoftheusabletaxiwaysurfaceatnightandduringperiodsoflowvisibility.Taxiwayedgelightingisblue.第18頁/共49頁RunwayCenterlineLightingRunwayCenterlinelightingisusedtoprovidepilotswithalignmentguidanceduringtakeoffandlandingoperations,primarilyduringlowvisibilityconditions.Runwaycenterlinelightsarewhite(clear).Exceptthelast3000’portion.2000’oflightsarealternatingwhite/redandthelast1000’aresolidred.第19頁/共49頁TaxiwayCenterlineLightingTaxiwayCenterlinelightingisdesignedtofacilitategroundmovement,primarilyduringlowvisibilityconditions.Taxiwaycenterlineandlead-on/offlightsaregreen.第20頁/共49頁ElevatedRunwayGuardLights

(Wigwags)Elevatedguardlightsareusedtoidentifytheholdingpositionforarunwayespeciallyatnightandduringperiodsoflowvisibility.Usedtoenhancetheholdbarandelevatedsigns.第21頁/共49頁In–PavementGuardLightsSupplementholdbarsandholdpositionsignagetoalertpilotsorvehicleoperatorsoftheholdingposition,especiallyduringpoorweatherorperiodsoflowvisibility.第22頁/共49頁RunwayEndLightsUsedtodepicttheendoftheuseablerunwaytoaircraft.Arrangedintwosetsoffourlights.第23頁/共49頁AirfieldSigns標記牌HoldPositionSignsILS/MLSCriticalAreaSignsNoEntryRunwayApproachSignsTaxiwayLocationSignsDistanceRemainingSignsTaxiwayEndingMarkerInboundDestinationSignsArrayofMultipleSigns第24頁/共49頁HoldPositionSignsUsedtodenotetheentrancetoarunwayorcriticalarea,inconjunctionwithholdbars.Havewhiteinscriptionswithredbackgrounds.MustnotbepassedunlesspermissionisgrantedbyATC.ShouldbeNOTAMedwhenunavailableorunlit.第25頁/共49頁ILS/MLSCriticalAreaSignUsedinconjunctionwithILS/MLSCriticalareaholdmarkingstoidentifytheouterboundaryofthecriticalarea.WhiteinscriptionwithRedbackground.PenetrationintoareawithoutpermissioncoulddisruptNAVAIDs.第26頁/共49頁NoEntrySignsIndicatesthatentryintoaparticularareaisprohibitedtoaircraft.Whitedashandcirclewithredbackground.第27頁/共49頁HoldPositionSignsforRunwayApproachAreasIdentifiesthelocationthataircraftorvehiclesshouldholduntilpermissionisgrantedtocrossthrougharunwaysafetyareaorpenetrateairspacerequiredattheapproachtoarunway.第28頁/共49頁TaxiwayLocationSignsIdentifythetaxiwayonwhichtheaircraftorvehicleislocated.Theinscriptionisyellowwithablackbackground.Canalsobeusedtodesignatearunwayinwhichanaircraftorvehicleislocated.第29頁/共49頁DistanceRemainingSigns

Usedtoidentifythedistanceremainingonarunway,duringtakeoffandlanding.Whiteinscriptionwithblackbackground.Locatedat1000’increments.第30頁/共49頁TaxiwayEndingMarkerUsedtoindicatethatataxiwaydoesnotcontinue.Retro-reflectivesignorbarrierswithalternatingyellowandblackangledstripes.第31頁/共49頁InboundDestinationSignUsedtodesignatealocationontheairportsuchasanFBO,rampparkingarea,militaryoperation,orfuel.Blackinscriptionwithyellowbackground.Denotesgenerallynon-movementareafacilities.第32頁/共49頁SignArrayUsedtoprovidedirectiontomultipletaxiwayswithincloseproximity.Generallylocatedattheintersectionoftwoormoretaxiways.ConsistsofTaxiwaylocationandTaxiwaydirections.第33頁/共49頁RadioCommunication無線電通訊TowerControlGroundControlPhoneticAlphabetProperPhraseologyLightGunSignals第34頁/共49頁TowerFrequencyControlsthemovementofaircraftonairportrunwaysandairportairspace.Localcontrollerhasjurisdictionoverrunways.Thetowerfrequencyforthisairportis---.--MHZ.第35頁/共49頁GroundControlFrequencyResponsibleforthecontrolofaircraft,vehicles,andpedestriansoncontrolledairportsurfaces,exceptrunways.(MovementAreas)TheGroundControlfrequencyforthisairportis---.--MHZ.第36頁/共49頁PhoneticAlphabetA-Alpha J-Juliet S-SierraB-Bravo K-Kilo T-TangoC-Charlie L-Lima U-Uniform D-Delta M-Mike V-VictorE-Echo N-November W-WhiskeyF-Foxtrot O-Oscar X-X-rayG-Golf P-Papa Y-YankeeH-Hotel Q-Quebec Z-ZuluI-India R-Romeo第37頁/共49頁ProperPhraseologyIdentifywhoyouarecalling/nameoffacility.Vehicle–“AirportXGround…Operations1”.Waitforaresponse.Tower–“Operations1..AirportXGround.”Identifyyourintentions.Vehicle–“IamonthenorthsideFBORampandwouldliketocrossRunway7totheSouthRamp”.Waitforaresponse.Tower–“Operations1,ProceeduptoandholdshortofRunway7atTaxiwayMike.”Alwaysrepeattheinstructionsbacktothetower.Vehicle–“Roger,Operations1,ProceeduptoandholdshortofRunway7atTaxiway

Mike.”

第38頁/共49頁ProperPhraseologyListenbeforeyoutransmit.Thinkaboutwhatyouwanttosay.Avoidusingslang.Useaviationrelatedphraseology.Roger(Iunderstand)Wilco(Willcomply)AcknowledgeAffirmative(Yes)Negative(No)第39頁/共49頁LightGunSignalsUsedwhenatwowayradiosystembetweentheairtrafficcontrolfacilityandaircraftorvehicleisunavailableorinoperative.SteadyGreenClearedtocross,proceed,or,go.Clearedtotaxi(aircraftonly).SteadyRedStop.Clearrunwayortaxiway.Returntostartingpointon airport.AlternatingGreen/RedUseextremecaution.FlashinggreenFlashing

redFlashing

White第40頁/共49頁RunwayIncursions跑道侵入Theworstdisasterincivilaviationhistoryresultedfromarunwayincursion.Runwayincursionshaveincreasedfrom186to321nationallyinthelastseven(7)years.Hazeandfogincreasetheriskofrunwayaccidentsbyafactoroftwelve(12).Runwayincursionsrepresent6%oftotalaviationfatalities.60%-80%ofrunwayincursionresultfromhumanerror.Nationally,runwayincursionsaverage1perevery200,000aircraftoperations.第41頁/共49頁RunwayIncursionDataYear NumberofIncursions

19972921998325199932120004292001* 326

*thru10/16/01第42頁/共49頁RunwayIncursionData(cont’d)TypesofIncursionsOperationalError(OE)=22%ofoccurrencesPilotDeviations(PD)=57%ofoccurrencesVehicle/PedestrianDeviation(V/PD)=21%ofoccurrences第43頁/共49頁WaystoPreventRunwayIncursionsSeetheBigPicture–Whenpossiblemonitorbothgroundandtowerfrequencies.TransmitClearly–Makeyourinstructionsandreadbackscompleteandeasytounderstand.ListenCarefully–Listentoyourclearance.Donotletcommunicationsbecomeautomatic.SituationalAwareness–Knowyourlocation.Knowwhatisgoingonaroundyou,inalldirections.AdmitWhenHelpisNeeded–AskATCforhelp.Bettertodamageyourpridethanproperty.第44頁/共49頁WaystoPreventRunwayIncursionsUnderstandSigns,Lights,andMarkings–Keepcurrentwithairportsigns,lights,andmarkings.Knowwhattheymeanandwhatactiontotake.NeverAssume–Donottakeclearancesforgranted.L