藝術(shù)風(fēng)格史前到中世紀

ThePrehistoricPeriod

PrehistorichumanbeingsoftheOldStoneAge(c.40,000-10,000)apparentlysawnodivisionbetween

objectsofutilityandbeauty.Theoldesthandfashionedobjectsweresimplestonetoolsandarrowheads.Theywereallapartoftheirstrugglewiththepowersofnatureandwerenotseparatedfromtheireverydaylives.Mostofthehumanlaborsandenergiesweremadetosurvive,but,eventhen,theprehistoricpeopletookthetimetocreateart—prehistoricart.Sculpturedstonefigures,foundonthefloorsofpaintedcaves,apparentlydatefromaboutthesametimeasearlytools.WomanfromWillendorf,Austria.c.28,000-25,000BC.Limestone,h.11cm,NaturhistorischesMuseum,Vienna.1908.Fig.9-1VenusofLespugue,(萊斯普格維納斯),frontandbackview,c.27,000BC,latePaleolithic.Mamouthtusk,approx.15cmhigh,fromLespugue,Haute-Garonne,France,Muséedel’Homme,Paris.Althoughmostofthesculptureswerefemaleasfertilitysymbols,afewweremale,andaveryfewwerebisexual.HallofBulls,c.15,000-13,000BC.Paintonlimestone,approximatelylifesize.Lascauxcaves,SouthernFrance.

Allofthemareonthesamehorizonline,andinmotion.Thereisoverlappingintheoutlines.Facingdirectionsasiftheyarechargingeachother.Verydetailed.Lifesizeanimals,highofftheground.Headofthefifthbull,constructedonthebasisofasequenceofblackdotsplacedcloseenoughtogethertoappearasaline.Fig.9-2CylinderSealwiththeGoddessIshtar,2350-2100BC.Stone,length:4.2cm,diameter:2.5cm.OrientalInstituteMuseum,Chicago.Fig.9-3TheZigguratofUr(northeasternfa?adewithrestoredstairs),c.2100BC.Bakedbrickovermud-brickcore,62.5x43matthebase,nearNasiriyah,Iraq.Wood,lapislazuli,goldleaf,silver,shell,bitumenoverawoodencore,Approx.165cmhigh.Bull-headedlyre(restored)andInlaidPanel,RoyalCemeteryofUr(modernTellMuqayyar),Iraq,ca.2,600BC..The

LyresofUr

or

HarpsofUr

areconsideredtobetheworld'soldestsurvivingstringedinstruments.In1929,archaeologistsdiscoveredpiecesofthree

lyresandoneharpinthe

RoyalCemeteryof

Ur,locatedinwhatwas

AncientMesopotamiaandiscontemporaryIraq.

Theyareover4,500yearsold,quitepossiblypredatingthegreatmonumentsofStonehengeandthePyramids.ThethreeunplayablelyresofUrarenowheldinmuseumsinLondon,PennsylvaniaandBaghdad.Unplayable.TheinstrumentremainswererestoredanddistributedbetweenthemuseumsthattookpartinthedigsThe"GoldenLyreofUr"or"Bull'sLyre"isthefinestlyre,andwasgiventothe

NationalMuseumofIraq

inBaghdad.

Itsreconstructedwoodenbodywasdamagedduetofloodingduringthesecond

IraqiWar,

areplicaofitisbeingplayedaspartofatouring

orchestra.The“Queen'sLyre”isoneoftwothatWoolleyfoundinthegraveofQueen

Pu-abi.

Itisheldinthe

BritishMuseum.AsilverBoat-shapedLyreandalyrewiththeheadofabullmadeofgoldsheetanda

lapislazuli

beardareheldbythe

UniversityofPennsylvaniaMuseumofArchaeologyandAnthropology.ThebullrepresentsthesungodShamash.ThegoldenbullisasymboloftheMesopotamiansungodShamash.Thebull-headedlyreofUrisamongthemostsignificantartifactsthatshedlightonearlyMesopotamianfuneraryrituals.Human-headedWingedLion(Assyrian,about865-860BC),ThispairoflionsflankedadoorwayinthethroneroomofthepalaceofAshurnasirpalII(883-859BC),BritishMuseum.Fig.9-5Lamassu,(Human-headedWingedLion),Assyrian,about865-860BC.ApairoftheseprotectivewingedlionsflankedadoorwayinthethroneroomoftheNimrudpalaceofAshurnasirpalII(883-859BC),BritishMuseum,UK.LionHunt,StonepanelfromtheNorth-WestPalaceofAshurnasirpalII,Kalhu(present-dayNimrud,Iraq),c.850BC.Alabaster,height99cm.TheBritishMuseum,London.,Nimrud(ancientKalhu),northernIraq,Neo-Assyrian,883-859BC,Width:22.5cm,Height:13.5cm,Height:13.5cm,Width:22.5cm,ThepalacewasexcavatedbyA.H.Layard(from1845),ME124560CurrentlocationofNimrudreliefs:BritishMuseum;NationalMuseumofScotland,Edinburgh,UnitedKingdom,StaatlicheSammlungfür?gyptischeKunst,Munich,Germany;CalousteGulbenkianMuseum,Lisbon,Portugal;LosAngelesCountyMuseumofArt,LosAngeles,USA,HoodMuseumofArt,Hanover,USA;MeadArtMuseum,Amherst,MA,USA;WilliamsCollegeMuseumofArt,Williamstown,USA;MuseumofFineArts,Boston,USA;FineArtsMuseumsofSanFrancisco,PalaceoftheLegionofHonor,SanFrancisco;UniversityofChicagoOrientalInstitute,Chicago;BrooklynMuseum,Brooklyn,NY;BowdoinCollegeMuseumofArt,Brunswick,USA;YaleUniversityArtGallery,NewHaven;WaltersArtMuseum,Baltimore,USARoyallionhunt.Assyrian,reignofAshurnasirpalII,875–860B.C.FromNimrud,North-WestPalace,WestWing.Gypsum.H98cm,W139.5cm,TH23cm.ME124579.TheTrusteesoftheBritishMuseum.

Dyinglioness,detailofarelieffromtheNorthPalaceofAshurbanipal,Nineveh(modernKuyunjik),Iraq,ca.645-640BC.Gypsum,figureapprox.1’4”h.BritishMuseum.OneentirecorridorinAshurbanipal'sNorthernPalace,builtaround645-635BCE,wasgivenovertolarge-scalelion-huntscenescarvedinalabasterbas-relief.Unlikemanyformalizeddepictionsofanimalhuntingandsacrificeofthattime,whatgivestheserepresentationstheirvividnessistheirrealism.Fig.9-7PrinceRahotepandHisWifeNofret,fromthemastabaofRahotepinMeidum,c.2580BC.Paintedlimestone,height120cm.EgyptianMuseum,Cairo.Fig.9-8TheGreatSphinxwiththePyramidofKhafreinthebackground,Giza,Egypt,DynastyIV,c.2680-2565BC.Sandstone,approx.19.8mhigh.Fig.9-9TempleofRamsesII,AbuSimbel(nowrelocated),DynastyXIX,c.1275-1225BC.Thetemplefa?adeapprox.38mwideand31mhigh,thestatuesmorethan20mhighandabout4mfromeartoear.

Fig.9-10SceneofFowling,fromtheTombofNebamun,Thebes,Egypt,c.1400-1350BC.Fragmentofafrescosecco(dry-fresco),approx.81cmhigh.BritishMuseum,London.Fig.9-11PillarStatueofAkhenatenfromTempleofAmen-Re,Karnak,c.1356BC,18thdynasty,NewKingdom.Paintedsandstone,396cmhigh.EgyptianMuseum,Cairo.Fig.9-12BustofQueenNefertiti,NewKingdom,c.1345BC.Paintedlimestone,approx.48cmhigh.TheEgyptianMuseum,Berlin.Fig.9-13GeometricKrater,fromtheDipyloncemetery,Athens,Greece,c.740BC.Approx.103cm.MetropolitanMuseumofArt,NewYork.Fig.9-14NewYorkKouros,c.600BC.Marble,193cmhigh.MetropolitanMuseumofArt,NewYork.Fig.9-15KroisosKouros,c.530BC.Marblewithremnantsofpaint,193cmhigh.NationalArcheologicalMuseum,Athens,Greece.Fig.9-16Polykleitos,Doryphoros,c.450-440BC.MarbleafteraGreekbronzeoriginal,210cmhigh.MuseoNazionale,Naples,Greece.Polykleitos,Doryphoros.RomanmarblecopyfromPompeii,Italy,afterabronzeoriginalofca.450-440BC.210cm.MuseoNazionale,Naples.Doryphoros，TheCanon,orSpearCarrier，c.450BC.marble,VaticanMuseums.Lysippos:ApoxyomenosorTheScraper,Romanmarblecopyafterabronzemodelofc.330BC.6’9”h.VaticanMuseums.Praxiteles,AphroditeofKnidos,Romanmarblecopyafteranoriginalofc.350-340BC.203cmhigh.VaticanMuseums.Fig.9-18WingedVictory(NikeofSamothrace),240-190BC.Marble,figure246cmhigh.Louvre,Paris.Fig.9-17ModelreconstructionoftheAcropolis,Athens,viewedfromthenorthwest.CourtesyRoyalOntarioMuseum,Toronto.IktinosandKallikrates,Parthenon,Eastfa?ade,(TempleofAthenaParthenos),Acropolis,Athens,447-438BC.Fig.9-22MaisonCarrée,N?mes,France,c.1-10AD.Colosseum,Rome,c.AD70-80Fig.9-23TheColosseum,Rome,AD72-80.Colosseum,thecity’sgreatestamphitheater.Rome,ItalyFig.9-21Romanvaultingsystems.Trajan’sMarkets.Vaultedindoormarkethall,onthesecondlevelwithwindowsopeningtotheForum.c.100-112.Thiswassimilartoourmodern"shoppingmalls."Pont-du-GardAquaduct,nearN?mes,France,c.19-14BC.49mhigh.ItbringswatertoN?mesfromnaturalspringssome48kmaway.Thevoussoirsthatmakeuponearchweighupto6tons.Theywerepreciselycuttostandardmeasurements,shapedandsmoothed,andthenfittedintoplacewithoutmortarorclamps.StillLifewithPeachesandaGlass,c.AD50.FrescofromHerculaneum,approximately36x34cm.MuseoNazionale,Naples,Italy.

PortraitofTerentiusNeo(theBaker)andhiswife,Pompeii,MuseoNazionaleNaples.Fig.9-19DoublePortraitofGratidiaM.L.ChriteandM.GratidiusLibanus,late1stcenturyBC.Whitemarblewithtracesofcolor,heightapprox.60cm.MuseiVaticani,Rome.RomanPatrician(wealthyupperclass)

withtheBustsofhisAncestors

about10BC.Marble,lifesize,

PalazzodeiConservatori

(MuseoCapitolino),Rome,ItalyHeadofaman.C.300BCE.Bronze,31.8cmh.PalazzodeiConservatori,Rome.TheheadofthisbustfromtheCapitolineMuseumsistraditionallyidentifiedasaportraitofLuciusJuniusBrutus6thBCMarcusAurealiusaboutAD175.Bronze,350cm,h.Campidoglio,Rome.Fig.9-24AnthemiusofTrallesandIsidorusofMiletus,HagiaSophia,Constantinople(Istanbul,Turkey),532-537.HagiaSophia.

Thesouthdoorwayoftheesonarthex.

ThelunetteisdecoratedwithasuperbmosaiccompositionoftheenthronedVirginandChildflankedbyConstantinetheGreatwhopresentsamodelofthecityandJustinianwhooffersamodeloftheChurch.Fig.9-25Sant’ApollinareinClasse,Ravenna,Italy,c.549.Interior(viewtowardtheapse),S.ApollinareinClasse,Ravenna.553-49A.D.Fig.9-26ApsemosaicfromSant’ApollinareinClasse,Ravenna,Italy,c.549.Apsemosaic,Sant'ApollinareinClasseFig.9-27ChristPantokrator,c.1090-1100.DomemosaicintheChurchoftheDormition,Daphni,Greece.Fig.9-28MadonnaandChildonaCurvedThrone,c.1275.Temperaonpanel,82x49cm.NationalGalleryofArt,WashingtonD.C.Fig.9-29BucklefromshipburialatSuttonHoo,c.625AD.Goldandenamel,length13cm,weight414g.BritishMuseum,London.Fig.9-30Chi-RhoMonogram(XP),pagefromtheBookofKells,early9thcenturyAD.Vellum,33x25cm.TrinityCollegeLibrary,Dublin,Ireland.Fig.9-31St.Sernin,Toulouse,France,c.1080-1120.Fig.9-32St.Sernin,interiorwithelectriclighting.Fig.9-33Gislebertus,LastJudgment,tympanumofthewestportal,CathedralofSt.Lazare,Autun,France,c.1120-1135.Fig.9-34Gislebertus,WeighingoftheSouls,detailofthe

LastJudgment,

tympanumofthewestportal,Autun,c.1120-1135.

GothicStyle

TheGothicstyleisgenerallycharacterizedbyextensiveslendernessofthearchitecturalforms.isoftenidentifiedwithsuchconstructionaldevicesasrose/stained-glasswindows,pointedarches,ribbedvaults,andflyingbuttresses(brickorstonearchedsupportsbuiltagainsttheoutsidewalls).However,bothpointedarchesandribbedvaultswerepresentintheRomanesquestyle,whichthrivedduringthe1000’sandtheearly1100’s.

ThedifferencebetweenRomanesqueandGothicstylesisthewayinwhichspaceisconceived.SpaceinaRomanesquebuildingisachievedbyaddingbays,unitbyunit,tocreatethetotalspace.Thisisinpartbecauseofsquareschematismandalternate-supportsystem.ButaGothicbuildingisconceivedasatotalspacethatissubdividedintounits.Thespacedoesnotseemascompartmentalizedandthenaveseemslikeamorecontinuousspace.Avasthallilluminatedandtransformedbyglowing,mysticlight.

Fig.5-47ChartresCathedral(ortheCathedralofNore-DameatChartres),1134-1220,Chartres,France.ReconstructiondrawingofChartresCathedral(沙特爾大教堂),1134-1220,Chartres,France.TheChurchfeaturesbeautifulstained-glasswindowsandhundredsofsculpturedfigures.Itsportalswerecompletedinabout1145;rosewindowsby1216;southbelltowerbegunin1145,southspirein1170,about107metershigh；northtowerbegunin1134,northspirein1507,115metershigh.Pleasenoticetheflyingbuttressesinthemiddleofthepicture.TheNorthPortal-early1200s-sitsunderthemagnificentNorthRosewindowensemble(1230s)OldTestamentprecursorsofChrist,jambfiguresfromS.doorofWestfront,"RoyalPortals".ca.1145-1170A.DChartres:JambstatuesonCentraldoorwayofRoyalPortal.Left:OldTestamentqueenandtwokings,1140-1155OldTestamentfigures,jambstatuesfromS.doorofWestfront,ChartresCathedral.JambstatuesofSaintsMartin,Jerome,andGregory.PorchoftheConfessors(rightdoorway),southtransept,ChartresCathedral,Chartres,France.1220-1230.StatuesontheporchofChartresNorthtranseptrosewindowNorthtranseptrosewindow,c.1235KingDavidsitsatopacircleof12KingsofJudah,assortedminorprophets(outsidecircle)andangels(insidecircle),allcentredontheVirginMaryandChild.

Andthat'sjusttheRosepartoftheNorthRose-underneathitare5hugelancetwindows.

ThewindowsweregiventotheCathedralin1230byQueenBlancheofCastile(grand-daughterofEleanorofAquitaine,andQueenConsortofFrenchKingLouisVIII"TheLion"andsubduerofCathars).ThespandrelwindowsshowtheemblemsofCastile(Castle)andFrance(Fleur-de-Lis)NorthtranseptrosewindowChartresCathedral.NotreDamedelaBelleVerrière(OurLadyoftheBeautifulGlass),12th.StainedglasswastotheGothiccathedralwhatmosaicsweretotheearlyChristianchurch:asourceofreligiousedification,amediumofdivinelight,andadelighttotheeye.Producedo