F2-F3SurveyingMethodology公路項(xiàng)目測(cè)量方案中英文

-z.ContentTOC\o"1-3"\h\u1Introduction介紹22HorizontalControlPointEstablishment(HCPs)2建立水平控制網(wǎng)2.1GPSSurvey(GPSObservation)2GPS觀測(cè),GPS測(cè)量2.1.1Establishmentofprimarycontrolpoint2建立首級(jí)控制點(diǎn)/網(wǎng)2.1.2GPSTechnique2GPS技術(shù)2.1.3ReferenceandDatum2參考和技術(shù)參數(shù)2.2TraverseSurvey2導(dǎo)線測(cè)量2.2.1Establishmentofsecondarycontrolpoint2建立加密(次級(jí))控制點(diǎn)/網(wǎng)2.2.2Traverseadjustment2平差(加密控制網(wǎng)平差)2.2.3Accuracyrequiredandachieved2所需的精度和所到達(dá)的精度(是否符合要求)3VerticalControlPointEstablishment(VCPs)2建立垂直控制網(wǎng)3.1Differentialleveling2精細(xì)水準(zhǔn)測(cè)量3.2Permissibleerrorformula2允誤差的公式4DetailSurveying2測(cè)量詳述4.1RouteLocation2中樁確實(shí)定(定線)4.2CrossSections2橫斷面測(cè)量4.3LongitudinalSection2縱斷面測(cè)量5ResourcesAllocationPlan2人員與設(shè)備配置方案5.1PersonnelDeployed2測(cè)量人員的配置5.2Instrumentandsoftware2設(shè)備配置和(數(shù)據(jù)處理)軟件1Introduction引言Topographicsurveyisoneofthemostimportantandcrucialformthebasedatafortheprojectconstruction.Thetopographicsurveyisbasicpre-requisitetocaptureallthephysicalfeaturealongtheprojectcorridortoenabletheselectionoffeasibleandmostusefulalignmentandlatertodesignandtofacilitatetheestablishmentoffinalcenterlineoftheroadprojectandlandacquisitionrequirements.Thetopographicsurveyworkmethodologyconsistsoffollowingmaintasks.地形測(cè)量是施工工程的根底數(shù)據(jù)最重要也是最關(guān)鍵式之一。測(cè)量是獲取所有工程沿線的物理特征的首要任務(wù),使得可行路線的選擇得以施行,此后使得設(shè)計(jì)和最終中心線的埋點(diǎn)布設(shè)以及土地征用的工作得以順利開展,測(cè)量案包括以下主要任務(wù):Routelocation.路中心線的初測(cè)(定線)Settingupofpermanentbeaconstoserveasareferencesystemduringconstructionofroadproject.建立永久控制點(diǎn)標(biāo)志在作為道路施工過程中的參照系統(tǒng)Developmentofcontroltraverse-lineandgeometriclevel-line.建立導(dǎo)線(平面控制)和水準(zhǔn)線(水準(zhǔn)路線)DetailedfieldsurveyusingTotalStationsandAutomaticLevels,whichwillhaveadifferentprecisionaccordingtothetopographicoperations.現(xiàn)場(chǎng)測(cè)量要使用全站儀和自動(dòng)安平水準(zhǔn)儀,根據(jù)測(cè)量操作,兩者有不同的精度DataProcessingandCAD.CAD和數(shù)據(jù)處理DeliveryofsurveyreportincludingDiagramsandMonographs.提交包括圖表和文字性的闡述的測(cè)量報(bào)告Groundsurfaceandstructurallocationsurvey.地形測(cè)量和構(gòu)造性的地物測(cè)量ForcarryingthesurveyworkthecontractorreceivedtwoinitialcontrolpointsfromEnyiConsultantandcollecteddetaildatarelatedtonationalBenchMarkintheprojectcorridoranddeployedhighprecisioninstrumentslikeGPS,Totalstation,andAutoLevelincompliancewiththeTOR.ThecontractorwillverifythereliabilityoftheEMAcontrolpointandknownGPSpoints(GPS11&GPS11A)inthefieldbeforetheyareused.為能使測(cè)量工作得以實(shí)施,施工從Enyi公司處得到引向工程路線的兩個(gè)初始控制點(diǎn),并收集到與控制網(wǎng)嚴(yán)密關(guān)聯(lián)的基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)詳細(xì)數(shù)據(jù)。此次測(cè)量配置了高精度儀器比方符合TOR規(guī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的GPS,全站儀和自動(dòng)水準(zhǔn)儀。在引點(diǎn)使用前,承包會(huì)校驗(yàn)所得到的EMA控制點(diǎn)和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)GPS11和11A的可靠性。-z.Figure1Figure2-z.2HorizontalControlPointEstablishment(HCPs)建立水平控制網(wǎng)2.1GPSSurvey(GPSObservation)GPS測(cè)量(觀測(cè))2.1.1Establishmentofprimarycontrolpoint建立首級(jí)控制點(diǎn)/網(wǎng)GlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)observationswillbefi*edat3kmintervalsalongthecenterline.ThegeodeticGPSPointswillbeplacedinhighlyaccessiblesiteswithappropriatestandardconcretebenchmarksandbedrockswhicharepaintedyellow,protectedagainstimpacttoguarantytheirstabilityandintegrity.在沿中心線每隔3公里處進(jìn)展GPS觀測(cè)。GPS控制點(diǎn)使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)混泥土或在巖上噴上黃漆作為基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)，并設(shè)在容易接近的場(chǎng)地，而且加以保護(hù)防止撞擊確保控制點(diǎn)的穩(wěn)定性和完整性。2.1.2GPSTechniqueGPS技術(shù)要求Theobservationswillbecarriedoutwith3unitsofLeicaGPS-SystemDual-frequencyreceiversusingStaticModebytrackingminimum8satellitespersiteinordertodetermine3-DWGS84co-ordinates.測(cè)量工作使用3組萊卡的GPS系統(tǒng)雙頻接收器，并使用靜態(tài)模式，每個(gè)位置跟蹤至少8個(gè)衛(wèi)星，以便定位3-DWG84坐標(biāo)。ThecontractorwilltransferEnyi’scontrolpoint(GPS11&GPS11A)toTP1whichisaround3kmfromtheGPS11andfoundinthenearbymountain.ThentheGPSobservationfromTP1toF2-F3startingpoint(GPS1)willproceed.Thebaselinemeasurementwillmaintainanaccuracylevelof10mm+5ppmwithatleast45minutesofobservation.承包會(huì)從Enyi控制點(diǎn)GPS11和GPS11A導(dǎo)到TP1,TP1位于附近的山上距離GPS11大概有3公里，接著將從TP1到F2-F3的起始點(diǎn)(GPS1)開場(chǎng)GPS觀測(cè)。這個(gè)基線測(cè)量至少觀測(cè)45分鐘并保持在精度10mm+5ppm圍。Usinghighlypost-processingGNSSSolutionssoftware,theWGS84co-ordinatestransformedintotheNationalGrid,U.T.M.co-ordinatesbasedonCalarc1880(Modified)Spheroid-Datum:Adindan(30thArc).使用高精度GNSS后處理軟件，基于Calarc1880(修正后)橢球體坐標(biāo)-參數(shù):Adindan(30th)弧度，將WGS84坐標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)化成網(wǎng)坐標(biāo)。Aclearandintelligiblemonographoftheverte*eswithabriefdescriptionofthelocation,photographanddiagramforeachofthiswillbepreparedandattached.此后,我會(huì)為每個(gè)測(cè)量點(diǎn)準(zhǔn)備一份清楚明了的并附有簡(jiǎn)單位置描述以及圖表照片的測(cè)量報(bào)告。2.1.3ReferenceandDatum參照和數(shù)據(jù)參數(shù)Tosecureandvalidatereasonableinitialpoint,theremainingnewprimarycontrolpointswillbeautomaticallytiedtothenationalgridsystem.為確保和證實(shí)初始點(diǎn)的合理性，之后建立的首級(jí)控制點(diǎn)會(huì)自動(dòng)關(guān)聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)。ThetransformationrequirementsusedtocorrelatethesurveyingworkwithnationalgridsystemofEthiopiausingGNSSsoftwareisasfollows:轉(zhuǎn)點(diǎn)要求測(cè)量工作要與埃塞的網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)嚴(yán)密關(guān)聯(lián)，要使用如下GNSS軟件:-Coordinatesystem坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)Name-WGS84UTMzone36N名字-WG84UTM36區(qū)北Type–Projected類型-投影Unit–Meters單位-米Verticaldatum-OGSM02垂直數(shù)據(jù)-OGSM02-Datum數(shù)據(jù)Ellipsoidname-CALARC1888橢球面命名-CALARC1888Semi-majorA*is-6378249.145半球-主軸心-6378249.145InverseFlattening-293.466076740反轉(zhuǎn)展平-293.466076740D*toWGS84-165.000m DYtoWGS84-11.000m DYtoWGS84-206.000m R*toWGS84-0.000000m RYtoWGS84-0.000000m RZtoWGS84-0.000000m PpmtoWGS84-0.0 -Projection投影Projectionclass-Transverse_Mercator投影級(jí)別-Transverse_MercatorLatitudeoforigin-0000’00.00000’’N原點(diǎn)維度-0000’00.00000’’北Centralmeridian-33000’00.00000’’E中央子午線-33000’00.00000’’東Scalefactor-0.0比例系數(shù)-0.0Falseeasting-500000.000m偽東向分量-500000.000米Falsenorthing-0.000m偽北向分量-0.000米-Units單位:Angularmeasurementsaretakenbydegreeandlinearmeasurementsaredoneande*pressedbymeters.角測(cè)量用度表示,線性測(cè)量用米表示。2.2TraverseSurvey導(dǎo)線測(cè)量2.2.1EstablishmentofSecondaryControlPoint建立加密(次級(jí))控制點(diǎn)/網(wǎng)Benchmark(secondarycontrolpoints)referencedinthefieldonreliablepointsonappropriatebeaconsprotectedagainstimpacttoguarantytheirstabilityandintegrity.Thesebenchmarkswillbeestablishedat100-500mintervalspriortoinitiationofthesurveyworkasstipulatedintheTORorasdeemednecessarytosuitwiththesiteconditions.CarewillbetakenwhileestablishingthesepointstolocatethematsafeplaceswithintheRightofWay(ROW)andawayfrommainconstructionareatoensurenodisturbancetothepermanentbenchmarksduringconstructionperiod.Thesepointswillbeestablishedbytheavailablematerialsonthesitesuchasbedrocksandfi*edbolderstonespaintedwhiteandcrossedbychiselonthetop.恰當(dāng)標(biāo)志桿標(biāo)識(shí)出的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)可靠加密控制點(diǎn)作為參照引用并加以保護(hù)確保它們的穩(wěn)定性和完整性。按照TOR規(guī)定或根據(jù)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)際情況，這些基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)布控要先于測(cè)量工作前開場(chǎng)，其間距在100到500米之間。布設(shè)這些控制點(diǎn)時(shí)要小心慎重，放在道路用地的平安位置并要遠(yuǎn)離主要施工區(qū)域以確保施工期間不干擾這些永久性基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)。這些控制點(diǎn)的布設(shè)使用現(xiàn)場(chǎng)可用的物料，比方噴上白漆的巖床和固定巨，用頂部穿插開鑿。ListsofallbenchmarkswillbetabulatedwiththefollowingdetailsandattachedinAnne*es.所有基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)的列表按照以下詳細(xì)資料制成表格并附以附件形式。Identificationnumber,識(shí)別編號(hào)Co-ordinates(*,YandZ),and坐標(biāo)(*,YandZ),Description描述2.2.2TraverseAdjustment平差A(yù)controltraverse-linewillbeestablishedalongthecenterline,closed,checkedandadjustedontogeodeticGPSpoints.Controlbeaconswillbeestablishedtoservetheconstructionphase.Traverseverte*eswillbelocatedincorrespondenceonappropriateconcretebenchmarksat100-400mintervals.Controltraverse-linewillbedeterminedbymeasurementofanglesanddistances.一條測(cè)線/導(dǎo)線沿著路線中心線進(jìn)展布置，是閉合的，經(jīng)過檢驗(yàn)的，再根據(jù)所引用的GPS基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)進(jìn)展平差。布設(shè)控制點(diǎn)標(biāo)志桿為將來施工階段效勞。導(dǎo)線的基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)位于適宜混凝土墩子上，間隔100-400米。導(dǎo)線控制測(cè)量由邊和角的測(cè)量決定。DistancemeasurementswillbecarriedoutusingLeicaEDM,considering2cmindistanceasama*imumdifferencebetweene*tremevaluesmeasured.距離/邊的測(cè)量將使用萊卡的EDM軟件，距離的最大誤差不能超過2厘米。TherecordingdeviceFLASHCARDwillbeusedinordertotransferfielddatadirectlyintopersonalcomputerforprocessing.使用存儲(chǔ)卡作為記錄設(shè)備將現(xiàn)場(chǎng)錄入的數(shù)據(jù)導(dǎo)入個(gè)人電腦進(jìn)展數(shù)據(jù)處理。Thetoleranceondistanceinmetersisgivenby:0.05K,whereisthedistanceinkm.Firstly,thetraverse-linewilltieandadjustintoGPSPointsandintotheNationalTriangulationSysteminordertodetermineU.T.M.planesco-ordinates.距離/邊測(cè)量的誤差用米表示，表示公式:0.05K，K則用千米表示。首先導(dǎo)線與我所引用的GPS點(diǎn)關(guān)聯(lián)，再做三角網(wǎng)平差，以確定平面坐標(biāo)。Secondly,theplaneco-ordinateswillbetransformedinaLocalGridtobeusedformappreparation.Alltraversepointswillbeshownonanappropriatediagram.其次，平面坐標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)換成當(dāng)?shù)刈鴺?biāo)作為測(cè)圖之用。所有的導(dǎo)線點(diǎn)做成一平面布網(wǎng)圖表。2.2.3AccuracyRequiredandAchieved要求的精度和所到達(dá)的精度Theaccuracyrequiredfortheestablishmentofsecondarycontrolpointisgreaterorequalto1in20,000betweentwoprimarycontrolpointsestablishedbyGPS.兩個(gè)首級(jí)GPS控制點(diǎn)之間所建立的加密(次級(jí))控制網(wǎng)，其精度要求要大于或等于1/20,000。Wewillruntraversesfor17basesalongtheprojectproposedrouteandwillachievetheaccuracyrequiredstatedaboveformostbases.Alltraverseadjustmentcomputationsheetswillbeattached.我將沿著所選路線進(jìn)展17對(duì)基點(diǎn)的導(dǎo)線測(cè)量并會(huì)到達(dá)上述精度要求，并附上所有平差計(jì)算結(jié)果表。3VerticalControlPointEstablishment(VCPs)建立垂直控制點(diǎn)/網(wǎng)3.1Differentialleveling精細(xì)水準(zhǔn)測(cè)量Itisavitaloperationinproducingnecessarydataforengineeringdesign.Differentiallevelingproceduresshallbeusedtoestablishhigherorderoftheverticalcontrolpointstiedtothenationwideverticalcontrolnetwork.這是一項(xiàng)提供工程設(shè)計(jì)必要測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)的關(guān)鍵操作。用精細(xì)水準(zhǔn)測(cè)量程序布設(shè)與垂直控制網(wǎng)嚴(yán)密關(guān)聯(lián)的高階垂直控制點(diǎn)。3.2PermissibleErrorFormula允誤差公式Thegeometriclevel-linewillbedevelopedalongtheControlTraverse-line.幾水準(zhǔn)線會(huì)沿著控制導(dǎo)線/測(cè)線形成。TheelevationofbenchmarkswillbeobtainedbyDifferentialLevelingMethodusingAUTOMATICLEVELLeicainstrument,withama*imumtoleranceinmmforsinglesectionequalto:使用萊卡自動(dòng)水準(zhǔn)儀并采用精細(xì)水準(zhǔn)法獲取基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)的高程。單節(jié)最大允誤差在毫米之，單節(jié)等于:1.5Kcm,whereisthedistanceinkm.K是千米單位的距離Thelevel-linewillbetied-inandadjustedonthee*istingbenchmarksoftheNationalLevelingNetwork,orontheGPSpoints.水準(zhǔn)導(dǎo)線在關(guān)聯(lián)水準(zhǔn)網(wǎng)現(xiàn)有基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)或初始GPS控制點(diǎn)根底上做平差。4DetailSurveying具體測(cè)量4.1RouteLocation路線確實(shí)定Routelocationisanartofmostlytransferringofmap/paperlocationtoaground.Asaprerequisiteforthistask,theconsultanthadbeenundertakingtherouteselectionoftheproject.Priortoconductthetopographicsurveythecontractorandprofessionalteamtheconsultantdefinedthebestalternativeroutethatwillbefeasiblebotheconomically,technicallyandsocially.定線(中樁確實(shí)定)是紙上定線法導(dǎo)到地面的主要一門藝術(shù)。作為這個(gè)任務(wù)的先決條件，設(shè)計(jì)咨詢參謀先要進(jìn)展路線的選線，在測(cè)量工作進(jìn)展之前我設(shè)計(jì)專業(yè)團(tuán)隊(duì)要先確定最正確路線，也就是經(jīng)濟(jì)上、技術(shù)上以及社會(huì)環(huán)境影響面最優(yōu)的可行路線。Arapidandcriticalgenerale*amination(reconnaissance)wascarriedoutbylocationengineers.Andtheengineersdeterminedtheoptimumroutebetweenthetwoe*tremepoints.Theroutelocationthissegmentwascarriedoutusing1:50,000mapsandaerialphotographsconductedbyEthiopianMappingAuthority(EMA).定線/選線工程師已對(duì)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)路線進(jìn)展快速、關(guān)鍵的綜合檢查(地勘)并且我工程師已在公路起始點(diǎn)之間選取最優(yōu)路線。在這局部定線過程我們使用1:50,000地圖和EMA的航空攝影圖。4.2CrossSections橫斷面測(cè)量局部Alongthewholerouteatopographicsurveywillbecarriedoutforama*imumof100mand80mminimumbandwidth.Therandompointswillbesurveyedonasquaregridnote*ceeding20mspacingwithaccuracyof5cm,startingfromtraversepointsoradditionalintermediatestations.Wherethelandshowsmarkedirregularitiesofslope,aclosesurveygridwillbeused.TheLeicaTotalStationinstrumentswithsuitablesoftwarewillbeusedforthispurpose.測(cè)量會(huì)沿著整條路線進(jìn)展，帶寬最大100米和最小80米。從交點(diǎn)/導(dǎo)線點(diǎn)或追加的中間樁/站開場(chǎng)，在不超過20米間距的四形網(wǎng)上找到隨機(jī)點(diǎn)進(jìn)展測(cè)量，精度5厘米。當(dāng)有明顯不規(guī)則斜坡的地，則要使用嚴(yán)密間距的測(cè)量網(wǎng)/基點(diǎn)網(wǎng)。為此，使用配備適宜軟件的萊卡全站儀。DTMInterpolation數(shù)據(jù)插WheretheroutecorridorshowsdenseforestandinaccessibletoundertakecrosssectionsurveyDTMInterpolationtechniqueswillbeusedataveryflatsectionoftheroute.當(dāng)路線通道顯示茂密森林和無法進(jìn)入進(jìn)展橫斷面測(cè)量時(shí)，這時(shí)就會(huì)在平整路段使用數(shù)據(jù)插技術(shù)。BridgeSites橋梁位置Detailedcrosssectionpointswillbecollectedincludedtopandbottomofbanks,atbreakpointsandatcenteroftherivers.Thecrosssectionswille*tended200mandabovemetersbothupstreamanddownstream.在斷點(diǎn)處和河流的中心處，采集詳細(xì)的橫斷面點(diǎn)包括河堤的頂部和底部。橫斷面局部將沿著河流上下游延伸至200米以上。4.3LongitudinalSection縱斷面測(cè)量局部Collectionoflongitudinalcenterlinepointswillbecarriedoutatintervalsof20minstraightsectionsand10mto15mapartonhorizontalandverticalcurvesdependingonthedegreeofsharpnessofthecurves.Incaseofbridgeandculvertandriverbedsthepointscollectedincludedthebottomofthecoursewaysandriverbeds.縱向中心線點(diǎn)的采集:在直邊段每間隔20米進(jìn)展，水平和垂直的彎段則會(huì)每隔10米-15米(根據(jù)彎曲的陡度而定)。要是有橋梁，涵管和河床，測(cè)量點(diǎn)的采集則要包括這些路徑和河床的底部。5Res