中國(guó)文化概況-短語整理版

中國(guó)文化概況-短語整理版-(1)Chapter1AnOverview國(guó)歌nationalanthem《義勇軍進(jìn)行曲》MarchoftheVolunteers歌詞lyrics臨時(shí)的provisional全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)theNationalPeople’sCongress(NPC)血肉fleshandblood一致通過一項(xiàng)決議unanimouslyadoptaresolution政治中心politicalcenter經(jīng)濟(jì)、科學(xué)和文化中心economic,scientificandculturalheart著名古都famousancientcapitalcity經(jīng)歷了巨大的變化gothroughgreatdevelopmentandchanges歷史名勝placeofhistoricinterest風(fēng)景勝地placeofscenicbeauty天壇TempleofHeaven祭祀performsacrifices莊嚴(yán)儀式solemnrite頤和園十三陵明代皇帝曾母喑沙南沙群島帕米爾高原臺(tái)灣島釣魚島赤尾嶼世界屋脊黃土高原theLoessPlateau云貴高原theYunnan-GuizhouPlateau塔里木盆地theTarimBasin大興安嶺theGreaterHinggan雪峰山脈Xuefengmountainranges東北平原theNortheastPlain華北平原theNorthChinaPlain長(zhǎng)江中下游平原theMiddle-LowerYangtzePlain大陸架continentalshelf外流/內(nèi)流水系exterior/interiorsystems長(zhǎng)江theYangtzeRiver\theChangjiangRiver自治區(qū)autonomousregion直轄市municipality水運(yùn)主干道m(xù)ainarteryofwatertransportation干線artery:anyofthetubescarryingbloodfromthehearttoallpartsofthebody;importantroutefortraffic黃河theYellowRiver含沙量最多的河themostheavilysilt-ladenriver地上河raised-bedriver重要產(chǎn)糧基地importantproductionbaseforgrains淡水湖咸水湖freshwaterlake,saltwaterlake洞庭湖太湖DongtingLake,TaihuLake京杭大運(yùn)河海河錢塘江theGrandCanal,theHaiheRiver,theQiantangjiangRiver水利設(shè)施waterconservancy北溫帶theNorthTemperateZone大陸季風(fēng)氣候continentalmonsoonclimate西伯利亞Siberia熱帶亞熱帶tropicalzone,subtropicalzone暖溫帶溫帶寒溫帶warm-temperatezone,temperatezone,cold-temperatezone年平均降水量averageannualprecipitation東南沿海地區(qū)southeasterncoastalareas歷史概況outlinehistory最早的原始人元謀人北京人thefirstprimitiveman,YuanmouMan,PekingMan古代近/現(xiàn)代ancientperiod,modernperiod傳說人物legendaryfigure黃帝EmperorHuang炎黃子孫thedescendantsofYanandHuang奴隸制institutionofslavery賢君sageking春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)（時(shí)期）theSpringandAutumnandtheWarringStatesPeriods《春秋》：SpringandAutumnAnnals諸侯duke公侯伯子男duke,marquis,earl/count,viscount,baron;baronet封建王朝feudalmonarchy始皇帝FirstEmperor農(nóng)歷（陽歷）lunarcalendar(solarcalendar)(lunatic)農(nóng)歷閏年lunarleapyear節(jié)氣seasonaldivisionpoint天干地支theHeavenlyStemsandEarthlyBranches辛亥革命theRevolutionof1911甲午戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)theSino-JapaneseWarof1894-1895戊戌變法theReformMovementof1898三國(guó)時(shí)期theThreeKingdomsPeriod三國(guó)鼎立inatripartitebalance[tripartitediscussion]盛世gloriousperiod黃袍加身?heyellowimperialgown登基ascendthethrone成吉思汗GenghisKhan鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)theOpiumWar半封建、半殖民地國(guó)家countryofsemi-feudalandsemi-colonialstatus辛亥革命theRevolutionof1911孫中山SunYat-sen中山大學(xué)SunYat-senUniversity中華民國(guó)theRepublicofChina開國(guó)大總統(tǒng)thefirstpresident五四運(yùn)動(dòng)theMay4thMovement抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)theanti-JapaneseWar解放戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)theLiberationWar新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)：UygurAutonomousRegionofXinjiang特別行政區(qū)specialadministrativeregion(SAR)一國(guó)兩制onecountry,twosystems國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局theNationalBureauofStatistics民族分布distributionoftheethnicgroups漢文化Hanculture少數(shù)民族minorityethnicgroups國(guó)家人口普查nationalcensus牧區(qū)pastoralarea憲法constitution國(guó)家基本大法thefundamentallawofthestate民主黨派;執(zhí)政黨democraticparty;partyinpower(rulingparty)在野黨partyoutofpower多黨合作與政治協(xié)商multi-partycooperationandpoliticalconsultation統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線unitedfront改革開放reformandopening-up宏觀調(diào)控macrocontrol中國(guó)政府官方網(wǎng)站theChineseGovernment’sOfficialWebPortal國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值grossdomesticproduct(GDP)基本國(guó)策fundamentalstatepolicies調(diào)整經(jīng)濟(jì)體制restructureeconomicsystem計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)（體制）plannedeconomysystem社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)socialistmarketeconomy非公部門non-publicsector中國(guó)改革開放的總設(shè)計(jì)師thechiefarchitectofChina’sreformandopening-up充分發(fā)揮其優(yōu)越性bringitsbenefitsintofullplay(givefullplayto…)同胞fellowcountrymenChapt2PhilosophyandReligions儒教、道教、佛教Confucianism,Taoism,Buddhism四大發(fā)明FourGreatInventions非競(jìng)技體育運(yùn)動(dòng)（如太極拳、武術(shù)）non-competitivesports(suchastaichiandwushu)競(jìng)技體育運(yùn)動(dòng)competitivesports思想流派schoolsofthought基本形成takedefiniteshapes得以蓬勃發(fā)展enjoythrivingdevelopment百家爭(zhēng)鳴ahundredschoolsofthoughtcontend中國(guó)古代哲學(xué)ancientChinesePhilosophy[中國(guó)古典文學(xué)classicalChineseliterature]先秦子學(xué)thephilosophyinpre-Qintimes儒家學(xué)說Confucianism墨家、法家Mohism,Legalism孔子、孟子Confucius,Mencius核心思想、言行、行為準(zhǔn)則coreofthought,wordsanddeeds,codeofbehavior仁、義、忠、恕benevolence,justice/righteousness,allegiance,forbearance中庸之道thedoctrineofthegoldenmean(seetheexplanationonp.18)倫理關(guān)系ethicalrelations孔子的（儒家的）Confucian道、天道、人道Dao/Tao(theWayasthenoumenonofthecosmos),theHeavenlyWay,theHumanWay老子、《道德經(jīng)》LaoZi/Lao-Tse,DaoDeJing/TaoTeChing無為而治achievinggoodgovernmentthroughnon-action兼愛universallove尚賢honorvirtuouspeople非命、非攻opposefatalism,opposeaggressivewars節(jié)用（厲行節(jié)約）、節(jié)葬upholdthriftiness,upholdsimplefunerals韓非子HanFeiZi官僚制度bureaucracy兩漢經(jīng)學(xué)theorthodoxphilosophyduringtheHanDynasty漢武帝EmperorWudi(ofHanDynasty)“罷黜百家，獨(dú)尊儒術(shù)”banallschoolsofthoughtexceptConfucianism官學(xué)、正統(tǒng)哲學(xué)orthodoxschool,orthodoxphilosophy玄學(xué)metaphysics《易經(jīng)》TheBookofChanges(oneoftheFiveClassics)（“四書五經(jīng)”：四書：《大學(xué)》、《中庸》、《論語》、《孟子》TheFourBooks:TheGreatLearning,TheDoctrineoftheMean,TheConfucianAnalects,TheWorksofMencius五經(jīng)：《詩》（詩經(jīng)/詩三百）、《書》（尚書/書經(jīng)）、《禮》（周禮；周公旦）、《易》（易經(jīng)/周易）、《春秋》TheFiveClassics(collectedandcompiledbyConfucius):TheBookofPoetry/Songs/Odes,TheBookofHistory,TheBookofRites,TheBookofChanges,andTheSpringandAutumnAnnals）有無、本末existencevsnonexistence,essentialsvsnonessentials佛學(xué)Buddhistphilosophy主客觀thesubjectiveandtheobjective理學(xué)、理學(xué)學(xué)派、心學(xué)學(xué)派、實(shí)學(xué)Neo-Confucianism,theSchoolofPrinciple,theSchoolofMind,applicationphilosophy自省（曾子曰：“吾日三省吾身。”）self-examination(ZengZisaid,“Iexaminemyselfthriceaday.”）天命disposition涅槃nirvana知與行knowledgeandpractice道德、道德哲學(xué)morality,moralphilosophy孝順filialpiety和諧harmony禪宗ChanBuddhism頓悟epiphany佛經(jīng)，經(jīng)文BuddhistscriptureCharacteristicsofChineseEthicsandMorality:三從四德thethreeobediencesandfourvirtues三綱五常thethreebasicrulesandfiveconstantvirtues調(diào)和unison仁、義、禮、智、信benevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdom,fidelity集體主義、個(gè)人主義collectivism,individualism修身養(yǎng)性（內(nèi)修）self-cultivationinmorals多宗教國(guó)家、本土宗教、民間宗教、外來宗教multi-religioncountry,indigenousreligion,folkreligion,religionofforeignorigin佛教、伊斯蘭教、基督教、道教Buddhism,Islam,Christianity,Taoism/Taoistreligion巫術(shù)、方術(shù)、道、《道德經(jīng)》witchcraft,necromancy,Dao/Tao,DaoDeJing五斗米教theReligionofFiveDouofRice仙人celestialbeing/immortal道觀、道士Taoisttemple,Taoistpriest自省、行教self-reflect,carryoutreligiousactivity修道者ascetics長(zhǎng)生橋、天宮殿theImmortalBridge,theHeavenlyPalace香爐峰theIncenseBurnerPeak八仙theEightImmortals釋迦牟尼Sakyamuni['sɑ:kj?muni]道教圣山sacredTaoistmountain煉丹distillelixir神獸celestialanimal物欲橫流的世界materialworld頓悟Enlightenment冥想meditation打禪sitinmeditation菩提樹bodhitree佛/佛佗Buddha佛教徒Buddhist佛教Buddhism佛學(xué)Buddhistphilosophy隋唐時(shí)期duringtheSuiandTangdynasties輪回、四諦samsara,theFourNobleTruths八正道、塔、石窟、中軸線theEight-FoldPath,pagoda,grotto,axis,四大天王、彌勒佛theFourHeavenlyKings,Maitreya/LaughingBuddha大雄寶殿theGreatBuddhaHall誦經(jīng)textrecital蒲團(tuán)、木魚cottoncushion,woodenfish十八羅漢、和尚、道士theEighteenArhats,Buddhistmonk,Taoistmonk苦集滅道Lifeissuffering,thecauseofsufferingisdesire,theansweristoquenchdesire,andthewaytothisendistofollowtheEight-FoldPath.正見、正思維、正語、正業(yè)、正命、正精進(jìn)、正念、正定rightknowledge,rightthought,rightspeech,rightbehavior,rightlivelihood,righteffort,rightmindfulness,rightconcentration白馬寺theWhiteHorseTemple朝圣者/取經(jīng)人pilgrim四大佛教名山theFourSacredBuddhistMountains伊斯蘭教Islam穆罕默德、阿拉真主Muhammad,Allah穆斯林、清真寺Muslim,mosque/qingzhentemple/templeofpurityandsincerity壁龕mihrab,niche麥加Mecca齋戒沐浴Ablution古蘭經(jīng)（可蘭經(jīng)）theKoranChapt3Literature中國(guó)古典文學(xué)作品Chineseclassics神話mythology文學(xué)類型/體裁literarygenre文學(xué)遺產(chǎn)literarylegacy/heritage愛國(guó)題材patriotictheme中國(guó)古典文學(xué)classicalChineseliterature中國(guó)文學(xué)的寶貴遺產(chǎn)preciousheritageofChineseliterature《詩經(jīng)》BookofSongs/Poetry《楚辭》PoetryoftheSouth民歌folksong現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)realisticliterature風(fēng)雅頌Feng/folkballads,Ya/dynastichymns,Song/sacrificialsongs上古時(shí)期antiquity賦比興fu/narration,bi/metaphor,xing/evocation四言詩行four-characterline序曲、詩集prelude,poemcollection弟子disciple《離騷》、《天問》、《九章》、《九歌》SorrowafterDeparture,AskHeaven,NineElegies,NineSongs先秦散文proseofthepre-Qinperiod諸子散文philosophicalprose《尚書》、《春秋》TheBookofHistory,SpringandAutumnAnnals編年史chronicle《左傳》、《戰(zhàn)國(guó)策》、《國(guó)語》Zuo’sCommentary,IntriguesoftheWarringStates,DiscoursesoftheStates貴族aristocrat《孟子》Mencius《論語》TheAnalectsofConfucius/ConfucianAnalects問答教學(xué)catechism樂府民歌、大賦、小賦yuefufolksongs,longessay,shortessay《過秦論》、《吊屈原賦》、《子虛賦》、《上林賦》OnFaultsofQin,LamentingQuYuan,MasterVoidRhapsody,RhapsodyonGreatMan司馬遷SimaQian《史記》RecordsoftheGrandHistorian五言詩行five-characterline《孔雀東南飛》、《木蘭詩》、《勅勒歌》SoutheastthePeacockFlies,TheBalladofMulan,TheChileBallad魏晉南北朝文學(xué)theliteratureintheWei,Jin,SouthernandNorthernDynasties志人志怪小說thestoriesrecordingspiritsandanecdotes三曹、建安七子ThreeCaos,SevenMastersoftheJian’anPeriod建安風(fēng)骨、五言詩Jian’anStyle,five-character-a-linepoetry《觀滄海》、《短歌行》TheSea,AShortSong《桃花源記》（《歸去來辭》）、《文心雕龍》ThePeachBlossomSpring(ReturntoRuralLife),TheLiteraryMindandtheCarvingofDragons駢文parallelprose《全唐詩》TheCompleteAnthologyofTangPoems初唐、盛唐、中唐、晚唐EarlyTang,HingTang,MidTang,LateTang（初唐）四杰theFourLiteraryEminences(inEarlyTangDynasty)詩仙theCelestialPoet《靜夜思》、《蜀道難》、《夢(mèng)游天姥吟留別》ThinkingintheSilentNight,HardistheRoadtoShu,DreamingofSightseeingintheTianmuMountains詩圣theSaintPoet三吏ThreeOfficers《新安吏》、《石壕吏》、《潼關(guān)吏》TheXin’anOfficer,TheShihaoOfficer,TheOfficerofTongguanPass三別ThreePartings《新婚別》、《垂老別》、《無家別》PartingoftheNewly-wed,PartingoftheOld,PartingoftheHomeless邊塞詩人、田園詩人frontierpoet,pastoralpoet諷喻詩(satiricaland)allegoricalpoem《賣炭翁》、《長(zhǎng)恨歌》、《琵琶行》TheOldCharcoalSeller,SongofEternalSorrow,SongofaPipaPlayer小李杜YoungLiBaiandDuFu格律詩regulatedpoetry虞美人、西江月、蝶戀花、鵲橋仙TheBeautifulLadyYu,MoonontheWesternRiver,ButterflyLovesFlowers,ImmortalsMeetingontheMagpieBridge豪放派thePowerfulandFreeSchool《念奴嬌·赤壁懷古》TotheTuneofCharmofaMaidenSinger:TheRedCliff《水調(diào)歌頭·明月幾時(shí)有》TotheTuneofWaterMelody:TheMid-AutumnFestival《江城子·十年生死兩茫?！稵otheTuneofaRiversideTown:DreamingofHisDeceasedWife《聲聲慢·尋尋覓覓》SlowSlowSong:Seeking,Seeking元曲、散曲、雜劇YuanquintheYuanDynasty,non-dramaticsongs,poeticdrama抒情詩（散曲）、折子、楔子lyricverse,act,prelude(interlude)《秋思》、《竇娥冤》、《牡丹亭》AutumnThought,TheInjusticetoDouE,ThePeonyPavilion東方莎士比亞ShakespeareoftheEast白話文、市民文學(xué)colloquiallanguage,townsfolkliterature《三國(guó)演義》RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms《水滸傳》WaterMargin\OutlawsoftheMarsh\AllMenAreBrothers《西游記》JourneytotheWest《紅樓夢(mèng)》ADreamofRedMansions《三言二拍》ThreeVolumesofWordsandTwoVolumesofSlapping《儒林外史》TheScholars《聊齋志異》StrangeTalesfromaScholar’sStudio開封府知府、包青天、清官(colorterm)prefectofKaifeng,Just-mindedBao,uprightofficial(nocolorterm)義氣brotherhood仁政benevolentgovernment殺富濟(jì)貧killtherichandrelievethepoor招安amnesty歸順surrender神仙deity《孫悟空大鬧天宮》、《豬八戒高老莊娶親》、《火焰山》SunWukongCausingHavocintheHeavenlyPalace,ZhuBajieGettingMarriedatGaolaoVillage,CrossingtheFlamingMountain頂峰pinnacle百科全書、選集、白話短篇小說encyclopedia,anthology,vernacularnovelette《喻世明言》ClearWordstoIllustratetheWorld《警世通言》OrdinaryWordstoWarntheWorld《醒世恒言》LasingWordstoAwakentheWorld世情小說、志怪小說、傳奇worldlynovels,mysterytale,taleofmarvels《金瓶梅》JinPingMei白話諷刺小說，八股文，科舉制度colloquialandsatiricalnovel,eight-partessay,imperialexaminationsystem鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，百日維新/維新變法，南社，theOpiumWar,theHundredDay’sReform,theSouthernSociety《官場(chǎng)現(xiàn)形記》，《老殘游記》，《鏡花緣》ExposureoftheOfficialWorld,TheTravelRecordsofLaoCan,FlowerinaMirror文學(xué)繁榮的頂峰peakofliteraryprosperity生存與解放之路waysofexistenceandliberation“文化大革命”“TheGreatCulturalRevolution”樣板戲modelsofrevolutionarymodernoperas外國(guó)文學(xué)作品foreignliteraryworks《狂人日記》、《吶喊》、《阿Q正傳》、《彷徨》、《故事新編》、《野草》AMadman’sDiary,CalltoArms,TheTrueStoryofAhQ,Wandering,OldTalesRetold,WildGrass主角、阿Q精神protagonist,AhQ-ism回憶錄、古字體reminiscence,paleography《女神》TheGoddess古為今用makethepastservethepresent《子夜》、《春蠶》、《林家鋪?zhàn)印稭idnight,SpringSilkworm,TheShopofLinFamily資產(chǎn)階級(jí)、無政府主義者bourgeoisie,anarchist多產(chǎn)的prolific《激流三部曲》TrilogyoftheTurbulentCurrents《家》、《春》、《秋》Family,Spring,Autumn中國(guó)作家協(xié)會(huì)theChineseWriters’Association《駱駝祥子》TheRickshawBoy/CamelXiangzi黃包車夫rickshawpuller長(zhǎng)篇家世小說saganovel《四世同堂》、《茶館》、《龍須溝》FourGenerationsLivingTogether,Teahouse,DragonBeardDitch東方劇壇的奇跡miracleoftheEasternstage軍閥warlord《雷雨》、《日出》Thunderstorm,Sunrise角色Personae文物historicalandculturalrelic《邊城》、《長(zhǎng)河》、《從文自傳》FrontierCity,LongRiver,TheAutobiographyofShenCongwen藝術(shù)性artistry《大堰河》DayanRiver《向太陽》FacingTowardstheSun《春天》TheSpring《彩色的詩》TheColorfulPoem《新詩論》OnNew-StylePoems《新文藝論集》CollectedWorksofNewCultureChapt4Arts書法;硬筆書法calligraphy;pencalligraphy書法家,書法愛好者calligrapher表音成分phoneticcomponent表形成分symboliccomponent漢字偏旁componentsofChinesecharacters線條藝術(shù)theartoflines漢字書寫（體）Chinesescript受到青睞tofindfavorin漢學(xué)圈thecircleofChineselanguagelearning漢學(xué)Sinology筆畫stroke點(diǎn)、橫、豎、撇、折、勾dotstroke,horizontalstroke,verticalstroke,curvedstroke,angularstroke,hookedstroke部首，獨(dú)立成字radical,standalonecharacter篆書，隸書，草書，楷書，行書thesealform,theofficialform,thecursiveform,theregularform,therunningform小篆smallsealscript象形文字pictography大楷largerregularform小楷smallerregularform中楷mediumregularform行楷runningregularform行草runningcursiveform書圣theSageofChineseCalligraphy(WangXizhi)碑刻（刻字石碑）carvedstonetablet拓片stonerubbing《蘭亭（集）序》ThePrefacetotheLantingCollectionofCalligraphy(PrefacetotheOrchidPavilionCollection)唐太宗EmperorTaizongoftheTangDynasty水墨畫ink-washpainting題字（題詞、題詩）、美術(shù)（繪畫）、篆刻、裝裱、卷軸calligraphicwriting,fineart,sealengraving,mount,scroll《奔馬圖》、《愚公移山》RunningHorses,TheFoolishManMovingtheMountain水生動(dòng)物aquaticanimal庸俗的趣味vulgartaste國(guó)際和平獎(jiǎng)theInternationalPeaceAward壁畫、山水畫、木刻版畫、插圖、年畫muralpainting,landscapepainting,wood-cutblockprint,illustration,SpringFestivalpicture文房四寶fourtreasuresofthestudy筆墨紙硯brush,inkstick,paper,inkstone湖筆Hubrush徽墨Huiinkstick宣紙Xuanpaper端硯Duaninkstone墨（塊）inkstick模子mould字帖copybook拓片stoneinscriptionrubbing映描trace書體inscription墨池black/inkpond京劇Beijing(Peking)Opera昆曲KunquOpera秦腔ShaanxiOpera唱singing念reciting/recitation做acting打acrobaticfighting腿腳功夫/步法footwork綠林好漢heroicforestoutlaws滑稽戲，鬧劇，笑劇farce四大名旦FourGreatDanActors擺姿勢(shì)strikeposture翻跟斗tumble臉譜facialmake-up(ofBeijingOpera)反派角色villain?正面角色positiverole,protagonist幫兇accomplice盔甲armor龍袍dragon-patternedrobe腰帶girdle秦腔ShaanxiOpera川劇SichuanOpera(*ChuanOpera),越劇ZhejiangOpera(*YueOpera)黃梅戲Huangmei/AnhuiOpera粵劇GuandongOpera(*YueOpera)劇團(tuán)theatricaltroupe民間表演藝術(shù)folkperformingarts雜技acrobatics木偶戲puppetshow皮影戲shadowshow儺舞（音“挪”）ghost-exorcisingopera舞叉FlyingTrident疊椅、頂缸、鉆圈BalanceonChairs,JarTricks,HoopDiving相聲cross-talk說、學(xué)、逗、唱talking,imitating,fun-making,singing單口相聲、對(duì)口相聲、群口相聲monologuecomictalk,comiccross-talk,multiloguecross-talk快板、評(píng)書clappertalk,storytelling醒木（驚堂木）gavel春節(jié)聯(lián)歡晚會(huì)（春晚）NewYearGalaShow啞劇pantomimeChapt5Education傳統(tǒng)教育traditionaleducation私塾(old-style)privateschool官學(xué)，鄉(xiāng)學(xué)officialinstitution四書五經(jīng)FourBooksandFiveClassics四書：FourBooks《大學(xué)》TheGreatLearning《中庸》TheDoctrineoftheMean《論語》TheAnalectsofConfucius/TheConfucianAnalects《孟子》(TheWorksof)Mencius五經(jīng)FiveClassics《詩》TheBookofPoems/Songs/Odes《書》TheBookofHistory《禮》TheBookofRites《易》TheBookofChanges《春秋》TheSpringandAutumnAnnals科舉（考試制度）imperialexaminationsystem進(jìn)士jinshi(successfulcandidateinthehighestimperialexaminations)舉人juren秀才xiucai書院academyofclassiclearning藏書閣bookcollectionmansion四大書院fourfamousacademies《大學(xué)》、《中庸》、《易經(jīng)》TheGreatLearning,TheDoctrineoftheMean,TheBookofChanges辛亥革命theRevolutionof1911中華民國(guó)theRepublicofChina基礎(chǔ)教育basiceducation職業(yè)教育vocational/occupationaleducation高等教育highereducation技工教育（理工學(xué)校）polytechniceducation學(xué)前教育pre-schooleducation九年義務(wù)教育nine-yearcompulsoryeducation義務(wù)教育法thelawofcompulsoryeducation高中seniorhigh/middleschool職業(yè)中學(xué)secondaryvocationalschool確保學(xué)生德智體美全面發(fā)展ensurethatthestudentsarewelldevelopedmorally,intellectually,physically,andaesthetically希望工程ProjectHope春蕾計(jì)劃SpringBudProject全國(guó)高考gaokao,NationalCollegeEntranceExamination(NCEE)藝考生artists-to-be文學(xué)/理學(xué)學(xué)士BachelorofArts/Science文學(xué)/理學(xué)碩士MasterofArtsorScience哲學(xué)博士DoctorofPhilosophy(PhD)重點(diǎn)大學(xué)keyuniversities(*鑰匙大學(xué))獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金scholarship助學(xué)金subsidy非學(xué)歷成人教育non-certificateadulteducation繼續(xù)教育continuingeducation終身教育lifelongeducation函授學(xué)校correspondenceschool在職培訓(xùn)on-the-jobtraining國(guó)際交流與合作internationalexchangeandcooperation留學(xué)生教育internationalstudenteducation學(xué)術(shù)交流academicexchange國(guó)外同行foreigncounterparts研究項(xiàng)目合作cooperationinresearchprojects雙邊和多邊合作bilateralandmultilateralcooperationChapt6ScienceandTechnology指南針compass活字印刷movabletypeprinting活詞典walkingdictionary陶瓷ceramics(陶瓷學(xué))\potteryandporcelain\china冶金metallurgy竹簡(jiǎn)bambooslips(forwritingon)藥學(xué)pharmacy藥師pharmacist藥理學(xué)pharmacology藥理學(xué)家pharmacologist藥典pharmacopeia雕版印刷blockprinting中醫(yī)traditionalChinesemedicine(TCM)中華三寶threetreasuresofChina針灸acupuncture按摩massage病歷profile太極taiji氣功qigong五禽戲theFive-animalExercises望watching(observing),聞listening問inquiring切feelingthepulse草藥學(xué)materiamedica外科surgery婦科gynecology兒科pediatrics《傷寒雜病論》OnDisease《本草綱目》CompendiumofMeteriaMedica丸pill散powder膏extract丹Pellet算盤abacus算術(shù)arithmetic高嶺土/瓷土kaolin地震儀seismograph麻醉藥anaesthetic洋務(wù)運(yùn)動(dòng)WesternizationMovement反應(yīng)堆reactor放射性同位素radioisotope鈾礦uraniumore胰島素insulin中國(guó)科學(xué)院ChineseAcademyofSciences生化研究所Bio-ChemicalInstitute歌德巴赫猜想Goldbach’sConjecture五筆字型漢字輸入five-strokecodecomputerinputmethod核電站nuclearpowerstation超導(dǎo)體super-conductivity電子對(duì)撞機(jī)electroncollider光學(xué)天文望遠(yuǎn)鏡opticalcelestialtelescope雜交水稻（*雜種水稻）hybridrice神舟五號(hào)飛船Shenzhou-Vspacecraft神舟六號(hào)載人飛船Shenzhou-VImannedspacecraft返回艙re-entry/recoverycapsuleChapter7Sports墓壁畫sepulchralmuralpainting巖畫stonepainting陶俑potteryfigurine蹴鞠cuju(asoccergameusingaleatherballfilledwithhairpopularintheSongDynasty)menofliterati/letters市井流氓vulgarvillain馬術(shù)horsemanship拔河tug-of-war蕩秋千swing踩高蹺walkingonstilts賽龍舟dragonboatracing太極拳shadowboxing武術(shù)martialarts功夫kungfu拳術(shù)類Boxing長(zhǎng)拳longboxing醉拳drunkboxing器械類weaponexercise九節(jié)鞭nine-sectionwhip對(duì)練類sparringexercise實(shí)戰(zhàn)類actualcombat散打freesparring集體項(xiàng)目類teamwork北拳Northernstyleboxing南拳Southernstyleboxing內(nèi)功internalexercise外功externalexerciseChapter8TraditionalFestivals春節(jié)SpringFestival/ChineseNewYear元宵節(jié)Lanternestival[Metonymy:InChinesethetypicalfoodofthefestivalstandsforthefestival;inEnglishthetypicalrecreationtoolforthefestival.]清明節(jié)QingmingFestival\PureBrightnessFestival\Tomb-SweepingDay/Festival[Atypicaleventstandsforthefestival]端午節(jié)DragonBoatFestival中秋節(jié)Mid-AutumnDay/Festival,Moon(cake)Festival重陽節(jié)DoubleNinthFestival/ChongyangFestival小年P(guān)reliminaryYear灶王爺KitchenGod剪紙paper-cuts牛郎織女theCowherdandWeaverMaid春聯(lián)SpringFestivalcouplets門神GodofDoors財(cái)神GodofWealth福blessing/happiness壓歲錢yasuiqian(luckymoneyforSpringFestival)二十四節(jié)氣24seasonaldivisionpoints寒食（節(jié)）ColdFoodDay插柳plantwillowtwigs陰歷lunarcalendar《清明上河圖》ARiversideSceneatQingmingFestival粽子Zongzi\pyramid-shapeddumpling雄黃酒realgarwine艾蒿wormwood香袋fragrantpouch重陽節(jié)DoubleNinthFestival登高節(jié)HeightAscendingFestival菊花酒chrysanthemumwine老人節(jié)Seniors’Day七夕節(jié)DoubleSeventhFestival\China’sValentine’sDay臘八節(jié)LabaFestival八寶粥eight-treasureporridge潑水節(jié)WaterSplashing/SprinklingFestival那達(dá)慕節(jié)NadamFair火把節(jié)TorchFestival達(dá)努節(jié)DanuFestival三月節(jié)ThirdMonthFair賽歌會(huì)AntiphonalSingingDay藏歷新年TibetanNewYear跳花節(jié)JumpingFlowerFestivalChapt9CulinaryCulture飲食文化Culinaryculture色color香aroma味taste調(diào)味品seasoning煮boil煲/燉stew燒/燜/燴braise煎fry炒stir-fry爆quick-fry炸deep-fry扒fryandsimmer快煎sauté煨simmer熏smoke烤roast/barbecue烘bake蒸steam白灼scald火鍋hotpot宮保雞丁spicydicedchickenwithpeanuts魚香肉絲fish-flavoredporkshreds佛跳墻tonicsoupwithshark’sfinandotherdelicacies魯菜LuCian,ShandongCuisine德州扒雞Dezhoustewedchicken糖醋里脊carpinsweetandsoursauce川菜ChuanCai,SichuanCuisine火鍋hotpot宮保雞丁spicydicedchickenwithpeanuts魚香肉絲fish-flavoredporkshreds麻婆豆腐mar-bohtofu粵菜YueCai,GuangdongCuisine魚翅羹shark’sfinsoup烤乳豬roastpiglet閩菜MinCai,FujianCuisine佛跳墻[metonymy:resultforcause]tonicsoupwithshark’sfinandotherdelicacies蘇菜SuCai,JiangsuCuisine鹽水鴨salteddriedduck浙菜ZheCai,ZhejiangCuisine叫花子雞beggar’schicken(awholechickenbakedinclay)東坡肉Dongpopork西湖醋魚WestLakefishinvinegar徽菜HuiCai,AnhuiCuisine松子米酥肉crispporkwithpinenuts湘菜XiangCai,Hu’nanCuisine麻辣子雞pepperandhotchicken交杯酒arm-crossedwin