電影《鐵娘子》中的亞里士多德修飾

題目電影《鐵娘子》中的亞里士多德修飾摘要亞里士多德的言論是我們學(xué)習(xí)關(guān)于修辭的重要材料，特別是在政治方面。鐵娘子是一部電影，真實(shí)地反映了前英國首相瑪格麗特撒切爾夫人晚年政治生活的回憶。這部電影是很現(xiàn)實(shí)的，我認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)對(duì)撒切爾夫人的演講術(shù)的特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析的很好的材料。此外，亞里士多德偏重于對(duì)政治分裂的演講，他的修辭理論完全可以應(yīng)用于對(duì)演講術(shù)的研究。因此，我想將該理論應(yīng)用在修辭分析鐵娘子的演講術(shù)。從修辭的基本范疇，說服的方式，風(fēng)格和安排，我們可以得出一個(gè)徹底的撒切爾夫人的演講術(shù)框架。雖然撒切爾夫人住在一個(gè)遠(yuǎn)離亞里士多德的時(shí)期，她仍然遵守亞里士多德的修辭方式，這使她的演講更有說服力和更有吸引力。關(guān)鍵詞：修辭；亞里士多德；瑪格麗特的撒切爾夫人；鐵娘子ContentsAbstract(inEnglish)…………………..…IAbstract(inChinese)...…………………..III.Aristotle’sRhetoric……………….1II.TheIronLady……………………1III.AnalysisofSpeechesinTheIronLadyWithknowledgeinRhetoric…………………1ThreeDivisionsofSpeechesinTheIronLady……..2DifferentMeansofPersuasion………21.Example…………...22.Enthymeme………..32.1.theuseof“Maxims”…………32.2StyleandArrangement…….43.Thestyleoftheironlady’sspeech…………….44.TheArrangementofthespeechesinTheIronLady…………..4IV.Conclusion…………5Bibliography………..6Acknowledgements...........................................................................71TheAnalysisoftheSpeechesinFilmTheIronLadywiththeTheoriesfromAristotle’sRhetoricI.Aristotle’sRhetoricAristotle’sRhetoriciscomposedofthreebooksandeachcoversspecificpartofrhetoric.ThefirstbookdefineswhatrhetoricisandAristotle’sthreecategoriesofrhetoric.Thesecondbookismainlyexplainingwhatdifferentemotionsare,theskillsandmeansofpersuasion.Thethirdbookconcernsaboutthestyleandarrangementoforatory.Itisaveryearlyworkonrhetoricwhichisquitesystematicallyanddetailedthathasadramaticinfluenceonlaterworksonthissubject.AccordingtoAristotle,“RhetoricisthecounterpartofDialecticwhichlaidemphasisontheartisticpartofrhetoric.”IbelievethisisthekeytothespeechesinTheIronLadybecausetheseskillsnotonlymakethefilmmorerealistic,butalsomakeitmoreattractivetoalltheaudience.Mostofall,thecharismaofthespeechesinthefilmarealsothereasonwhyMrs.ThatcherconvincedsomanypeopleinBritaintosupporther.Inthisessay,IwilluseAristotle’sthreedivisionsofspeeches,themeansofpersuasion,thestyleandarrangement.SomeresearchersholdthebeliefthatAristotlefocusedmoreonpoliticalspeechesthananyotherspeeches.Moreover,thestyleandarrangement,whicharethemostvaluablepartsinAristotle’sRhetoric,isthemostreliablejudgmentstandardwhenweareusingittoanalyzethespeechesinTheIronLady.II.TheIronLadyThemovieTheIronLadyreflectsthepre-primeministerMrs.Thatcher’slatteryearsaswellasherpoliticallifequitetruly.ThesettingisinMrs.Thatcher’slastyears.Andpoliticallifemainlyalternativelylardedinhermemories.TherearemanycriticalspeechesshowedinthemoviewhichwecananalyzewiththetheoriesinRhetoric.AndsomescenesinthemoviecanaccountforthefactthatAristotle’stheoriesarepracticalandcanstandthetestoftime.III.AnalysisofSpeechesinTheIronLadywithknowledgeinRhetoricTheIronLadyshowsseveralimportantstagesinMrs.Thatcher’slife,especiallyherpoliticallife.Asaresult,itunavoidablycontainsmanyspeechesanddebates.Ifwewatchthismoviefromamoreprofessionalscope,wewillfindthatmostofthesespeechesanddebatesobeytherulessetinRhetoric.A.ThreeDivisionsofSpeechesinTheIronLadyAristotledividedspeechesintothreecategories:political,forensicandceremonial.MostspeechesinTheIronLadyispoliticalspeeches,followedbyceremonialspeeches.ItisobviousthatMrs.Thatcher’sspeechesareaimedtourgepeopleinBritaintodoornottodosomethingfollowherpolicyformostofthetime.Thiskindofspeechispoliticalspeeches.ThemostrepresentativeoneisthespeechMrs.Thatcherisonher1979electionforprimeminister.Inherspeech,shementionsthatsheneedseveryvoters’supportsandhelpstowintheelection.Theoriginaltextisasfollows:Now,asthetestdrawsnear,Iaskyourhelp.Thattogetherwecanshakeofftheshacklesofsocialismandrestoretogreatnessthiscountrythatwelove.AndtheonlywayisfortheConservativePartytowin!Thiscontextcompletelyshowsthattheironladytriestopersuadethevoterswiththeemotionalconnection.Thisisatypicalpoliticalspeechforanelection.Inthemovie,thereisanothersceneinwhichtheBritishprovokedviolencebecauseofthenewpolicyoneconomy.Mrs.Thatchersays“Andnow,itmustbebusinessasusual.”toshowherdeterminationtopromotethenewpolicyandtopersuadethoseopponentstoaccepthernewpolicy.Thisisalsoakindofpoliticalspeechinwhichthepoliticianspeaksoutthedecisiontoearnmoresupporters.Theceremonialspeechisalsoshowedinthemovie.Thiskindofspeechisaimedatdisplayingpraisesandcensures.ThefirstceremonialoratoryappearsinthesceneofMrs.ThatchermovestoNo.10DowningStreet.Asshewillbetheleaderofthecountry,sheaddressesaspeechinfrontoftheNo.10DowningStreettoexpressherfeelingsandthankaswellasherfutureplanwiththewordsasfollows:IshouldjustliketosaythatItakeveryseriouslythetrustplacedinmebytheBritishpeopletodayandIwillworkhardeverydaytoliveuptothatresponsibility.Inanotherscene,Mrs.ThatcheraddressestoherpeopleafterthecountrywonthewarfortheFalklandsandsheexpressesherpraisesforthearmyandvictorycompletely.Thecontextisasfollows:WecongratulatethemenandwomenofthearmedForcesfortheirskill,braveryandloyaltytothiscountry.Wewerefacedwithanactofunprovokedaggressionandwerespondedaswehaverespondedintimespast:withunity,strengthandcourage,sureintheknowledgethatthoughmuchissacrificed,intheend,rightwillprevailoverwrong.ThelatterpartoftheaddressalsohelpsMrs.Thatchertostrikebackatthosewhousedtoopposetoher.B.DifferentMeansofPersuasionInAristotle’sRhetoric,theauthormentionedtwowaysofpersuasion:“Example”and“Enthymeme”.ThesetwomeansareallusedinMrs.Thatcher’sspeechesinthemovie.Sointhispart,Iwillanalyzetheironlady’srhetoricmeansappliedinherspeeches.1.ExampleExamplemaybethemostcommonrhetoricmeansintheworld.InRhetoric,Aristotledividedthismeanintotwovarieties:actualpasteventsandinventionsoffactsbythespeaker.Inthemovie,Mrs.Thatchermainlyusesthelatteronetosupportherideas.InthesceneofpartymembersarguewithMrs.Thatcheronthespendingcutsproblem,theironladymentionstheactualpricesofthegoodstoillustratethatsheknowseverythingaboutthecurrenteconomiccondition.HowmuchisapackofLurpak?42pence.Anchorbutteris40pence.Floramargarine,stillthecheapest,is38pence.IcanassureyouIamnotoutoftouch.AnotherscenemaybemorerepresentativethattheexampleisusedwhenMrs.ThatcherisdebatingwiththeU.SSecretaryoftheStateonwhetheritisworthlaunchingawarfarfromtheBritish.1941,whenJapanattackedPearlHarbour.DidAmericagocapinhandandaskTojoforapeacefulnegotiationofterms?DidsheturnherbackonherowncitizenstherebecausetheislandswerethousandsofmilesfrommainlandUnitedStates?No,no,no!Wewillstandonprincipleorweshallnotstandatall.Mrs.ThatcherusestheexampleintheSecondWorldWartorefuteU.S.Secretary.Itisquitepersuasiveandnoonecanberetorted.Sotheactualeventisagoodweaponwhenwearetryingtoarguewithsomeoneelse.Itisconvincingenoughbecausethesimilarsuccessfulconditionishardtobebeatendown.JustasAristotlesaidinhis2.Enthymeme2.1.Theuseof“Maxims”AristotlespentawholechapterintheBookIItoexplaintheuseofmaxims,whichisapartofenthymeme.AccordingtoAristotle,maximsisawayofstatementwhichonlycontainspremisesandconclusions.ThiswayofrhetoricisverycommoninbothMrs.Thatcher’sandothercharacters’speeches.WordssuchasNapoleoncalledanationofshopkeepers.Hemeantitasaninsultbuttomeit’sacompliment.andwherethereisadiscordmaywebringharmony.Wherethereiserrormaywebringtruth.Wherethereisadoubtmaywebringfaith.Andwherethereisdespairmaywebringhope.Thesesentencesaremaximsbecausetheyareeasytobeunderstoodandcanbeeasilyacceptedwidely.2.2StyleandArrangementThesetwopartsaremainlyexplainedintheBookIII.Mostofall,theyhavethegreatestimpactsonthecurrentworld.TheoriesinBookIIIarequitepracticalandtheyallcanstandthetestoftime.InthemovieTheIronLady,thespeechstyleofMrs.Thatcherisimpressivewhichisvividlydisplayedinthemovie.Furthermore,manypartsshowtheimportanceofarrangement.Aristotlelaidgreatemphasisonthedeliverymethod.Thefirstquestiontoreceiveattentionwasnaturallytheonethatcomesfirstnaturally-howpersuasioncanbeproducedfromthefactsthemselves.Thesecondishowtosetthesefactsoutinlanguage.Athirdwouldbethepropermethodofdelivery;thisisathingthataffectsthesuccessofaspeechgreatly;buthithertothesubjecthasbeenneglected.AndinTheIronLady,anaboutfive-minutefragmentisusedtoshowhowMrs.Thatchertrainedherselftobeagoodpolitician.Oneofthewaysistochangeherwayofdelivery.Inthemovie,wecanseenotonlyoncethatsomeonecriticizeMrs.Thatcher’stoneandthisalsobecomeaveryoftenpointtheopponentcanmakeuseofwhentheywanttoattackMrs.Thatcher.IntheverybeginningofMrs.Thatcher’spoliticallife,asearlyasshewasstilltheSecretaryofStateforEducation,theopponentsusedhertoneasanattackpoint.IthinktheRightHonorableladydothscreechtoomuch.Andifshewantsustotakeherseriously,shemustlearntocalmdown!AndbeforeMrs.Thatchertakesaparticipantintheelectioncampaign,herpartnersgaveheradvicetochangehervoice.Butthemainthingisyourvoice.It’stoohigh.Ithasnoauthority.Ithinktheladydothscreechtoomuch.Peopledon’twanttobeharanguedbyawomanorhectored.Persuadedyes.That“ohyes”intheendoftheinterview,that’sauthority,that’sthevoiceoftheleader.Soitisobviousthatthetoneofthevoiceplaysanimportantroleinpersuasion.Ifyourvoiceistoohigh,itwillmakeyoutoosharpandmakesyourashandimpatient.Onthecontrary,ifyourvoiceistoolow,youwillsoundlikeaboringpersonandlackingofconfidence.AsMrs.Thatcher’svoiceistoohigh,itishardtomakeotherpeoplebelievewhatshehassaid.Andmostofall,thehighvoicemakespeopleannoyingbecausethiskindofvoicesoundsuncomfortable.Soundingauthorityisveryimportantinaspeech.Asthemaingoalofaspeechistoconvinceothersofyourownopinion,youmustsoundpersuasive,rightandreliable.Becausethisisn’treallyaboutthevoice,it’saboutbelief.ThisiswhatthetrainerinTheIronLadyrevealed:agoodspeakermusthavethepowerofconvincing.Thedeliverymethodisquitecriticalbecauseifyoucanmoderateyourwayofspeakingandyourtoneofvoicetoarightplace,youwilllosetheabilityofconvincing.3.Thestyleoftheironlady’sspeechItcanbeeasilyseeninthemoviethatMrs.Thatcherhasaveryvividandconvictstyleofspeaking.Styletobegoodmustbeclear,asisprovedbythefactthatspeechwhichfailstoconveyaplainmeaningwillfailtodojustwhatspeechhastodo.AsAristotlementioned“clear”inthischapter,wewillknowthattheclearnessofanoratoryisthedeterminedfactorinjudgingthesuccessofanoratory.ThereisnodenyingthatMrs.Thatcher’soratoryisclear.Asthefilmshowedthatthelogicinherargumentisclearandsheknowsquitewellaboutthetopicandthewayofrefutation.Besidestheclearness,Mrs.Thatcherisalsofirminherfaithandinherspeeches.Wecanseethischaracteristicinherspeechesaswell.Inherearlyage,shehasshownherfirmfaithinherdebatewithsomeexperiencedpoliticians.TheboldlettersarewhereMrs.Thatcherstrengthenshervoices.Wewillfindthesestrengthenwordsmakeherspeechmorefirm.Itisveryimportanttomakethespeechstrongandpowerfulsothatothersmaybesurprisedbytheimposingmannerandtheycanhardlyfindloopholestoattackback.4.TheArrangementofthespeechesinTheIronLadyThearrangementoforatoryconsistsofthebeginningofaspeech,thestatementfurtheringtheoratoryandtheendofthespeechortheepilogue.StillquotethespeechafterthevictoryofthewarfortheFalklands,whichiscomparativelycompleteinthemovie:WecongratulatethemenandwomenofthearmedForcesfortheirskill,braveryandloyaltytothiscountry.Wewerefacedwithanactofunprovokedaggressionandwerespondedaswehaverespondedintimespast:withunity,strengthandcourage,sureintheknowledgethatthoughmuchissacrificed,intheend,rightwillprevailoverwrong.AndIputittotherightonthegentlemenoppositethatthisisnotadayforhimtocarp,findfault,demandinquiries.TheywillhappenIassurehimofthatforwehavenothingtohide,no.Thisisadaytoputdifferenceaside,toholdone’sheadhighandtakeprideinbeingBritish.Atthebeginning,Mrs.Thatchermentionsthevictoryofthewar.Theyareallbeginnings,pavingtheway,asitwere,forwhatistofollow.Thespeechstartswiththevictorynotonlyarosetheaudience’attention,butalsoconnectstothetopicofthespeechwhichaimstopraisethepowerofBritishandcensurethosewhoholdthenegativeopinionsandtrytodoharmtotheBritishpeople.Narrationinceremonialoratoryisnotcontinuousbutintermittent.Duringthewholespeech,theironladyalsohaspausedforseveraltimes.Theplacemarkedwithslashiswhereshepauses.Doubleslashesaretheplaceshepausedlonger.Thepausesmakethespeechemotionalandpowerful.Besides,Mrs.Thatcheralsousesparallelsuchaswithunity,strengthandcourageandtocarp,findfault,demandinquiriestomakeherspeechmoreimpressiveandconvincing.Theseareallthemeansofdemonstratingproofs.TheEpiloguehasfourparts.Youmust(1)maketheaudiencewell-disposedtowardsyourselfandill-disposedtowardsyouropponent(2)magnifyorminimizetheleadingfacts,(3)excitetherequiredstateofemotioninyourhearers,and(4)refreshtheirmemories.TheendofthisspeechisaconclusionmadebyMrs.Thatcheraboutwhatpeopleshoulddointhisday.Andthe“takeprideinbeingBritish”isaphrasetonotonlymagnifytheleadingfactsandexcitetherequiredstateofemoti