自考英語(yǔ)寫作

自考英語(yǔ)寫作第1頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六名詞解釋題寫作目的(writingpurpose)受眾/讀者(audience)構(gòu)思過(guò)程(thoughtprocess)演繹式組織模式(deductiveorganizationalpatterns)歸納式組織模式(inductiveorganizationalpatterns)直接組織模式(directorganizationalpatterns)間接組織模式(indirectorganizationalpatterns)寫作修改的3個(gè)步驟(threedistinctstagesofrevision:addingon;movingaround;cuttingout)管理溝通(managerialcommunication)組織溝通(organizationalcommunication)人際關(guān)系與團(tuán)隊(duì)建設(shè)(humanrelationshipsandteambuilding)銷售溝通(salescommunication)商務(wù)文件(businessdocumentation)國(guó)際交流（跨文化交際）(internationalcommunication/interculturalcommunication)表達(dá)式寫作(expressivewriting)溝通式寫作(communicativewriting)簡(jiǎn)潔風(fēng)格(clarity)簡(jiǎn)易風(fēng)格(theplainstyle)簡(jiǎn)明風(fēng)格(concision)附件說(shuō)明信函(coverlettersofrésumé)3類求職信函(threegeneraltypesofcoverlettersforjobapplications:theapplicationletter;theprospectingletter;networkingletter)后續(xù)詢問(wèn)信函(follow-upletter)致謝信函(thank-youletter)謝絕工作回復(fù)(jobrejectionletter)接受工作回復(fù)(jobacceptanceletter)辭職信函(resignationletter)第2頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六名詞解釋題告別信函(farewellletter)常見履歷表格式(commonrésuméformats)：按年月順序(chronologicalrésuméformat)按任職順序(functionalrésuméformat)復(fù)合式(combinationrésuméformat)簡(jiǎn)短文件(shortdocument)信息咨詢函(messagetoobtaininformation)談判便函(messagesthatnegotiate)說(shuō)服溝通便函(persuasivemessages)商務(wù)便函的特征（8C）：清晰性（clarity）正確性（correctness）具體性（concreteness）完整性（completeness）周到性（consideration）禮貌性（courtesy）簡(jiǎn)潔性（conciseness）一致性（coherence）商務(wù)備忘錄版式(formatofabusinessmemo)商務(wù)備忘錄功能(functionofabusinessmemo)信函結(jié)構(gòu)(structureofaletter)信件和信封格式(stylesofletterandenvelop)會(huì)議紀(jì)要(minutes)逐字記錄(verbatimminutes)決議記錄(minutesofresolution)陳述記錄(minutesofnarration)記錄內(nèi)容版式(minutes’contentformat)會(huì)議議程(meetingagenda)會(huì)議籌劃(meetingpreparations)會(huì)議程序（3個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)）(meetingprocess:planning&preparing,conducting,andfollowing-up)會(huì)議后續(xù)工作(follow-upactivities)后續(xù)文案職責(zé)(accountabilityoffollow-ups)第3頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六名詞解釋題書面發(fā)言寫作策略(writingstrategiesforbusinesspresentation)書面發(fā)言的材料組織(wringorganizationforbusinesspresentation)書面發(fā)言用語(yǔ)(languageusedinapresentation)書面發(fā)言避諱用語(yǔ)(languageavoidedinapresentation)人際溝通的功能(functionsofinterpersonalcommunication)人際溝通的目的(purposeofinterpersonalcommunication)人際溝通的4個(gè)階段(fourgeneralstagesininterpersonalcommunication)團(tuán)隊(duì)的特征(groupcharacteristics)團(tuán)隊(duì)的角色(grouproles)團(tuán)隊(duì)影響力(groupinfluence)溝通結(jié)構(gòu)(communicationstructures)企業(yè)前景(vision)企業(yè)使命(mission)企業(yè)價(jià)值觀(corporatevalues)企業(yè)目標(biāo)(goal)戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃(strategies)政策與流程(policiesandprocedures)業(yè)務(wù)流程的構(gòu)成要素（15個(gè)）(contentofprocedures)業(yè)務(wù)流程的版式及內(nèi)容(formatofaprocedure)商務(wù)文件的層次結(jié)構(gòu)（3個(gè)）(tiersofdocumentation)ISO9000質(zhì)量體系(ISO9000QualitySystem)議程報(bào)告(agenda)行程安排(itinerary)費(fèi)用支出報(bào)告(expensereports)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)程報(bào)告(progressreport)人事評(píng)估報(bào)告(personnelevaluation)第一手資料來(lái)源(primarysources)第二手資料來(lái)源(secondarysources)商務(wù)藍(lán)皮書(blueprint)商務(wù)計(jì)劃書(businessplan)戰(zhàn)略性計(jì)劃書(strategicplan)戰(zhàn)術(shù)性計(jì)劃書(tacticalplan)操作性計(jì)劃書(operationalplan)操作性管理(operationalcontrol)戰(zhàn)術(shù)性管理(tacticalcontrol)戰(zhàn)略性管理(strategiccontrol)商務(wù)背景(businessbackground)第4頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六名詞解釋題市場(chǎng)計(jì)劃(marketingplan)財(cái)務(wù)預(yù)測(cè)(financialprojections)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃(actionplans)商務(wù)提案(businessproposal)內(nèi)部提案(internalproposal)外部提案(externalproposal)招標(biāo)提案(solicitedproposal)非招標(biāo)提案(unsolicitedproposal)提案寫作的簡(jiǎn)單模式(simpleformforproposalwriting)提案寫作的復(fù)雜模式(detailedformforproposalwriting)

外部提案的結(jié)構(gòu)要素（6個(gè)）(elementsoftheexternalproposal:introduction;problemidentifiedanddefined;objective&goalset;solutionsproposed;implementation&measuring;costsandtimeframeestimated)內(nèi)部提案模式的內(nèi)容版式(contentformatofinternalproposal)征集提案(RequestforProposal,RFP)征集啟示的基本要素(basiccomponentsofaRFP)提案評(píng)估(proposalevaluation)第5頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六引證信息(documentinginformation)解析數(shù)據(jù)(interpretingdata)常規(guī)商務(wù)報(bào)告(routinereports)任務(wù)報(bào)告(taskreports)條目清單功能(itemizedlists)圖表輔助功能(graphicaids)標(biāo)題的功能(headings)協(xié)議的本質(zhì)(essenceofadeal)合同的修訂(contractualmodifications)違約與補(bǔ)償(breachofcontractandremedy)律師費(fèi)用條款(attorneysfeesclause)合同免責(zé)(escapefromcontract)第三方簽字(thirdpartysignature)合同追加條款(contractrider)合同授權(quán)(authorization)商務(wù)談判(contractnegotiation)合同起草(contractdrafting)合同實(shí)施(execution)合同終止(closeout)合同(contract)合同有效性(validityofcontracts)要約(offer)接受(acceptance)法定權(quán)力(capacity)Salescontracts買賣合同Contractsforsupplyofpower,water,gasorheat供應(yīng)電、水、氣、熱力合同Contractsforloanofmoney借款合同Leasingcontracts租賃合同F(xiàn)inancialleasingcontracts承攬合同Contractsforconstructionprojects建設(shè)工程合同Carriagecontracts運(yùn)輸合同Technologycontracts技術(shù)合同Safekeepingcontracts保管合同Warehousingcontracts倉(cāng)庫(kù)合同Agencyappointmentcontracts委托合同Trading-trustcontracts行紀(jì)合同Brokeragecontracts居間合同第6頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六Unit1BusinessWriting

商務(wù)英語(yǔ)寫作一、學(xué)習(xí)目的與要求本單元主要講述商務(wù)英語(yǔ)寫作的基本概念。學(xué)習(xí)本單元的目的是要了解商務(wù)英語(yǔ)寫作的寫作要求，寫作形式與寫作過(guò)程及步驟。在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中，要注意下列問(wèn)題：（1）商務(wù)英語(yǔ)寫作的目的；（2）商務(wù)英語(yǔ)寫作的體裁形式與寫作要求；（3）商務(wù)英語(yǔ)寫作的進(jìn)行步驟。第7頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六二、考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)與考核目標(biāo)

（一）商務(wù)英語(yǔ)寫作的進(jìn)行步驟（重點(diǎn)）識(shí)記：商務(wù)英語(yǔ)寫作的步驟：（1）planning計(jì)劃（2）research調(diào)研（3）organization組織（4）composition起草（5）revision修改（6）editingandproofreading編輯及校對(duì)（7）writingchecklist列出注意事項(xiàng)應(yīng)用：1.寫作計(jì)劃2.文章修改與校對(duì)第8頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六（二）商務(wù)英語(yǔ)寫作的寫作要求（次重點(diǎn)）識(shí)記：商務(wù)英語(yǔ)寫作課程開設(shè)的意義

Business(includingcommercial,technicalandofficial)correspondenceisavitalfactorinmakingtheworldofbusinessruneffectivelyandproductively.Nomodernbusinessescouldexistforlongwithoutlettersandotherformsofwrittencommunications.Outwardbusinessletters,documentsandpapersarereflectionsofacompany’simage.Awell-developedandpreparedbusinessdocumentwillallowyouandyourorganizationtobuildconfidence,competenceandtrustworthinessinyoursuppliers,customers,community,financialcircles,regulatorybodiesandotherpublic.Therefore,agoodknowledgeofwrittencommunicationsiscrucialforthepeopleinvolvedinbusiness.Yourcareersuccess,frombothapersonalandprofessionalstandpoint,willdependtoagreatextentonyourabilitytocommunicate.Regardlessofyourspecificprofessionandresponsibilities,yourabilitytothinkandwrite—precisely,thoroughly,originallyrepresentsthemostvaluablecontributionyoucanmaketoyourorganization.Thereareundoubtedlyothermenandwomenwhocandowhatyoudo,perhapsnotquitesowell,butwellenoughtogetthejobdone.Butnoonecanduplicateyourthoughtandwritingprocesses.Soanythingyoucandotoimproveyourabilitytothinkandwriteisadditionalsuccessinsurance.Peopleevaluateyoubothformallyandinformallybyyourcommunicationskills(Wetypicallytendtogaugetheintelligenceofothersandtheirabilitytodoagivenjobbytheiruseoflanguageandothercommunicationskills).Knowingyourjobresponsibilitieswon’tbeenoughforsuccessonthejob.Youneedtobeabletogetyourideasacrosstoothersespeciallyinwriting.理解：1.商務(wù)英語(yǔ)寫作的基本要求2.商務(wù)英語(yǔ)寫作的效用3.商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的寫作風(fēng)格第9頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六（三）商務(wù)英語(yǔ)寫作的目的及重要性（一般）識(shí)記：1.商務(wù)英語(yǔ)寫作的重要性2.商務(wù)英語(yǔ)寫作的目的理解：高質(zhì)量寫作的益處第10頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六KeyUnit11T2F3T4T5T6F7T8F9T10F11F12T13F14T15T16T17T18F19T20T第11頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六Expressivewriting–Expressivewritingismainlyconcernedwithacademiclearning.Itispersonalandinformal,employedtoencouragecomprehensionandreflectiononthepartofthewriter.Open-endedandcreative,expressivewritingisagoodwaytostartlearningaboutatopic.Theprocessofwriting–arestlesscycleofinquiry,composition,andrevision–pushesstudentsandlearnerstowardthetruegoalsofhighereducation:criticalthinking,creativity,analysis,synthesis,andinformedjudgment.Inthisview,then,writingisprimarilyaboutthinkingandlearning,notshowingoffwhatyoualreadyknow.Ifawritingtaskteachesyounothing,assignmenthasbeenafailure.第12頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六Communicativewriting–Bycontrast,communicativewritingisanalytic,formalandmoreorlessimpersonal.Itpresupposesthatthewriteralreadyhasconsiderableknowledgeandunderstandingofthetopic,andiswritingtoinformortopersuadeareader.Itdemandsadherencetoestablishedconventionsoftone,voice,diction,evidence,andcitation;theseconventionswillvaryaccordingtodisciplineandtype(e.g.memo,E-mail,businessreport,plan,andproposal,labreport,historypaper,legalbrief).WriterscommunicatetheirthoughtstoothersinwritingviaproperapplicationofmethodsofPersuadingandInforming.第13頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六Business–Accordingtothelexicaldefinitions,thetermofbusinesscoversoperationsofallorganizations,notjustconfinedtothecommercialorganizations.Everyorganizationoreverybusinesstransaction(ordealing)requirescommunication–aphonecall,meeting,letter,memo,oralpresentation,formalreport,contract,complaintorclaim–andthesuccessofthebusinessdealingsdependsontheeffectivenessoftheoralandwrittencommunications.Oneoftheclichésinbusinessisthatnothinghappensuntilsomebodysellssomething.Communicationiscentralinbusinessbecauseitiscentralinlife:itestablishesrelationships,andmakeshumanorganizationpossible.第14頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六Businesswriting–Itgoeswithoutsayingthat“business”coversanextremelybroadspectrumofentitiesandactivities,andyouprobablyalsoaware,atleastintuitively,that“businesswriting”coversanequallybroadspectrumoforganizationsandbusinessactivities.Therefore,whenwetalkabout“businesswriting,”we’retalkingaboutagreatmanydifferentthings.Inotherword,nobodyreadsbusinessdocumentsorwritingsforpleasure.Businesswritingdiffersfromotherwritingsinthefollowingfeatures:Purposeful–Itsolvesproblems,conveysinformation,callsforactions,recordseventsandsoon;Transactional(result-oriented)–Eachwritingordocumentmustaccomplishonespecifictask.Ifnot,thewritingismeaningless;Reader-oriented--Itfocusesonthereceiver,notthesender;Dynamic–Businesswritersarewritinginthedynamicandchangingbusinessenvironments;andEconomical–Timeismoney,andresourcesarelimited.Wemustmakefulluseofthem,includingtime.第15頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六Writingprocess–Thewritingprocessconsistsofseriesofsteps(ofplanning,research,organization,composition,revision,editing&proofreading)carriedouttocompleteawritingjobinadefiniteorder.Itprovidesaframeworktolearnaboutbusinesswriting.Sincewritingisarecursiveratherthanlinearbusinessactivities,itcompelsustorealizethatwritingisanongoing,dynamicprocess.Indeed,apieceofwritingisneverreallyfinished–it’smerelydeliveredtoadeadline.第16頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六AboutWritingAssignments

Thistaskisdesignedtomakethestudentsandlearnersthink,andthinkhard.Itisagoodideatoaskyourstudentstoreflectonthetextcontentsandsomeotherreadings.Asaninstructor,youdon’thavetogooverthedetailsofeachhomewritingjobbecausethiswillonlycreateanatmospherethatpropelslearnerstodevelopthesymptomof“writingblock.”Agoodgradingstrategy,basedontheattitudes,levelofefforts,progression,generalqualityofwriting,willhelpstudentsandlearnersbuildconfidenceandgetenculturatedintorightwritingnormsinthelong-termlearningprocess.

第17頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六Unit2Employment-relatedWritings

求職相關(guān)寫作一、學(xué)習(xí)目的與要求本單元主要介紹求職相關(guān)的商務(wù)英語(yǔ)寫作的基本概念。學(xué)習(xí)本單元的目的是要了解如何進(jìn)行求職簡(jiǎn)歷，求職信的寫作。在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中，要注意下列問(wèn)題：（1）如何撰寫求職簡(jiǎn)歷；（2）求職簡(jiǎn)歷與個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)歷的區(qū)別；（3）求職簡(jiǎn)歷的寫作目的及內(nèi)容要求；（4）如何撰寫求職信；（5）求職相關(guān)信件寫作第18頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六二、考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)與考核目標(biāo)（一）求職簡(jiǎn)歷的寫作（重點(diǎn)）識(shí)記：1.求職簡(jiǎn)歷的定義2.求職簡(jiǎn)歷的內(nèi)容構(gòu)成理解：1.求職簡(jiǎn)歷與個(gè)人簡(jiǎn)歷的區(qū)別

2.求職簡(jiǎn)歷的寫作目的應(yīng)用：1.求職簡(jiǎn)歷的格式

2.求職簡(jiǎn)歷的寫作技巧（二）求職信的寫作（次重點(diǎn)）識(shí)記：1.求職信的定義

2.求職信的種類理解：求職信的內(nèi)容構(gòu)成應(yīng)用：求職信的寫作技巧（三）求職相關(guān)信件寫作（一般）識(shí)記：求職相關(guān)信件的種類（1）follow-upletter（跟進(jìn)）（2）thank-youletter（感謝）（3）jobrejectionletter（拒絕）（4）jobacceptanceletter（接受）（5）resignationletter（辭職）（6）farewellletter（告別）第19頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六1.求職簡(jiǎn)歷的定義

Aresumeisabriefsummaryofone’slifehistoryorthemaineventsofhis/herlife,andgivesabrief,factualsummaryofyourqualificationsbeginningwiththewriter’sbirthandlistinghis/hereducationbackground,workexperience,professionalaccomplishmentsandhobbies.Ashortandmoregenericdefinitionofresumeis:resumesarethesumtotalofthereasonsyougiveaprospectiveemployertohireyou.Itisthatmakesyouappeartobethe“rightmanorwomanfortherightjob”.第20頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六2.求職信的寫作1.求職信的定義Aresumecoverintroducesyourresumeandcoverspointsthattheresumedoesnot.Itis,therefore,awell-writtenoutline,withabriefsummaryofwhoyouareandwhatyouaredoing,andwhatyouwanttodofortheprospectiveemployee.Alternatively,ithighlightsasmallnumberofresumeitemsthataremostrelevanttotheposition/college/businessschoolyouareapplyingfor.2.求職信的種類A.Theapplicationletterwhichrespondstoaknownjobopening.B.Theprospectingletterwhichinquiresaboutpossibleposition.C.Thenetworkingletterwhichrequestsinformationandassistanceinyourjobsearch.第21頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六3.求職相關(guān)信件的種類（1）follow-upletter（跟進(jìn)）（2）thank-youletter（感謝）（3）jobrejectionletter（拒絕）（4）jobacceptanceletter（接受）（5）resignationletter（辭職）（6）farewellletter（告別）第22頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六KEY1F2T3T4T5T6F7F8T9T10T11F12T13T14T15T16T17T18T19T20TCommonresumeformats–p.21Essentialcontentsofaresume-p.22Resumeobjectives-p.23Typesofresumecoveringletters-p.25Contentformatofaresumecover-p.26Fiveimportanttipsforwritingagoodcoverletter–p.27第23頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六Unit3MemoandLetterWriting備忘錄及信函寫作一、學(xué)習(xí)目的與要求本單元主要講述如何進(jìn)行備忘錄及信函寫作。學(xué)習(xí)本單元的目的是要學(xué)習(xí)備忘錄及信函寫作的基本格式與要求，了解何為8C原則，熟悉短文寫作技巧。在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中，要注意下列問(wèn)題：（1）備忘錄及信函寫作的格式；（2）8C標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的內(nèi)容；（3）商務(wù)短文寫作結(jié)構(gòu)類型。第24頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六二、考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)與考核目標(biāo)（一）備忘錄及信函寫作（重點(diǎn)）識(shí)記：備忘錄的功能理解：1.備忘錄的寫作指導(dǎo)原則2.商務(wù)信函的寫作指導(dǎo)原則應(yīng)用：1.備忘錄的寫作格式

2.商務(wù)信函的寫作結(jié)構(gòu)（三）商務(wù)短文寫作（一般）識(shí)記：商務(wù)短文寫作的五種不同類型理解：商務(wù)短文寫作要求（二）8C原則（次重點(diǎn)）識(shí)記：8C原則的內(nèi)容clarity（清晰性）correctness（正確性）concreteness（具體性）completeness（完整性）consideration（周到性）courtesy（禮貌性）conciseness（簡(jiǎn)潔性）coherence（一致性）應(yīng)用：8C原則指導(dǎo)下的寫作要求第25頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六Key1T2F3T4F5T6T7T8T9T10T第26頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六1.FunctionofaBusinessMemo備忘錄的功能1.Mostoftenamemoisanannouncement,reminder,request,orupdateaboutacertainevent,codeofconduct,policy,orprocedure.2.Amemoalsocandiscussinformationofatechnicalorbusinessnatureinanalmost“mini-report”fashion.3.Abusinessmemohelpsmembersofanorganizationcommunicatewithouttheneedfortime-consumingmeetings.4.Memosarealsowidelyusedtogivedirectives,summarizefieldorlabreports,presentprogressorstatusreports,anddelivertripreports.第27頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六2.8C’sforMessageFormation

8C原則的內(nèi)容

Clarity-Thebaselineofworkplacewritingisclarity,particularlyininternationalcommunications.Lettersmustbeclearinwhattheysay.Clarityisapresuppositionforotherprescriptions,andisstressedbymanagementtheorists,gurusandpractitioners.Itinvolvesaconscientiousefforttoensurethatourwritingtobothinternalandexternalcustomersisasdearandeasytounderstandaspossible.Allwritingadvicehasboileddowntoonesentence;besuccinct.Keepyourmessageshortandtothepoint.Goodwriterbuildideasfromsentencetosentence.Thesimpledeclarativesentenceistheeasiestwaytoprocessinformation.Sentencesthatdifferfromthatsimplestructuremaycausereadabilityproblems.Thetrickistouseconversationaltoneforyourbusinesswritingbecauselanguageusedinlettersandemailswassupposedtobemodeledoneverydayspeechofwell-educatedperson,withoutslippingintovulgarities.第28頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六Correctness–Correctnessisallaboutmakingitright.Lettersfilledwitherrorsaredistracting.Readersgetsodistractedbymisspelledwordsandpoorgrammarthattheymissthepoint.Ifyousendaletterthat’sfilledwithmistakes,yourrealmessageisthatyouaresloppyandcareless.So,correctnessisprimarilyconcernedwiththemasteryofEnglishgrammar.Thisisnosurprise.Withaclearunderstandingofthefundamentalsofgrammar,onehasasolidbaseonwhichtocontinuallyrefineone’sknowledgeofgrammar.Alliedwiththiscompetenceisthemasteryofthemechanicsofwriting.Again,thisisnosurprise.Theabilitytoformcoherentsentencesandparagraphsisessentialforgreatwriting.Onecanalsodeveloppowerfulskillssuchaspredominantlyusingactionwords,delimitingsubjectmatterwithineachparagraph,editingone’swritingsoitreadsmoothly,andsoon.第29頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六Concreteness–Concretenessisaboutmakingitconcreteratherthanabstract.Concreteandabstractpatternsoflanguagereflectanauthor’swordchoice.Abstractwords(forexample,“wisdom,”“power,”“beauty”and“dedication”)refertogeneralideas,qualities,orconditions.Theyrepresentanabstractorintangibleconcept.Concretewordsnamematerialobjectsanditemsassociatedwiththefivesenses–wordslike“rock,”“computer,”“operatingmanual”and“basketball.”Theyareobjectsandsubstancesthatexistphysically.Bothabstractandconcretelanguagesareusefulincommunicatingideas.Generallyyoushouldnotbetooabstractinbusinesswriting.Itisbesttoemployconcretewords,namingthingsthatcanbeseen,touched,smelled,heard,ortastedinordertosupportgeneralizations,topicsentences,ormoreabstractidea.Abstractionsmaybeinterpretedsomewhatdifferentlyfromonereadertothenextandthereforemaynotalwaysbeappropriateforbusinesswritingforexternalaudiences.Concretenouns,however,helptoconveyspecificdetailandcommunicatefactsratherthanimpressions.第30頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六Completeness-Yourresponsibilityasacommunicatoristoplan,shapeandassembleyouroutgoingmessageandinformationsothatitwillbecomplete.Theoppositesideofcompletemessageandinformationisincomplete.Let’sassumeinacasewhereyourdecisionwasmadebasedtheincompletemessageandinformation,andthenwhatwouldhappen?Youeithermightn’tgetthereorsufferedalossbecauseofpoor,deficient,distortedinformationandmessage.Acompletemessageorinformationpreventsapoorimpressionsandunwantedoutcome,andsavestimeforthereader.Unnecessarylettersadduptounnecessarytimeandcosts.第31頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六Consideration–Considerationisallaboutadaptation(writinginyoucustomers’shoes).Thestylesofamemoandlettershouldbeadaptedtothereaderandthesubject.Tosuperiorsitshouldberespectfulanddeferential;toinferiors,courteous;tofriends,familiar;torelations,affectionate;tochildren,simpleandplayful.Onimportantsubjectsitshouldbeforcibleandimpressive;onlightersubjects,easyandsprightly;incondolence,tenderandsympathetic;incongratulations,livelyandjoyous.Atsomepointinourlives,mostofushavereceivedanangryletter.Yourlettersmayhavecomefromajiltedlover,anex-spouseandanangryrelative,acreditor.Whatdidyoufeelafterreadingthoseangryletters?Youmayfeelashamed,guiltyandthreatened,right?Inbusiness,lettersfilledwithangry,blamingstatementswillalienateyourcustomers,suppliers,anyneutraldecision-makers,mediators,hearingofficers,orjudges.Sarcastic,threateningandintimidatingletterswillcreatenegativeemotionsinyourclients’memorybank.Soifyou’retemptedtofireoffaletter,youmaytriggeranegativesympathyfactoramongyourcustomers.Itwon’tdogoodtoyouandyourbusinessatall.Rememberingtoconsiderationrequiresbusinesswriterstowritetobeunderstood,nottooverwhelm.Thismeansyouneedtoexpressideasinafashionyourreaderscanreadquickly,understand,rememberandactupon.Let’sputitanotherway.Keepyourbusinesswritingconversational.Yourbusinesswritingshouldsoundasnaturalasatelephoneconversation.That’sallbusinesswritingis–conversationonpaper.Inhisbook,“TalkingStraight,”LeeIacoccawrote,“writethewayyoutalk.Ifyoudon’ttalkthatway,don’twritethatway.”Inschool,youaretoldtousevariousacademicparadigmstoimpresspeoplewithyourvocabulary.Intheworkplace,youshouldtapyourknowledgeofbusinesslanguageskillfullytoinform,topersuadeortocommunicate.Youwillbenotwritingforgettingagrade,butforgettingyourdesiredbusinessresult.Thetrickisnottomakepeopleguesswhatyoumean.第32頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六Courtesy–Mindingyourmannersnotonlymattersinyouroralcommunicationbutequally,ifnotmore,importantinthewrittencommunication.Courtesyisawritingqualityofmessageinwhichthewritermustshowhis/herownsincere,politeandgraciousmanners.Writinginthereader’sshoesisnotenoughifyoudon’tcareaboutyourimage-buildinginthewrittenmessage.Businesswritersshouldnottakeitforgrantedsimplybecauseyourstyleandtoneoforalandwrittenmessageintheeyesofthereaderreallyhasashort-and-longeffectinthereader’smind.Forinstance,atextfullofbiased,rude,hostile,belligerentandthreateninglanguagemayleaveanindeliblemarkonitsaudience.Writersdonothaveluxuryoftreatingcasuallyanywritingthattheydo.Wordsoutliveactions.Thus,courtesyrequiresyoutowritepolite,considerateanddiplomatic“Mr.Manners”Letters,listingtheproblemsbutkeepingyoustyleandtonepleasant,professionalandbusinesslike.第33頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六Conciseness–Emailsandlettersmustbeconcise.Brevityishighlydesirable.Ontheotherhand,thesubjectmattershoulddeterminelength,andclarity,aboveall,shouldnotbesacrificedforconciseness.Asdiscussedabove,wemustfirstmakeourmessagesclearinwhattheysay,andthenconsidermakingitconcise.Conversely,conciseandsuccinctlanguageenhancesclarity.Concisenessisallaboutmethodsofeliminatingwordiness.ConcisenessmeansyouwriteandsayinthefewestpossiblewordswithoutsacrificingtheotherCqualities.Aconcisemessagesavestimeandexpensesforbothsenderandreceiver.Concisenesscontributestoemphasisandmakeimportantideasstandout,andlastlonger.第34頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六Coherence–Coherenceisaqualityineffectivewritingthatresultsfromthecarefulorderingofeachsentenceinaparagraphandeachparagraphinthepaper.Ifanessay(theparagraph)iscoherent,eachpart(eachsentence)willgrownaturallyandlogicallyfromthoseparts(sentences)thatcomebeforeit.Followingcarefulchronological,logical,spatial,orsequentialorderisthemostnaturalwaytoachievecoherenceinwriting.Themaindevicesusedinachievingcoherencearetransitions,whichhelptoconnectonethoughtwithanother.Unityisanotherqualityofeffectivewritingcloselyassociatedwithcoherence.Thesetwoqualitiescan’tfallapartsimplybecausecohesivesentencesandpartsarenotnecessarilyunifiedorconsistentwiththecentralideainanessay.Unityisafeatureinanessaywherebyallmaterialrelatestoacentralconceptandcontributestothemeaningofthewhole.Toachieveaunifiedeffectinanessay,thewritermustdesignaneffectiveintroductionandconclusion,maintainconsistenttoneorpointofview,developmiddleparagraphinacoherent,congruent,andconsistentmanner,andaboveallsticktothesubject,neverpermittingunimportantorirrelevantelementstoenter.Congruityisalsocloselyalliedwithcoherenceinwriting.Makingyourmessagecongruentisaboutmakingitharmoniousandflowing.Youmayhavemanygreatideas,butpresentthempoorly.Readersmayhavehardtimegetatit.Congruityrequiresbusinesswriterstodeveloptheirideas,conceptsandthoughtsin2directionsofeffortstobecongruent.Inonedirection,wemustadmitthat“thinkingandlanguagearelinkedtogether,”asAlbertEinsteinsaid.In“so-calledabstractconcepts,languagebecomesaninstrumentofreasoninginthetruesenseoftheword.Butitisalsothisdevelopmentwhichturnslanguageintoadangeroussourceoferroranddeception.”Intheotherdirection,“wemayconcludethatthementaldevelopmentoftheindividualandhiswayofformingconceptsdependtoahighdegreeuponlanguage.”(AlbertEinstein’sessayonTheCommonLanguageofScience).Consistencyofpurpose(COP)isthemostimportantwritingvirtuebecausewithoutCOPyoucan’tpracticeanyothervirtuesconsistently.Inotherword,youcanpracticeanyvirtueerratically,butnothingconsistentlywithoutCOP.Unlessyourorganizationusesaspecificstylemanualforitswrittencommunications,themostimportantthingistoremainconsistent,bothwithinaparticulardocument,andfromdocumenttodocument.Furthermore,businesswritersmustconnecttheirwritingwiththecompany’smission,objectives,strategiesandpolicies.Forinstance,acompanydeclaresitselfasacustomer-focused,quality-orientedandenvironment-friendlyorganization.Butinreality,thecompanyhasneveradoptedproceduresinwritingandtraineditsemployeesforexecution.Thismayonlycreatemistrustamongthepublics.第35頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六3.商務(wù)短文寫作的五種不同類型

ShortDocuments1.MessagetoObtainInformation信息咨詢函2.WritingPositiveMessage積極信息的信函3.NagativeMessages含有負(fù)面信息的信函4.PersuasiveMessages說(shuō)服溝通便函5.MessagethatNegotiate談判便函第36頁(yè)，共91頁(yè)，2023年，2月20日，星期六Forms

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