美國文學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)重點

1.ColonialAmerican(1607-1765)PuritanisminAmerica清教主義1.Influence

①AmericanPuritanismwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.Ithasbecome,tosomeextent,somuchastateofmind(思維模式),ratherthanasetoftenets.(['t?n?t]教義)②Tothem,religionwasamatterofprimaryimportance.③Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination(命運),originalsin(原罪),totaldepravity(墮落),andlimitedatonement(贖罪)throughaspecialinfusion([?n'fju?n]神典)ofgracefromGod.[John,Calvin]④Inaword,AmericanPuritansarereadyforanymisfortuneandtragicfailuresthatmightlieinwaitforthem.2.ColonialAmericadidnotalwayswritethewayAnneBradstreetandEdwardTaylorwrote.Somepeoplewroteforcivilandreligiousfreedom,andsomeotherswroteforAmericashakingoff(擺脫)thefetter(束縛)ofthesavage(殘酷)andrapacious(貪婪)Britishcolonialrule.3.EarlywritersJohnSmithADescriptionofNewEngland《新英格蘭敘事》AnneBradstreet(firstAmericanpoet)TenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmerica(1650)《第十位詩神》.OntheBurningofOurHouse《寫在我家失火之際》EdwardTaylor(finest出色的)Huswifery《家務(wù)》UponaSpiderCatchingaFly《蜘蛛撲捉蒼蠅之遐想》Chapter2.TheperiodofEnlightenmentandtheIndependenceWar(1765-1800)Eighteenth-centuryAmericanthinkingwasdominatedbytwobasicpatternsofthought.Towardthelatterpartoftheseventeenthcentury,acompletelynewviewoftheuniversecameintobeing.(Deism自然神論)BenjaminFranklin(Enlightenmentthinkersandwriters)1）PoorRichard’sAlmanac《格言歷書》（Maxims格言andaxioms哲理)2）Autobiography《自傳》Itisperhapsthefirstrealpost-revolutionary(開山之作)AmericanwritingaswellasthefirstrealautobiographyinEnglish.Itgivesusthesimpleyetimmensely(全面)fascinatingrecordofamanrisingtowealthandfamefromastateofpovertyandobscurity(卑微)intowhichhewasborn,thefaithfulaccountofthecolorfulcareerofAmerica’sfirstself-mademan.(自我奮斗成功)c．Comments1)Firstofall,itisapuritandocument(清教徒傳記).Themostfamoussectiondescribeshisscientificschemeofself-examination(審視)andself-improvement(完善).2)Itisalsoaneloquentelucidation(清楚表明)ofthefactthatFranklinwasspokesmanfortheneworderofeighteenthcenturyenlightenment,andthatherepresentedinAmericaallitsideas,thatmanisbasicallygoodandfree(善良自由),bynatureendowed(賦予)byGodwithcertaininalienable(不可剝奪的)rightsoflibertyandthepursuitofhappiness.3)ItisthepatternofPuritan(典型清教寫作風(fēng)格)simplicity,directness,andconcision(明朗).Theplainness(平實)ofitsstyle,thehomeliness(通俗)ofimagery(比喻),thesimplicityofdiction(措詞),syntaxandexpressionaresomeofthesalient(突出)featureswecannotmistake.3.HectorStJohndeCrevecoeurLettersFromanAmericanFarmer?美國農(nóng)人書簡?或者《信札》\AmericanRomanticism（1800-1865）Section1EarlyRomanticPeriodWhatisRomanticism?A．Romanticismisaliterarymovementthroughoutthe19thCanditcanbedividedintotheearlyperiodandthelateperiod.Alsoitremainspowerfulincontemporaryliteratureandart.B.ItstartedwiththepublicationofWashingtonIrving'sTheSketchBookandendedwithWhitman'sLeavesofGrass.C.Romanticismisassociatedwithimaginationandboundlessness,ascontrastedwithclassicism,D.ThemostclearlydefinedromanticliterarymovementintheU.S.wasTranscendentalism.E.TherepresentativesoftheearlyperiodincludesWashingtonIrvingandJamesFenimoreCooper.WaldoEmersonHistoricalBackground:1.AmericanPuritanism2.NewEnglandTranscendentalMovement3.AmericanwestwardExpansion.AmericanRomanticismFeatures：Americanromanticismwasinawayderivate:AmericanromanticwritingwassomeofthemmodelledonEnglishandEuropeanworks.Americanromanticismisaculturalheritage(文化遺產(chǎn)),AmericanmoralvalueswerebasicallyPuritan.Americanromanticismwasbothimitativeandindependent.WriterslikeEmersonandWhitmanthoughtandwrotedifferently.TheycallingforthecreationofanativeAmericancultureandliterature,represent“thedeeperforces(堅實力量)”ofaRomanticismsatonceindigenous(本土化)anduniversal(廣為人知).1.WashingtonIrving--OneofthefirstAmericanwriterstoearnaninternationalreputation,anearlyRomanticwriter,andFatheroftheAmericanshortstories,TheFatherofAmericanLiterature,“theAmericanGoldsmith”Work：AHistoryofNewYork《紐約外史》（DK）wonhimwidepopularity

TheSketchBook《見聞札記》（GC）woninternationalfame→containsGermanfolktalesRipVanWinkle,TheLegendofSleepyHollowTheHistoryoftheLifeandVoyagesofChristopherColumbus《哥倫布市傳》AChronicleoftheConquestofGranada《攻克格拉納達》TheAlhambra《阿爾罕伯拉》Selections:RipVanWinkle:Ihaveobservedthathewasasimple,good-naturedman;hewas,moreover,akindneighborandanobedient,henpeckedhusband.Rip’ssoledomesticadherentwashisdogWolf,whowasasmuchhenpeckedashismaster;Foralongwhileheusedtoconsolehimself,whendrivenfromhome,byfrequentingakindofperpetualclubofthesages,philosophers,andotheridlepersonagesofthevillage,whichhelditssessionsonabenchbeforeasmallinn,designatedbyarubicundportraitofhismajestyGeorgetheThird.“TheUnionHotel,byJonathanDoolittle.”InsteadofthegreattreewhichusedtoshelterthequietlittleDutchinnofyore,therenowwasrearedatallnakedpole,withsomethingonthetopthatlookedlikearednightcap,andfromitwasflutteringaflag.Theredcoatwaschangedforoneofblueandbuff,aswordwasstuckinthehandinsteadofascepter,theheadwasdecoratedwithacockedhat,andunderneathwaspaintedinlargecharacters,GENERALWASHINGTON.TheLegendofSleepyHollowTarryTown,NewYork,IchabodCrane,Literarycareer:twoparts---1809~1832SubjectsareeitherEnglishorEuropeanConservativelovefortheantique---1832~1859:backtoUSStyle–beautiful,Romanticism,Humor,Ironyavoidingmoralizing–amusingandentertainingenvelopingstoriesinanatmospherevividandtruecharactershumour–smilingwhilereadingmusicallanguage2.JamesFenimoreCooper(theAmericanScott)a.Heisthefirstborderwriter;(邊疆作家)b.CreatedamythabouttheformativeperiodofAmericannation;（創(chuàng)造了美國格式化時代的神話）c.Helpedintroducethe“Western”traditionintoAmericanliteratureWork：A：LeatherstockingTales《皮襪子故事集》(masterpiece,aseriesoffivenovels)ThePioneers《拓荒者》ThePrairie(1827),《大草原》(1823)---oldTheLastofMohicans(1826),《最后的莫西干人》ThePathfinder《探路者》(1840)---middle-age,TheDeerslayer(1841)《殺鹿人》---youth(ThisprocessistheAmericanquestforanidealcommunity.)AnalysisofNattyBumppo:PresentedasanidealAmerican,livingavirtuousandfreelifeinGod’sworld.Tohimthewildernessisgood,pure,perfect,wherethereisfreedomnottainted（變質(zhì)）byhumaninstitutions;Hefind“civilization”bothcorruptandcorrupting;Thecivilizationispoisonedattherootfromtheverybeginning.AnalysisofJudgeTemple:JudgeTempleisagoodindicationofCooper’sambivalence(矛盾)，asaWriteroffrontierlife;Heisamanofhonorandintegrity.HeisasmuchafrontiersmanasNattyBumppo;Herepresents“thepracticallyinevitable”(實實在在的實用)aspectoffrontierlife,Hesymbolizeslawandcivilization.Histhemes:Nativesubjectoffrontierandwilderness(荒原)Newsourcesoffiction.Section2AmericanTranscendentalism（summitoftheRomanticMovement）（1836-1860）Appearance：1836,“Nature”byEmersonBackground:TheMexican-AmericaWar(1846-1848)美西戰(zhàn)爭，Thewestwardexpansion西部大開發(fā)開始WhatisTranscendentalism：（Puritanheritage+Foreigninfluence）appearedin1830sinUSemphasisonspiritorOversoulandstressingimportanceoftheindividualregardingnatureassymbolsofthespiritorGodandemphasisonbrotherhoodofmanrepresentatives:RalphWaldoEmersonandHenryDavidThoreauResources：TranscendentalistClubinNewEngland—theDial《日晷》Featuresspirit/oversoul(超靈)importanceofindividualismnature–symbolofspirit/God;garment(外衣)oftheoversoulSignificanceA.influencedalargegroupofwriters

B.summitofAmericanRomanticism

C.markedtheindependenceofAmericanliteratureTranscendentalism:quotes----“Gobacktonature,sinkyourselfbackintoitsinfluenceandyou’llbecomespirituallywholeagain.”1.RalphWaldoEmerson(FatherofTranscendentalism)Works:Nature自然(1836)：“themanifesto(宣言)ofAmericantranscendentalism”and“theBibleofNewEnglandTranscendentalism.”----“atransparenteyeball”TheAmericanScholar美國學(xué)者(1837)："America'sDeclarationofIntellectualIndependence"(知識分子獨立宣言)Self-Reliance論自助:theimportanceofcultivatingoneself(自我培養(yǎng))----individualism2.HenryDavidThoreauCivilDisobedience《論公民的不服從》Walden：aseriesof18essays；ComparingwithEmersonwhowasagreatthinker,ThoreauwasagreatexperimentalistSelection:“IwentintothewoodsbecauseIwishedtolivedeliberately,tofrontonlytheessentialfactsoflifeandseeifIcouldnotlearnwhatithastoteach,andnot,whenIcametodie,discoverthatIhadnotlived.“Welivemeanly,likeants;thoughthefabletellsusthatwewerelongagochangedintomen...itiserroruponerrorandcloutuponclout,andourbestvirtuehasforitsoccasionasuperfluousandevitablewretchedness.Ourlifeisfritteredawaybydetail..”3.NathanielHawthorne(Typicalromanticwriter;borninMassachusetts)Works:Majorromancesornovels：TheScarletLetter《紅字》(1850)(HesterPrynne女主；ArthurDimmesdale情人；RogerChillingworth丈夫)TheHouseoftheSevenGables《七個尖角閣的房子》(MatthewMaule被害死，壞人也受到詛咒而死---sinwillgetpunished)TheBlithedaleRomance《福谷傳奇》(1852)TheMarbleFaun《玉石雕像》(1860)Shortstories：Twice-ToldTales 1837《故事重述》MossesfromanOldManse 1843《古宅青苔》TheSnow-Image,andOtherTwice-ToldTales 1852《雪人和其他重講一遍的故事》PuritanbackgroundTheBirth-Mark《胎記》(1843)Rappaccini’sDaughter《拉帕奇尼的女兒》(1844)TheMinister’sBlackVeil《教長的黑面紗》(1836)YoungGoodmanBrown《好小伙子布朗》(1835)*TheScarletLetter(清教思想融入了美國浪漫主義，象征手法)：Adultery(通奸)—Able(能干)—Angle(天使)ThescarletletterAisambiguous(不明確的).Andtheambiguityisoneofthesalient(顯著的)characteristicsofHawthorne’sart.*YoungGoodmanBrown:(GoodmanBrownandFaith)Everyonepossessessomeevilsecret.Hawthorne’spointofviewEvilisatthecoreofhumanlife.(2)Wheneverthereissin,thereispunishment.Sinorevilcanbepassedfromgenerationtogeneration.(3)Evileducates.(4)Hehasdisgustinscience.Onesourceofevilisoverweening(tooproudofoneself)intellect.4.HermanMelville(全拼—Goingouttosea;marriage;friendshipwithHawthorne)Works:Typee?泰皮?Omoo?歐穆?Mardi?瑪?shù)?SouthPacificislandsRedburn?雷得本?voyagetoEnglandWhiteJacket?白外衣?UnitedStatesPierre?皮埃爾?BillyBudd《比利?巴德》(asignthathehadresolvedhisquarrelwithGod)Clarel《克拉萊爾》(apoem)Moby-Dick?白鯨?(masterpieces)thefirstAmericanproseepic散文史詩anencyclopedia百科全書ofeverythingaShakespeareantragedyofmanfightingagainstfatesPrincipalCharactersIshmael(Thenarratorofthestory)；CaptainAhabThesymbolismofMobby-Dick

1.Thevoyagetocatchthewhitewhaleistheoneofthemindinquestofthetruthandknowledgeofuniverse.

2.ToAhab,thewhaleisanevilcreatureortheagentofanevilforcethatcontroltheuniverse.Astoreaders,thewhaleisasymbolofphysicallimits,orasymbolofnature.Italsocanstandfortheultimatemysteryoftheuniverseandthewallbehindwhichunknownmaliciousthingsarehiding.5.WaltWhitman（Freeverse（自由體詩）,Envelopestructure（信件結(jié)構(gòu)）I-me,mynation(society),Catalogue）Work：LeavesOfGrass《草葉集》writteninthefoundingdocumentsofboththeRevolutionaryWarintheUnitedStatesandtheCivilWar.Including：1.ThereWasaChildWentForth2.CavalryCrossingaFord3.SongofMyself

ThereWasaChildWentForth《一個孩子的成長》howachildisgreatlyinfluencedbyhisgrowingenvironments,beidentifiedwiththechildhoodofayoung,growingAmerica.Selectedreadings：Therewasachildwentfortheveryday,Andthefirstobjecthelook'dupon,thatobjecthebecame,Andthatobjectbecamepartofhimforthedayoracertainpartoftheday,Orformanyyearsorstretchingcyclesofyears.Theearlylilacsbecamepartofthischild,Andgrassandwhiteandredmorning-glories,andwhiteandredclover,andthesongofthephoebe-bird,AndtheThird-monthlambsandthesow'spink-faintlitter,andthemare'sfoalandthecow'scalf,Andthenoisybroodofthebarnyardorbythemireofthepond-side,IHearAmericaSinging《我聽見美利堅在歌唱》Selectedreadings：IhearAmericansinging,thevariedcarolsIhear,Thoseofmechanics,eachonesinginghisasitshouldbeblitheandstrongThecarpentersinginghisashemeasureshisplankorbeam,Themasonsinginghisashemakesreadyforwork,orleavesoffwork,Theboatmansingingwhatbelongstohiminhisboat,thedeckhand

singingonthesteamboatdeck.Theshoemakersingingashesitsonhisbench,Thehattersingingashestands,

Thewood-cutter’ssong,theploughboy'sonhiswayinthemorning,

oratnoonintermissionoratsundown,Thedelicioussingingofthemother,oroftheyoungwifeatwork,orofthegirlsewingorwashing,Eachsingingwhatbelongstohimorherandtononeelse,Thedaywhatbelongstotheday-atnightthepartyofyoung

fellows,Robust,friendly,Singingwithopenmothstheirstrongmelodioussongs.SongofMyself《自我之歌》Thelongestandthebest.Whitmanisamanbubblingwithenergyandladen(裝滿)withideas,spontaneous(自發(fā)的)expressionofhisoriginalideasSongofMyself

Selectedreadings：ICELEBRATEmyself,andsingmyself,AndwhatIassumeyoushallassume,Foreveryatombelongingtomeasgoodbelongstoyou.Iloafeandinvitemysoul,Ileanandloafeatmyeaseobservingaspearofsummergrass.Mytongue,everyatomofmyblood,form'dfromthissoil,thisair,Bornhereofparentsbornherefromparentsthesame,andtheirparentsthesame,nowthirty-sevenyearsoldinperfecthealthbegin,Hopingtoceasenottilldeath.OCaptain!MyCaptain!(Captain"isLincolnhimself)WhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloom’d,(小院丁香花開時)6.EmilyDickenson(AlongwithWhitman,DickinsonisoneofthetwogiantsofAmericanpoetryofthe19thcentury)WorksBecauseICan’tStopforDeath(masterpieceaboutdeath)Selection:BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath—Hekindlystoppedforme—TheCarriageheldbutjustOurselves—AndImmortality.Weslowlydrove—Heknewnohaste.AndIhadputawayMylaborandmyleisuretoo,ForHisCivilityWepassedtheSchool,whereChildrenstrove.AtRecess—intheRing—WepassedtheFieldsofGazingGrain—WepassedtheSettingSun—Orrather—HepassedUs—TheDewsdrewquiveringandchill—ForonlyGossamer,myGown—MyTippet—onlyTulle—WepausedbeforeaHousethatseemedASwellingoftheGround—TheRoofwasscarcelyvisible—TheCornice—intheGround—Sincethen—'tisCenturies—andyetFeelsshorterthantheDayIfirstsurmisedtheHorses'HeadsWeretowardEternity—(Deathisnottobefearedsinceitisanaturalpartoftheendlesscycleofnature.)IHeardaFlyBuzz–WhenIdied(adescriptionofthemomentofdeath)Selection:

I

heard

a

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buzz

---

when

I

died

---

The

stillness

in

the

Room

Was

like

the

stillness

in

the

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--

Between

the

Heaves

of

Storm

--The

Eyes

around

--

had

wrung

when

them

dry

--

And

breaths

were

gathering

firm

For

that

last

Onset

--

when

the

King

Be

witnessed

----

in

the

Room

-

I

willed

my

keepsakes

---Signed

away

What

portion

of

me

be

Assignable

---

and

then

it

was

There

interposed

a

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-With

Blue

-

uncertain

stumbling

Buzz

-

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the

light

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and

me

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themes:basedonherownexperiences/joys/sorrowsreligion–doubtandbeliefaboutreligioussubjectsdeathandimmortalitylove–sufferingandfrustrationcausedbylovephysicalaspectofdesirenature–kindandcruelfreewillandhumanresponsibilityStyle:poemswithouttitlessevereeconomyofexpressiondirectness,brevitymusicaldevicetocreatecadence(rhythm)capitalletters–emphasisshortpoems,mainlytwostanzasrhetorictechniques:personification–makesomeofabstractideasvividComparison:Whitmanvs.DickinsonSimilarities:Thematically,theybothextolled(贊美),intheirdifferentways,anemergentAmerica,itsexpansion,itsindividualismanditsAmericanness,theirpoetrybeingpartof“AmericanRenaissance”.Technically,theybothaddedtotheliteraryindependenceofthenewnationbybreakingfreeoftheconventionoftheiambicpentameterandexhibitingafreedominformunknownbefore:theywerepioneersinAmericanpoetry.differences:Whitmanseemstokeephiseyeonsocietyatlarge;Dickinsonexplorestheinnerlifeoftheindividual.WhereasWhitmanis“national”inhisoutlook,Dickinsonis“regional”.Dickinsonhasthe“cataloguetechnique”(direct,simplestyle)whichWhitmandoesn’thave.

7.EdgarAllenPoe(inventorofthedetective-fiction)WorksNovelsTheTell-taleHeart《泄密的心》TheGold-Bug（偵探小說）《金甲蟲》TheBlackCat《黑貓》TheFalloftheHouseofUsher”《厄舍古屋的倒塌》ThePurloinedLetter”–oneoftheworld’sgreatestdetectivestories.《一封失竊的來信》PoemsToHelen《致海倫》-----physicalbeauty-soulfulbeauty–(選讀)AnnabelLee《安娜貝爾·李》--expressesgreatlossandsadnessSelection:Thatamaidentherelivedwhomyoumayknow住著一位少女你或許認得Secondstanza---Butwelovedwithalovethatwasmorethanlove可我們相愛，愛超越了愛---Covetedherandme.也把我和她妒嫉。TheRaven《黑鴉》（選讀P107）Themesdeath–predominantthemeinPoe’swriting“Poeisnotinterestedinanythingalive.EverythinginPoe’swritingsisdead.”disintegration(separation)oflifehorrornegativethoughtsofscienceAestheticideasTheshortstoriesshouldbeofbrevity,totality,singleeffect,compressionandfinality.Thepoemsshouldbeshort,andtheaimshouldbebeauty,thetonemelancholy.Poemsshouldnotbeofmoralizing.Hecallsforpurepoetryandstressesrhythm.Style–traditional,butnoteasytoread;fatherofpsychoanalyticcriticism(心理分析描寫)，detectivestory.Reputation:“thejingleman”(Emerson)Hisinfluences:偵探小說(detectivestory)鼻祖、科幻小說(sciencefiction)先驅(qū)之一、恐怖小說(horrorfiction)大師、短篇哥特小說巔峰、象征主義(symbolism)先驅(qū)之一，唯美主義(aestheticism)者Chapter3TheAgeofRealism(1865-1914)------TheGildedAge(鍍金時代)1.background:theCivilWaraffectedboththesocialandthevaluesystem

(1)transformedfromanagriculturalonetoanindustrializedandcommercializedone(2)stimulatedtechnologicaldevelopment

(3)Theburgeoningeconomyandindustrysteppedupurbanization

(4)peoplebecamedubiousaboutthehumannatureandthecharityofGod

2.WhatisAmericanrealism?1）Asaliterarymovementrealismcameinthelatterhalfofthenineteenthcenturyasareactionagainst“thelie”ofromanticismandsentimentalism.Itexpressedtheconcernfortheworldofexperience,ofthecommonplace,andforthefamiliarandthelow.2)TheAmericanrealistsadvocated“verisimilitudeofdetailderivedfromobservation,”(通過觀察細致逼真的反映生活)theefforttoapproachthenorm(規(guī)范)ofexperience——arelianceon(通過)therepresentative(刻畫)inplot(情節(jié)),setting(背景),andcharacter(人物),andtoofferanobjectiveratherthananidealized(理想中的)viewofhumannatureandexperience.3)Characteristicstruthfuldescriptionoflifetypicalcharacterundertypicalcircumstanceobjectiveratherthanidealized,closeobservationandinvestigationoflife“Realisticwritersarelikescientists.”open-ending:Lifeiscomplexandcannotbefullyunderstood.Itleavesmuchroomforreaderstothinkbythemselves.concernedwithsocialandpsychologicalproblems,revealingthefrustrationsofcharactersinanenvironmentofsordidnessanddepravity3dominantfiguresoftheperiodareWilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwainandHenryJames.HenryJames–“innerworld”ofmanHowells–focusedonrisingmiddleclassMarkTwain–hisownregionandpeople,particular“l(fā)ocalcolorism”(鄉(xiāng)土文學(xué))1.WilliamDeanHowells–“DeanofAmericanRealism”(美國現(xiàn)實文學(xué)先驅(qū))Works：RealisticfictionAModernInstance(1881),《一個現(xiàn)代的例證》onthethen-newtopicofthesocialconsequencesofdivorceTheRiseofSilasLapham(masterpiece)《塞拉斯·拉帕姆的發(fā)跡》(1885),hisbest-knownworkandoneofthefirstnovelstostudytheAmericanbusinessman(Astoryofanewupstartinmid-nineteenth-centuryBoston,十九世紀中期暴發(fā)戶的故事)房子的象征：Asymbolofhissuccessandaspirationforthepolitesociety.Lapham’smoralrisebeginswithhisfinancialfall;botharedramatizedbythedestructionofthehouse.AHazardofNewFortunes《新財富的危害》(1890)AboutHowell:Comments:AfinespecimenofAmericanrealisticwriting.Thereisnothingheroic,dramaticorextraordinary.Howellsisheresodevotedtothesmall,thetrivial,andthecommonplace.Writingtheme:Emphasizedonethics、sympathyandmoralintegrity,harmony.Againsteconomicindividualism.Competitionhadprovedtherapacity(貪婪)ofman.ThechangeofHowellswriting:“smilingaspects”(快樂因素)usedinaratherironicsense，heisdisillusionedwithAmerica2.HenryJames(thefirstAmericanwritertoconceivehiscareerininternationaltheme)-theforerunnerofthe20th-century“streamofconsciousness”novelandthefounderofpsychologicalrealism,interiormonologue,freeassociation,hislanguageisnotsoeasytounderstandLiterarycareer:threestages（pointofview敘述視角）第一階段：1865~1882:internationalthemeTheAmerican《美國人》(astoryaboutayoungandinnocentAmericanconfrontingthecomplexityoftheEuropeanlife)DaisyMiller《黛西?密勒》anovellaaboutayoungAmericangirlwhogets“killed”bythewinterinRomeinternationalfameforthefirsttime.TheEuropeans《歐洲人》thesceneshiftedbacktoAmerica,wheresomeEuropeanslearnwithdifficultytoadaptthemselvestotheAmericanlife.ThePortraitofaLady《貴婦人畫像》（masterpiece）theclashbetweentheOldWorldandtheNewinthelifejourneyofanAmericangirlinaEuropeanculturalenvironment.Characters：IsabelArcher；RalphTouchett；Theme:Thethemeoffreedomvs.responsibilityAnothermajorthemeofthenovel：Isabel'ssexualfearsanddiffidence.第二階段：1882~1895:inter-personalrelationshipsandsomeplays(Droppingthe“internationaltheme”experimentwithdifferentthemesandforms)NovelsTheBostonians(1886)《波士頓人》ThePrincessCasamassima(1886)《卡薩瑪撒瑪公主》第三階段：1895~1900:novellasandtalesdealingwithchildhoodandadolescence,thenbacktointernationalthemeTheTurnoftheScrew《擰緊的螺絲》（Shortfictions）astoryaboutthetroubledandabnormalpsychologyofoppressedchildren,inwhichawholehouseholdisterrorizedby“ghosts”WhenMaisieKnew《梅吉的見聞》TheWingsoftheDove《鴿翼》(1902)TheAmbassadors《專使》(1903)TheGoldenBowl《金碗》(1904)James'smostinfluentialcontributiontoliteratureLiteraryContributionofJamesLiterarycriticism---TheArtoftheNovel《小說的藝術(shù)》P127Internationaltheme1）James'sfamegenerallyrestsuponhisnovelsandstorieswiththeinternationaltheme.2）Thesenovelsarealwayssetagainstalargerinternationalbackground,usuallybetweenEuropeandAmerica,3）andcenteredontheconfrontationofthetwodifferentcultureswithtwodifferentgroupsofpeoplerepresentingtwodifferentvaluesystems.LiteraryContributionofJames：NovelCreationTheories；PsychologicalRealism；PsychologicalAnalysisofHisCharactersEmphasizingontheinnerawarenessandinwardmovementsofhischaractersinfaceofoutsideoccurrencesratherthandepictingtheenvironmentinanydetail.Localcolorism1860s,1870s~1890s鄉(xiāng)土文學(xué):LocalcolorismisauniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism.Itreferstotheparticularconcernaboutthelocalcharacterofaregion.1.MarkTwain-thetruefatherofAmericanliterature；representativeofrealisminlate19thcentury“MirrorofAmerica”“theLincolnofAmericanliterature”“FatheroftheAmericanNovel”LiteraryCareer-----（experienceontheMississippi）TrilogyofMississippi--密西西比河三部曲LifeontheMississippi《密西西比河上》TheAdventuresofTomSawyer《湯姆索耶歷險記》TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn《哈克貝利?費恩歷險記》--beforetheU.S.CivilWarTheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty《卡拉維拉斯縣馳名的跳蛙》TheInnocentAbroadin《傻瓜出國記》RoughingIt《艱苦歲月》TheGildedAge《鍍金歲月》LifeontheMississippi《密西西比河上》FollowingtheEquator《赤道旅行記》ThePrinceandthePauper《王子與貧兒》Style:1)Colloquiallanguage(通俗語言),vernacularlanguage(方言),dialects2)Localcolour（地方特色）3)Syntacticfeature:sentencesaresimple,brief,andsometimesungrammatical4)Humour5)Talltales(highlyexaggerated)6)Socialcriticism(satireonthedifferentuglythingsinsociety)*AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn（masterpiece,picaresque(流浪漢)novel-“allmodernAmericanliteraturecomes”）“Huck”,atypicalAmericanBoywith“asoundheartandadeformed(畸形的)conscience”,andremarkablefortheraft’sjourneydowntheMississippiriver,throughtheeyesofHuck,weseethepre-CivilWarAmericansociety.MajorTheme（freedom.）Conflictbetweencivilizationand"naturallifeHonor、Food、Mockery(嘲弄)ofReligion、Superstition（迷信）、Slavery（奴隸）、Money、MississippiRiverComparisonofthethree“giants”ofAmericanRealismThemeHowells–middleclassJames–upperclassTwain–lowerclassTechniqueHowells–smiling/genteelrealismJames–psychologicalrealismTwain–localcolourismandcolloquialismAmericanNaturalism（PessimisticRealism）--1865-1915SignificanceItpreparesthewayforthewritingof1920s’“l(fā)ostgeneration”andT.S.Eliot.WhatisNaturalism?environmentandheredityscientificaccuracyandalotofdetailsgeneraltone:hopelessness,despair,gloom,uglysideofthesociety1）Thetermnaturalismdescribesatypeofliteraturethatattemptstoapplyscientificprinciplesofobjectivityanddetachmenttoitsstudyofhumanbeings.2）Throughthisobjectivestudyofhumanbeings,naturalisticwritersbelievedthatthelawsbehindtheforcesthatgovernhumanlivesmightbestudiedandunderstood.3）Naturalisticwritersthususedaversionofthescientificmethodtowritetheirnovels;theystudiedhumanbeingsgovernedbytheirinstinctsandpassionsaswellasthewaysinwhichthecharacters'livesweregovernedbyforcesofheredityandenvironment.NaturalistWritersA．StephenCrane：Maggie—agirlofthestreet(thefirstuncompromisingnaturalisticnovelinAmerica)第一部純正自然主義小說TheRedBadgeofCourage《紅色英勇勛章》B．FrankNorrisMcTeague《麥克提格》—aninterestingnovelverymuchlikeatextbookfornaturalisticfiction自然主義教科書TheodoreDreiserEdwinArlingtonRobinson1.TheodoreDreiser（naturalistschool）WorksSisterCarrie《嘉莉妹妹》Thetrilogy(三部曲):Financier《金融家》,TheTitan《大亨》,TheStoic《斯多葛》AnAmericanTragedy《美國悲劇》Pointofview：HeembracedsocialDarwi