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/詞·清平樂(lè)禁庭春晝,鶯羽披新繡。百草巧求花下斗,只賭珠璣滿(mǎn)斗。日晚卻理殘妝,御前閑舞霓裳.誰(shuí)道腰肢窈窕,折旋笑得君王。建立健全醫(yī)院立體化績(jī)效考核評(píng)價(jià)體系On3-DimensionedPerformanceAssessmentandAppraisalSystem前言:1.Preface在醫(yī)療改革呼聲日益高漲和醫(yī)療市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)不斷加劇的今天,醫(yī)院如何改變?cè)械倪\(yùn)行管理模式,適應(yīng)新形勢(shì)的變化,提高醫(yī)院的核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,是醫(yī)院管理者不可回避的重要問(wèn)題。我國(guó)醫(yī)院的發(fā)展經(jīng)歷了從設(shè)備競(jìng)爭(zhēng)——技術(shù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)——服務(wù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)-—戰(zhàn)略競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的過(guò)程,目前正向文化競(jìng)爭(zhēng)發(fā)展.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)就要有目標(biāo),目標(biāo)是醫(yī)院發(fā)展的方向,在當(dāng)前醫(yī)療市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中,實(shí)施目標(biāo)管理是醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)保持競(jìng)爭(zhēng)實(shí)力的最常用方法之一,更是醫(yī)院管理的最常用手段之一。由于目標(biāo)管理事先有比較明確的目標(biāo)作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和動(dòng)力,人們隨時(shí)進(jìn)行自我管理,并努力完成既定的工作目標(biāo)。目標(biāo)管理輔以績(jī)效考核的手段,可以督促人們?cè)趯?shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)過(guò)程中,及時(shí)調(diào)整方向進(jìn)行資源整合,最終達(dá)到組織利益的實(shí)現(xiàn)。Howcanhospitaltransformthecurrentmodeofoperationandmanagement?Howcanhospitaladaptitselftothenewsituation?Howcanhospitalimproveitscentralcompetitivestrength?Thosechallengeshavetobeapproachedbyhospitalmanagerstodayespeciallywhenhealthcarereformisearnestlycalledforbythemedicalmarketwithintensivecompetition。ThedevelopmentofhospitalsinChinahasexperiencedthecompetitioninequipment,technology,serviceandstrategyrespectivelyandnowisgettingintotheculturalcompetition。Competition,ofcourse,feelslikeanobjective,whichisthedirectionofahospital。Inthemedicalmarketcompetition,however,objectivemanagementisthemostpopularpracticeforamedicalagencytomaintainitscompetitivestrengthaswellastomanageahospital.Asobjectivemanagementcriesoutforadefiniteobjectiveinadvance,whichservesasastandardandimpetus,peoplecanconductselfmanagementatanytimeandstrivetoreachtheirgoal.Withhelpofperformanceappraisal,however,objectivemanagementmayenhancetimelyadjustmentofthecourseduringrealizationoftheobjectivetointegrateresourcesandeventuallytoobtainbenefits。相關(guān)背景資料:2.Background近十年來(lái),隨著國(guó)務(wù)院及其他政府部門(mén)相關(guān)醫(yī)療政策的出臺(tái),以及中國(guó)加入WTO后醫(yī)療市場(chǎng)的逐步對(duì)外放開(kāi),國(guó)內(nèi)的醫(yī)療行業(yè)狀況發(fā)生了巨大的變化。民營(yíng)醫(yī)院大量崛起,其中有些甚至收購(gòu)了多家公立醫(yī)院;外資醫(yī)院或機(jī)構(gòu)正在大舉入侵,其憑借獨(dú)特的技術(shù)和服務(wù)優(yōu)勢(shì)占得了不小的市場(chǎng)份額;隨處可見(jiàn)的私人診所和藥店也如雨后春筍般出現(xiàn).這些都給公立醫(yī)院的生存與發(fā)展帶來(lái)了一定的沖擊。國(guó)家醫(yī)改方案遲遲不能出臺(tái),雖然先后有十套方案相繼出爐,卻始終未能形成一套適合中國(guó)醫(yī)療市場(chǎng)的總體改革方案,醫(yī)療體制改革舉步維艱,公立醫(yī)院發(fā)展前景不明朗。無(wú)錫市針對(duì)國(guó)際國(guó)內(nèi)形勢(shì)變化,在沒(méi)有任何經(jīng)驗(yàn)可借鑒的情況下,在國(guó)內(nèi)率先進(jìn)行了“政事分開(kāi),管辦分離”運(yùn)行機(jī)制的改革。衛(wèi)生局作為行政執(zhí)法部門(mén)對(duì)公立醫(yī)院的經(jīng)營(yíng)行為進(jìn)行監(jiān)管;由衛(wèi)生局分離出來(lái)的醫(yī)院管理中心(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)醫(yī)管中心)成為政府“辦醫(yī)院”和“管資產(chǎn)”的責(zé)任主體,“辦醫(yī)院”就是在法律法規(guī)及政策的框架下,通過(guò)優(yōu)化配置資源,提高醫(yī)療質(zhì)量,提供滿(mǎn)足不同層次需求的代表市屬醫(yī)院水平的優(yōu)質(zhì)醫(yī)療產(chǎn)品?!肮苜Y產(chǎn)”就是要確保國(guó)有資產(chǎn)保值和效益最大化。在醫(yī)管中心成立后,將前幾年進(jìn)行的以經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)考核為主的“托管制”改革進(jìn)一步深化為注重對(duì)社會(huì)效益和工作業(yè)績(jī)綜合考核的“醫(yī)療服務(wù)、資產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)委托管理法人代表任期目標(biāo)責(zé)任制”改革,把解決醫(yī)院建設(shè)和運(yùn)行目標(biāo)作為重點(diǎn),探索所有權(quán)和經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)分離的模式,達(dá)到既盡顯公益性特征、又增強(qiáng)醫(yī)院活力的目的。職能上下放醫(yī)院經(jīng)營(yíng)管理、人事用工和經(jīng)濟(jì)分配權(quán),激發(fā)醫(yī)院活力。醫(yī)院則是專(zhuān)科建設(shè)、人才培養(yǎng)、醫(yī)療服務(wù)與經(jīng)營(yíng)的主體.面對(duì)醫(yī)管中心下達(dá)的涉及醫(yī)院管理、醫(yī)院信息、醫(yī)療安全、醫(yī)療服務(wù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)作、醫(yī)德醫(yī)風(fēng)六個(gè)方面內(nèi)容,八大類(lèi)17項(xiàng)數(shù)百條共1000分的考核標(biāo)準(zhǔn),醫(yī)院該如何確立一個(gè)符合自身發(fā)展需求的總體目標(biāo),并能按計(jì)劃有步驟地加以實(shí)施,則顯得尤為重要.Ashealthcarepolicieshavebee(cuò)npromulgatedbytheStat(yī)eCouncilandothergovernmentalbodiesandthemedicalmarkethasbeengraduallyunveiledtooutsideafterChinaenteredWTOinthepast10years,agreat(yī)changehashappenedtoChinesemedicalindustry,wherearerisingalotofprivatehospitals,somee(cuò)venacquisitionedafewpublichospitals;meanwhile,manyforeign—fundedhospitalsoragenciesarerushingofftheirheadintoChinaandtheyhaveamuchshareofthemarketthankstotheiruniquesuperiorityinbothserviceandtechnology;andontheotherhand,privateclinicsanddrugstoreshaveemergedhereandthere,which,insomedegree,istroublingthesurvivalanddevelopmentofpublichospitals.10nationalhealth-care-reformprograms,althoughpublishedinsuccession,failtobringaboutageneralschemewhichissuitableforChinesemedicalmarket。Inthisconnection,thehealthcarereformisstillfarfrommaturedand,asaresult,publichospitalisstillfightingitswaytosurviveanddevelop。Inviewofthepresentsituationathomeandabroad,Wu(yù)xiCityhaspioneeredtoundertakethereformonhospitaloperationsmechanism,i.e.“Separatinggovernmentfunctionsfrompublicinstitutionsandadministrationfrombusinessrunning"withoutanyexperiencetobereferenced.Asanenforcingbody,theBureauofHealthofWu(yù)xiCityservestosupervisethebusinessofpublichospitals;theHospitalManagementCenter(HMC)separat(yī)edfromtheBureauofHealthisaresponsiblee(cuò)ntityofthegovernmentto“runhospitals”and“manageassets”?!埃襲nninghospital”callsforprovidingqualitymedicalproductsonamunicipallevelwhichcanmeetdemandfromdifferentwalksoflifebyoptimizingarrangementofresourcesandfurtherimprovingthequalityofhealthcareincompliancewithlaws,rulesandregulat(yī)ions.“Managingassets”,however,callsformaintainingstateownedassetsandmaximizingtheirbenefits.AfterHMCwasestablished,“entrustingsystem”reform,characteristicofeconomicindexassessmentputintopracticeyearsago,hasbeenfurtheredintothereformof“targetresponsibilitysystemsetfortheofficetermofthelegalrepresentativeentrustedtomanagemedicalserviceandassetsoperation”。Thissystemfocusesoncomprehensiveassessmentwhichismadeoverthesocialbenefitsandbusinessperformanceandattachesimportancetoreachingthegoalofhospitaloperations,withaviewtoexploringamodeofseparatingownershipandmanagementtorealizepublicwelfareandactivatehospital.Intermsoffunction,thepoweroverhospitalbusinessmanagement,humanresourcesrecruitandfinancialallocat(yī)ionisdistributedtolowerlevelstoenergizehospital,whichservestoundertakefacultyconstruction,talentstraining,medicalservicesandoperations。HMChasissuedhundredsofassessmentcriteriaamountingto1000markscomposedof17itemscoveringeighttypesandsixaspects,namelyhospitalmanagement,hospitalinformation,medicalsecurity,medialservice,financialpracticeandmedicalethics.Inthisconnection,itisveryimportantforahospitaltocorrectlyestablishageneralgoal我所在的無(wú)錫市第四人民醫(yī)院是一所集醫(yī)療、教學(xué)、科研、預(yù)防、保健為一體的衛(wèi)生部首批三級(jí)綜合性醫(yī)院,是無(wú)錫市腫瘤醫(yī)院和蘇州大學(xué)附屬第四醫(yī)院;也是蘇州大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院臨床腫瘤和分子生物研究所、無(wú)錫市腫瘤防治研究所所在地;無(wú)錫市心胸外科治療中心和無(wú)錫市麻醉科質(zhì)量控制中心均設(shè)在我院。醫(yī)院技術(shù)力量雄厚,專(zhuān)科特色明顯。以腫瘤診斷治療為重點(diǎn),其他學(xué)科協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。醫(yī)院開(kāi)放床位1050張,腫瘤床位占總開(kāi)放床位的50%以上.醫(yī)護(hù)員工1250名,其中醫(yī)師430名,護(hù)士458名;擁有高級(jí)職稱(chēng)138名,其中主任醫(yī)師、教授34名,副主任醫(yī)師、副教授94名.年門(mén)、急診量60萬(wàn)人次,出院病人2.8萬(wàn)人次。Myemployer,Wu(yù)xiFourthPeople’sHospital(WFPH),isoneofthefirstlotofgrade3comprehensivehospitalscertifiedbyMinistryofHealthofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,whichintegrat(yī)eshealthservice,training,research,illnesspreventionandhealthcare.ItsimultaneouslyservesasWuxiCancerHospitalandFourthHospitalAttachedtoSuzhouUniversity.Meanwhile,thishospitalalsohousesClinicalCancer&MolecularBiologyResearchInstituteattachedtoSuzhouUniversityLifeScienceSchool,WuxiCancerPreventionandTreatmentResearchInstitute,WuxiCardiothoracicSurgeryTreatmentCenterandWuxiAnesthesiaQualityControlCenter.Powerfulintechnologyandcharacteristicofspecialfaculty,thishospitalfocusesoncancerdiagnosisandtreatmentwithotherfacultiesdevelopedinbalance.Thereare1050beds,ofwhichthoseusedforcancerfacultyaccountforover50%。Thehospitalisstaffedwith1250employees,430beingphysiciansand458beingnurses;138employeesareofseniortechnician,34ofthembeingchiefphysiciansorprofessorsand94being經(jīng)過(guò)三十年的建設(shè),我院已成為一所區(qū)域性的腫瘤診治中心。進(jìn)一步提高腫瘤診治水平,完善綜合醫(yī)學(xué)救治能力,滿(mǎn)足廣大病員日益增長(zhǎng)的診治需求,在挽救病人生命與改善病人生活質(zhì)量方面作出不懈地努力,成為名副其實(shí)的蘇南地區(qū)具有影響力的腫瘤中心,是我們大家共同的愿景和重要的任務(wù)。After30years’efforts,thishospitalhascometobeacancerdiagnosisandtreat(yī)mentcenterinthisregionandwehopethat(yī)wecanbeworthyofthefamouscancercenterinSouthJiangsubyfurtherimprovingcancerdiagnosisandtreatment,perfectingcomprehensivemedicaltreatment,satisfyingpatients’increasingdemandfordiagnosisandtreatmentandsparingnoeffortstosavepat(yī)ients'lifeandimprovetheirlivingquality。作為一家大型國(guó)有公立醫(yī)院,如何適應(yīng)醫(yī)療體制未變,但運(yùn)行機(jī)制卻發(fā)生改變的形勢(shì),全面完成醫(yī)管中心下達(dá)的目標(biāo)任務(wù);如何面對(duì)社會(huì)對(duì)醫(yī)療服務(wù)過(guò)高需求與員工自身素質(zhì)參差不齊的考驗(yàn);如何在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的大潮中,面對(duì)醫(yī)療市場(chǎng)開(kāi)放后外資醫(yī)院的競(jìng)相涌入,面對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)民營(yíng)醫(yī)院的蓬勃發(fā)展,面對(duì)公立醫(yī)院之間的激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng),保持旺盛的生命力等等。挑戰(zhàn)是全方位的,壓力也是前所未有的。但挑戰(zhàn)總是與機(jī)遇并存.作為醫(yī)院管理者,不僅要自己明確醫(yī)院發(fā)展方向,更要讓員工明確奮斗目標(biāo)與前進(jìn)航向,尋求一種職工共同參與、自我管理的方式,同舟共濟(jì),則是所有醫(yī)院管理者所期盼的。Howcanwe,asalarge—sizedstat(yī)e—ownedpublichospital,adapttothenewsituationwherethemedicalsystemisunchangedbutthebusinessoperationischangedtocompletetasksassignedbyHMC?Howcanweapproachthechallengeswhenpeoplehaveanover-demandformedicalservicesbuttheemployee(cuò)sareirregularinquality?Howcanwemaintainexuberantvitalitywhenforeign-fundedhospitalsfloodedinafterthemedicalmarketwasopened,vigorousdevelopmentofprivat(yī)ehospitalsathomeandacutecompetitionbetweenpublichospitalsinthemarketeconomy?Althoughthereareall-aroundandunprecedentedchallenges,theyareaccompaniedbyopportunities。Ahospitalmanagershallnotonlyspecifythehospital’sdirection,butalsoleadthestafftospecifytheirown.Ofcourse,allmanagerslookforwardtohavingamethodbywhichthestaffareinvolvedtogetherandmakeselfmanagementsothateveryonehasaclearmindthattheyareinthesameboat(yī).3、績(jī)效管理文獻(xiàn)回顧:Reviewoftheliteratureonperformancemanagement:績(jī)效考核是醫(yī)院管理的一個(gè)重要手段和方法,是對(duì)管理目標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)和評(píng)價(jià)的客觀、公正的體現(xiàn).目標(biāo)管理于20世紀(jì)50年代中期出現(xiàn),是以泰羅的科學(xué)管理和行為科學(xué)理論為基礎(chǔ)形成的一套管理制度,可以調(diào)動(dòng)人們親自參加工作目標(biāo)制定的積極性。持續(xù)改進(jìn)與提高管理水平需要制訂科學(xué)合理、注重實(shí)績(jī)的考評(píng)體系,才能進(jìn)行全面、客觀、公正、公平的評(píng)價(jià),這是落實(shí)管理的基點(diǎn).Asanimportantwaytomanagehospitals,performanceassessmentcanimpartiallyandobjectivelyembodyrealizationofmanagementbyobjectives。Borninmid—1950s,managementbyobjectivesisasetofmanagementsystemsformedonthebasisofthereasonablemanagementandbehaviorsciencetheoryfoundedbyFrederickWinslowTaylor,whichisexpectedtoarousepeople’senthusiasmtoinvolvepersonallyinmakingtheobjective.Inordertocontinuouslyrenovat(yī)eandimprovemanagement,itisnecessarytoestablishareasonableassessmentsystemwhichfocusesonactualperformance.Onlyinthiswaycanappraisalbemadefully,equally,objectivelyandimpartially.Thisisthebasepointtorealizesuchmanagement.績(jī)效管理已在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,特別是國(guó)際成功企業(yè)中被廣泛采用,美國(guó)及歐洲一些國(guó)家的醫(yī)院,在各個(gè)層次都成功實(shí)施了績(jī)效管理。醫(yī)院在某些方面類(lèi)似于企業(yè),醫(yī)院管理、經(jīng)營(yíng)的許多理念,方式均始于企業(yè)或由企業(yè)演化而來(lái)。不同的是企業(yè)講利潤(rùn)最大化,追求的是經(jīng)濟(jì)效益;而醫(yī)院首先講救死扶傷,并只能在追求社會(huì)效益的前提下,講成本核算.醫(yī)院在進(jìn)行績(jī)效評(píng)估與績(jī)效管理時(shí),應(yīng)采取揚(yáng)棄的態(tài)度,充分借鑒企業(yè)的做法與經(jīng)驗(yàn),并注重結(jié)合本行業(yè)的實(shí)際,實(shí)事求是地進(jìn)行績(jī)效評(píng)估與績(jī)效管理。如何將更科學(xué)的考核體系和良性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的動(dòng)態(tài)機(jī)制融入到醫(yī)院評(píng)價(jià)比較之中,科室單元內(nèi)部又如何以科學(xué)公正的績(jī)效指標(biāo)評(píng)價(jià)每位人才的價(jià)值和貢獻(xiàn),目前缺少一套成熟而又實(shí)用的評(píng)價(jià)體系,這是目前各醫(yī)院管理者迫切需要研究與探討的重要課題。Performancemanagementhasbee(cuò)nwidelyusedindevelopedcountries,particularlyinthoseworldfamousenterprises.HospitalsinUSAandsomeEuropeancountriesalsohavesuccessfullyconductedperformancemanagementonvariouslevels。Insomeaspects,ahospitalismuchsimilartoanenterpriseandmanyideasandmethodsinhospitalmanagementoriginateoraree(cuò)volvedfromenterprise。Differently,enterprisesseekformaximalprofitsandeconomicbenefits;hospitals,however,basicallyservetohealthewoundedandrescuethedyingandtakeintoaccountcostaccountingonlyunderthepremiseseekingforsocialresults。Ahospitalshallhandleperformanceappraisalandmanagementbyapplyingtheapplicablepracticeofanenterprisetoitsownlineaccordingtothefact。Rightnowitstillcriesoutforamatureandpracticableassessmentsystemtoapproachhowtorollamorereasonableassessmentsystemandadynamicmechanismwithvirtuouscompetitionintohospitalappraisalandcomparisonandhowtoassesseachtalent’sperformancewithhelpofreasonableandimpartialperformanceindexindifferentunitsofadepartment.Thisisthesubjectcallingforanimmediatesolutionofferedbyhospitalmanagers。有關(guān)衛(wèi)生組織績(jī)效測(cè)量的研究正在開(kāi)展,績(jī)效測(cè)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的研究是鑒于衛(wèi)生保健機(jī)構(gòu)沒(méi)有一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的績(jī)效測(cè)量系統(tǒng),美國(guó)俄亥俄州大學(xué)的一項(xiàng)研究(1)在回顧有關(guān)醫(yī)療組織績(jī)效文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,提出了衛(wèi)生保健機(jī)構(gòu)績(jī)效測(cè)量的總體框架。該框架中的績(jī)效測(cè)量包括內(nèi)部與外部評(píng)價(jià)兩個(gè)方面,每個(gè)方面都有成本/財(cái)務(wù)績(jī)效及質(zhì)量績(jī)效兩個(gè)評(píng)價(jià)維度;績(jī)效測(cè)量系統(tǒng)的研究,任何單獨(dú)的財(cái)務(wù)方面或經(jīng)營(yíng)方面的測(cè)量系統(tǒng)都不能使管理者在復(fù)雜競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的市場(chǎng)環(huán)境中成功地對(duì)績(jī)效進(jìn)行管理。因此,人們逐漸開(kāi)始采用多重指標(biāo)來(lái)衡量績(jī)效,其中有些是“硬指標(biāo)",包括各種經(jīng)濟(jì)和非經(jīng)濟(jì)尺度;有些是“軟指標(biāo)”,包括質(zhì)量、員工態(tài)度及其類(lèi)似的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?,F(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)表明對(duì)績(jī)效測(cè)量系統(tǒng)的研究熱點(diǎn)除系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)及系統(tǒng)所提供信息的利用以外,還有關(guān)于績(jī)效測(cè)量系統(tǒng)對(duì)組織作用及影響的研究和績(jī)效管理模式的研究。在英國(guó),新的績(jī)效管理模式往往包括非財(cái)務(wù)措施,它代表了一種以戰(zhàn)略為導(dǎo)向的績(jī)效管理趨勢(shì)。在法國(guó)公司,在“TableaudeBord”績(jī)效管理模式里,將戰(zhàn)略分解為財(cái)務(wù)與非財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo),作為流行的一種作法(2)。美國(guó)最近的一項(xiàng)有關(guān)社區(qū)醫(yī)院的研究已涉及到開(kāi)發(fā)一個(gè)戰(zhàn)略操作管理模式(3),該模式將遠(yuǎn)期設(shè)備和服務(wù)選擇,中層決策支持以及考慮了結(jié)構(gòu)約束后的社區(qū)醫(yī)院績(jī)效聯(lián)系起來(lái)。該研究在使人們對(duì)戰(zhàn)略操作管理決策有了更進(jìn)一步理解的同時(shí),確定了在操作決策過(guò)程中的一些因果關(guān)系及在醫(yī)院績(jī)效方面的作用。該研究還找出了在變化著的醫(yī)療服務(wù)環(huán)境中有助于提高社區(qū)醫(yī)院績(jī)效的關(guān)鍵戰(zhàn)略決策。其中,“平衡計(jì)分卡"作為績(jī)效管理的一種最新、最有效的管理模式,吸引了眾多的學(xué)者和管理實(shí)踐者。Studyonmeasuringperformanceofahealthcareorganizationisstillonthewayandstudyonperformancemeasuringcriterionismadeinaviewthat(yī)thereisnostandardsystemtomeasureperformanceadoptedbyahealthcareorganization.Reviewoftheliterat(yī)ureonperformanceinamedicalbodyindicatesthatastudy(1)madeinUniversityofOhiohasadvancedageneralframeworktomeasureperformanceofahealthservicebody。Theperformancemeasurementinthisframeworkconsistsofinternalevaluationandexternalevaluation,eachhavingtwoevaluationdimensions,namelyperformanceincost/financeandthatinquality;accordingtothestudyonperformancemeasuringsystem,anysinglemeasuringsysteminneitherfinancenoroperationcanenablemanagerstosuccessfullycontrolperformanceinacomplicatedmarketfallingintheacutecompetition.Therefore,multi-indexstartsservicegraduallytomeasureperformance:someare“hardindex",includingvariouskindsoffinancialandnon—financialmeasuresandsomeare“softindex”,includingquality,attitudeandthesimilarcriteria.Theexistingliteratureshowsthat(yī),besidesapplicationofinformationdevelopedorprovidedbythesystem,theheatedstudyonperformancemeasuringsystemincludesstudyofactionandeffectofperformancemeasuringsystemonanorganizat(yī)ionandstudyonperformancemanagementmode。InBritain,thenewperformancemanagementmodealwaysincludesnon-financialmeasures,whichrepresentsat(yī)rendofperformancemanagementorientedbystrategy。Underthe“TableaudeBord”performancemanagementmodeinFrenchcompanies,strategyisdividedintofinancialindexandnon-financialindex,whichactsasapopularpractice(2)。AstudyoncommunityhospitalconductedinUSAisrelatedtodevelopmentofastrategicoperation&managementmode(3),whichgetsconnectedlong-termequipmentandservicechoice,middle—leveldecisionsupportandcommunityhospitalperformancewhichhastakenstructuralconfinementintoconsideration.Whilehelpingfurtherunderstanddecisionoverstrategicoperationmanagement,theabovementionedstudydeterminessomecause-effectrelationsandtheiractiononhospitalperformanceinthecourseofdecisiononoperation.Furthermore,thisstudyalsofindsoutakeystrategicdecisionhelpingimproveperformanceofcommunityhospitalinthechangingenvironmentofmedicalservice.Amongthem,the“balancescorecard”isthelatestandmosteffectivemodeforperformance對(duì)于醫(yī)院績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)研究,國(guó)外醫(yī)院績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)研究也包括三個(gè)層面。一個(gè)是以醫(yī)院為對(duì)象進(jìn)行績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià):一個(gè)是對(duì)中層管理人員進(jìn)行工作能力評(píng)價(jià);最后就是員工的績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)。RobinS、Turpin利用PAJ模式對(duì)醫(yī)院績(jī)效指標(biāo)設(shè)置合理性進(jìn)行了評(píng)估(4);全面質(zhì)量管理(TQM)則對(duì)醫(yī)院績(jī)效改進(jìn)進(jìn)行了研究(5)。另有一些對(duì)中層管理人員工作和能力評(píng)價(jià)的研究,并嘗試開(kāi)發(fā)了綜合性的能力與工作評(píng)價(jià)工具(6),而員工評(píng)價(jià)目前比較盛行的是同級(jí)評(píng)價(jià)(7).但從整體看,對(duì)個(gè)人的評(píng)價(jià)多為針對(duì)醫(yī)師類(lèi)的,較為單一,對(duì)醫(yī)院內(nèi)多種成員組成的現(xiàn)狀考慮不足。Studyonhospitalperformanceappraisalabroadalsoconsistsofthreelevels:oneisperformanceappraisalonhospitalasawhole,oneisabilityappraisalonmiddle-levelmanagers,andtheotherisperformanceappraisalonemployees。RobinS。TurpinhasemployedthePAJmodetoappraisereasonabilityofhospitalperformanceindex(4)andTotalQualityManagement(TQM)tostudyimprovementofhospitalperformance(5)。Meanwhile,hehasalsostudiedperformanceandabilityofmiddle—levelmanagersanddevelopedanoveralltooltoappraiseabilityandperformance(6)。Foremployeeappraisal,however,peerappraisalisratherpopularatthepresent(7)。Onawholebasis,appraisalonindividualsismostlyadoptedbytargetingphysicians,which,however,takesintoinadequateconsiderationahospital’scompositionofmembersinvariety。而在我國(guó),經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域基本上完成了由計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)向市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的轉(zhuǎn)化,但社會(huì)事業(yè)領(lǐng)域改革相對(duì)滯后,現(xiàn)有的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生體制是在計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)理論下建立的.作為一種科學(xué)的管理體系,績(jī)效管理正在受到國(guó)內(nèi)各級(jí)醫(yī)院管理者的重視,大多也是從醫(yī)院、科室及科室管理者、員工個(gè)人三個(gè)層面來(lái)進(jìn)行探討。根據(jù)中文科技期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)檢索,自1989年-2008年2月,涉及醫(yī)院績(jī)效的相關(guān)文章共有567篇,有關(guān)“績(jī)效考核”的文章共有129篇,符合“績(jī)效管理"檢索主題詞要求的文章有122篇,而建立績(jī)效考核評(píng)價(jià)體系的文章僅26篇。早在1993年西安第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)胡琳、于爽等制訂了“醫(yī)院綜合效益評(píng)價(jià)體系”,指標(biāo)按投入、產(chǎn)出分成兩大類(lèi),包括人員、設(shè)備、物資、經(jīng)費(fèi)、社會(huì)效益和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益6個(gè)方面(8);1994年浙江省舟山市衛(wèi)生局莊漢國(guó)(9)對(duì)綜合性醫(yī)院的社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益指標(biāo)體系的設(shè)置及評(píng)價(jià)方法等問(wèn)題作了探討,篩選出基本指標(biāo)25項(xiàng),作為評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系。近年來(lái)隨著管理理論的深化和管理模式的探索,2001年,解放軍空軍總醫(yī)院陳明敏等提出了粗放型的醫(yī)療質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)管理模式,主要指標(biāo)為床日門(mén)診指數(shù)、床位利用指數(shù)、CD型率(總病例中復(fù)雜疑難危重病例所占比例)、人均醫(yī)療費(fèi)、病員滿(mǎn)意度等(10);2001年,上海第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)高岱峰、張鷺鷺等采用加權(quán)百分位次累加法建立評(píng)價(jià)模型,構(gòu)建了“醫(yī)院綜合競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力評(píng)價(jià)體系”,指標(biāo)體系分競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力資產(chǎn)、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力過(guò)程、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力環(huán)境3個(gè)方面;2002年,復(fù)旦大學(xué)胡善聯(lián)、李國(guó)紅等利用現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查法和專(zhuān)家咨詢(xún)法,從業(yè)務(wù)水平、經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況和病人滿(mǎn)意度方面選出32個(gè)指標(biāo),建立醫(yī)院績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系,并提出星級(jí)醫(yī)院評(píng)審的思想(11)。2005年《醫(yī)院管理評(píng)估指南》中將社會(huì)效益、工作效率、經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行狀況三個(gè)方面作為醫(yī)院績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)的主要內(nèi)容(12).眾多文章都是從不同的角度對(duì)醫(yī)院績(jī)效進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),建立醫(yī)院績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系時(shí)均有自己的側(cè)重點(diǎn),而且在實(shí)際工作中也的確起到了促進(jìn)醫(yī)院持續(xù)穩(wěn)定發(fā)展、提高醫(yī)院核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的作用.醫(yī)院績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)體系是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的評(píng)價(jià)系統(tǒng),目前國(guó)內(nèi)采用的指標(biāo)大多從業(yè)務(wù)、財(cái)務(wù)等方面分類(lèi)考核,而專(zhuān)家咨詢(xún)法是篩選指標(biāo)的方法.盡管企業(yè)領(lǐng)域績(jī)效管理的方法已發(fā)展得比較成熟,但在國(guó)內(nèi)醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域中比較通用和權(quán)威的績(jī)效考核指標(biāo)還有待更深入的探索。而對(duì)于科室與個(gè)人的考核也有多篇研究報(bào)告。國(guó)內(nèi)醫(yī)院在臨床科主任的績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)方面也有部分嘗試,國(guó)內(nèi)較具有代表性的有以下幾種評(píng)價(jià)方法:將平衡記分卡應(yīng)用于績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià);使用360度績(jī)效考核法考核臨床科主任;應(yīng)用關(guān)鍵績(jī)效指標(biāo)(KPI)的考核指標(biāo)體系;運(yùn)用目標(biāo)管理的方法建立績(jī)效評(píng)估體系.InChina,transitionhasbee(cuò)ncompletedfromplanningeconomytomarketeconomy,butreformonsocialinstitutionsisstillrelativelylaggingbehind,wherethecurrenthealthcaresystemwasbornundertheplanningeconomy。Asareasonablesystem,performancemanagementishavingmuchattentionfromhospitalmanagersondifferentlevelsinChina,whichismostlydiscussedinthreelayers,i。e.hospital,facultyanditsmanagers,andindividualemployees。MysearchingthedatabaseoftechnologicalperiodicalswritteninChineseindicatesthatthereare567papersonhospitalperformancepublishedfrom1989toFebruary2008,129relatingto“performanceassessment",122satisfyingthekeywordofsearchforhospitalperformanceandonly26papersonestablishmentofperformanceassessmentandappraisalsystem。Asearlyas1993,HuLin,Yu(mài)Shuangandetc.withFourthMilitaryMedicalUniversitybasedinXi’anbuilta“hospitalcomprehensivebenefitappraisalsystem”,whoseindexisdividedintotwogroupsasperinputandoutput,including6aspects:personnel,equipment,supplies,funds,socialbenefitsandeconomicbenefits(8);in1994,ZhuangHanguo(9)withBureauofHealthofZhoushanCity,ZhejiangProvinceprobedintohospital’sestablishmentofasocialandeconomicbenefitindexsystemanditsappraisalapproachandselected25basicindicesasanappraisalindexsystem.Withthetheoryofmanagementdeepenedandmanagementmodeexploredrecently,ChenMingminandetc.withtheGeneralHospitalofAirForceputforwardamedicalqualityappraisalmanagementmodeinanextensiveformin2001,whosemajorindexisofbed·dayoutpatientindex,bedutilizationindex,TypesC&Dratio(theratioofTypesCandDcasestothetotalcases),personalaveragemedicalexpense,patients’satisfactiondegree(10);in2001,GaoDaifeng,ZhangLuluandetc。establisheda“hospitalcomprehensivecompetitivenessappraisalsystem"bymeansofweighthundredth-placeadditioninaccumulationandtheindexsystemconsistsofcompetitivenessassets,competitivenessprocessandcompetitivenessenvironment;in2002,HuShanlian,LiGuohong,etc.withFudanUniversityestablishedahospitalperformanceappraisalindexsystemandadvancedanideatoappraisestar—levelhospitalafterselecting32indicesfrombusinesslevel,operationstatusandpatients’satisfactionwithhelpofthesiteinvestigationmethodandexpertconsultationmethod(11).In2005,socialbenefit,workefficiencyandeconomicoperat(yī)ionstatuswereregardedasthemaincontenttoappraisehospitalperformanceinGuideforHospitalManagementAppraisal(12).Alargenumberofarticlesaimtoappraisehospitalperformanceindifferentanglesandemphasizestheirpointswhenmentioningestablishmentofahospitalperformanceappraisalindexsystemand,inpractice,theyhavereallyenhancedhospitals'continuousandsteadydevelopmentandimprovedtheircorecompetitiveness.Actually,thehospitalperformanceappraisalsystemisrat(yī)hercomplicatedandtheindicesadoptedinChinamostlytakesingleappraisalinbusinessorfinance,etc.。Theexpertconsultationmethod,however,isoneusedtoselectindicesonly。Althoughperformancemanagementforenterpriseshasgrownrathermature,theperformanceassessmentindexpopularandcommandinginChinesehealthcircleisstilltobee(cuò)xplored.Thereareafewstudyreportsonassessmentoffacultyandindividuals.SomeattemptshavebeenmadeinappraisingperformanceofclinicaldepartmentdirectorsinsomeChinesehospitalsandtherepresentat(yī)iveappraisalapproachesareapplicationofbalancescorecardtoperformanceappraisal,applicationof360-degreeperformanceassessmentmethodtoassessthedirectorofclinicaldepartment,applicationoftheassessmentindexsystemoutofKeyPerformanceIndex(KPI),andapplicationofthemethodofmanagementbyobjectivestoestablishaperformanceappraisalsystem。目前公立醫(yī)院仍然被國(guó)家列為事業(yè)單位,大部分醫(yī)院的績(jī)效考核還在沿用行政機(jī)關(guān)、事業(yè)單位工作人員年度考核制度,醫(yī)院里不論什么專(zhuān)業(yè)、什么層次的人員,都在使用統(tǒng)一的考核標(biāo)準(zhǔn),所考核的德、能、勤、績(jī)內(nèi)容也很籠統(tǒng),難以反映不同崗位不同人員的業(yè)績(jī)貢獻(xiàn)。這樣的考核必然會(huì)流于形式,考核結(jié)果與員工的實(shí)際使用難以掛鉤,不利于調(diào)動(dòng)員工的積極性.劉燦均等(13)談到,從形式上看,醫(yī)院通常采用年度考核和聘期考核兩種方法。用這類(lèi)考核結(jié)果作為對(duì)員工一年來(lái)的工作評(píng)價(jià),并以此作為年終獎(jiǎng)金或來(lái)年工資發(fā)放、聘任、晉升等方面的依據(jù)。這種考核形式是根據(jù)我國(guó)醫(yī)院所有制性質(zhì)決定的,由于我國(guó)公立醫(yī)院都屬于具有行政級(jí)別、受行政管理的事業(yè)單位,而年終考核則是上級(jí)行政部門(mén)要求必須完成的一項(xiàng)行政工作,因此公立醫(yī)院都實(shí)施這種績(jī)效評(píng)價(jià)方式(14)。在科室綜合目標(biāo)責(zé)任制中,除了按要求完成醫(yī)療任務(wù),以取得最佳經(jīng)濟(jì)效益外,沒(méi)有什么特殊的工作需要完成,而且這種醫(yī)療任務(wù)一般不設(shè)最低要求,也很難設(shè)置最低要求。而在年度考核中,由于沒(méi)有具體的考核指標(biāo),員工只要在保證不違反特定的規(guī)定,就可以達(dá)到相關(guān)的合格標(biāo)準(zhǔn),這樣就容易產(chǎn)生趨中趨勢(shì),因此要引入競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的概念(15),《對(duì)綜合性醫(yī)院臨床業(yè)務(wù)科主任績(jī)效考核工作的思考》(16)及《建立醫(yī)院管理干部績(jī)效考核體系的實(shí)踐與思考》(17)中指出,以醫(yī)院管理價(jià)值觀為引導(dǎo),對(duì)個(gè)人管理能力、經(jīng)營(yíng)能力、綜合協(xié)調(diào)能力及其他管理素質(zhì)的提升進(jìn)行有效激勵(lì)。通過(guò)建立臨床業(yè)務(wù)科主任績(jī)效考評(píng)體系從而實(shí)現(xiàn)使臨床業(yè)務(wù)科主任崗位設(shè)置能更好地符合現(xiàn)代醫(yī)院規(guī)范化科學(xué)管理的要求;醫(yī)院戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)分解到各臨床業(yè)務(wù)科室,明確臨床業(yè)務(wù)科主任崗位職責(zé);使每位科主任更高效地行使管理職能,完成醫(yī)療管理、教學(xué)管理、科研管理、經(jīng)濟(jì)管理、人才管理的目標(biāo)任務(wù);對(duì)每位科主任任期內(nèi)的關(guān)鍵績(jī)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行有效的量化,從而提高績(jī)效;充分發(fā)揮每位科主任的潛能,期為提高績(jī)效和達(dá)成目標(biāo)而積極主動(dòng)工作;吸引留住科主任群體中的優(yōu)秀人才,為醫(yī)院長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展奠定堅(jiān)實(shí)的人力資源基礎(chǔ)。呂東環(huán)(18)則用認(rèn)為系統(tǒng)的方法、原理,評(píng)定、測(cè)量工作人員在職務(wù)上的工作行為和工作效果,檢查和評(píng)定工作人員對(duì)職位所規(guī)定的職責(zé)的履行程度???jī)效考核的目的是改善工作人員的工作表現(xiàn),通過(guò)對(duì)工作人員全面綜合的評(píng)估,判斷他們是否稱(chēng)職,并以此作為醫(yī)院人力資源管理的基本依據(jù),以達(dá)到醫(yī)院的經(jīng)營(yíng)管理目標(biāo),并提高工作人員的滿(mǎn)意程度和未來(lái)的成就感.鄭西川等(19)用三維框架依基礎(chǔ)指標(biāo)、業(yè)務(wù)工作指標(biāo)和科研教學(xué)指標(biāo),建立了臨床醫(yī)師自然信息、人員素質(zhì)、工作效率、工作質(zhì)量、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、論文論著、新技術(shù)及業(yè)務(wù)考核等7個(gè)方面的指標(biāo)內(nèi)容,共篩選出56個(gè)具體指標(biāo).主要是三方面功能:一是鑒定科室的醫(yī)師績(jī)效,定量區(qū)分其績(jī)效水平。選拔出優(yōu)秀的科室人才;二是利用實(shí)際績(jī)效的評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)被評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)象的行為加以控制,引導(dǎo)其向目標(biāo)靠近;三是管理部門(mén)能及時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)地掌握情況,既可以清楚地看到本單位人才整體優(yōu)勢(shì)與特色,又可以看到問(wèn)題與劣勢(shì),并找出產(chǎn)生問(wèn)題的原因,及時(shí)加以解決,為決策提供科學(xué)的依據(jù)(20)。醫(yī)生績(jī)效考核模型的建立及應(yīng)用(21)、通過(guò)考評(píng)體系提高醫(yī)務(wù)人員能力(22)、考核指標(biāo)及評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的確定(23)以及從多角度獲取員工行為觀察方法(24)等有關(guān)文獻(xiàn)也進(jìn)行了大量研究.Now,publichospitalsstillserveaspublicinstitutionsinChinaandperformanceassessmentinmosthospitalsstillborrowtheemployeeassessmentsystempracticedannuallyinadministrativebodiesandpublicinstitutions。Allemployees,despiteinwhatfacultyoronwhatlevel,havethesameassessmentstandardandthecontentof“Ethics,Ability,AttendanceandPerformance"thereintobeappraiseisverygeneral,whichisdifficulttoreflecttheperformanceofdifferentemployees.Theassessmentisboundtobeformalisticandtheresultofthesaidassessmentisdifficulttobeconnectedwithactualuseofemployeesandimpossibletoarousetheirenthusiasm。AccordingtoL(fēng)iuCanjunandetc.(13),annualassessmentandtermassessmentareusuallyadoptedbyhospitalsintheviewoftheirform,whoseresultservesastheevaluationonanemployee’sperformanceinayearandthebasisforannualbonusorpay,appointmentorpromotion,etc.inthefollowingyear.ThiskindofassessmentisdeterminedaccordingtothepropertiesofhospitalownershipinChina.AsallofChinesepublichospitalsareregardedaspublicinstitutiononacertainadministrat(yī)ivelevelandundertheadministrativemanagementandannualassessmentisanadministrat(yī)ivejobtobefinishedasamustrequiredbytheupperadministrativedepartment,allofthepublichospitalsadoptthisperformanceappraisalmethod(14)。Intheoverallobjectiveresponsibilitysystem,thereisnoparticularworknecessarilytobefinishedotherthanmedicaltasksdoneasrequiredtoobtainthebesteconomicbenefits.Andthereisnominimumrequirementsetforsuchmedicaltasks。Ofcourse,itisdifficulttosetaminimumrequirement.Intheannualassessment,however,whichhasnospecificassessmentindex,onlywhenemployeesdonotviolatetherelevantregulat(yī)ioncantheymee(cuò)tthecorrespondingstandarduptoeligibility,whichislikelytocauseamedium—biasedtrend.Forthisreason,itisnecessarytobringincompetition(15).AsmentionedinReflectionofPerformanceAssessmentonDirectorofClinicalFacultyinaComprehensiveHospital(16)andPractice&ReflectiononEstablishmentofPerformanceAssessmentonHospitalManagers(17),motivationismadeforpromotingpersonalmanagementability,operatingability,overallcoordinat(yī)ingabilityandotherqualitiesinmanagement,guidedbythehospitalmanagementvalue.Aperformanceassessmentsystemfordirectorofclinicalfacultyisestablishedtoensurethatthepostasdirectorofclinicalfacultyenablesamodernhospitaltomeettherequirementsonstandardizedreasonablemanagement;thestrategicobjectivesofahospitalaredistributedtoeachclinicalbusinessofficesoastospecifytheon—jobresponsibilitiesofclinicaldepartmentdirector;thedirectorofeachdepartmentismadetomoree(cuò)fficientlyexercisehis/hermanagementfunctionsandaccomplishthetasksofmedical,training,research,financialandtalentsmanagement;thekeyindexonperformanceofdirectorofeachfacultyiseffectivelyquantifiableduringhis/herofficetermsoastoimprovehis/herperformance;thepotentialsofeachfacultydirectorcanbegivenfullplayinthehopethattheyworkhardtoimprovetheirperformanceandmeettheirobjective;excellenttalentsamongthegroupoffacultydirectorsareat(yī)tractedsoastolayasolidfoundationofhumanresourcesforthehospital’slong—termdevelopment。LuDonghuan(18),however,employedasystematicapproachandprincipletoassessandmeasuretheworkbehaviorandoutcomeofemployeesontheirpost,checkandappraiseemployees’fulfillmentoftheirdutiesasstipulatedbytheirpost。Performanceassessmentisdesignedtoimprovetheperformanceofemployees,seewhethertheyarecompetentbymakingoverallappraisalonemployees,andmakeitselfafundamentalbasisofhumanresourcesmanagementforahospitalsoastoreachitsbusinessobjectivesaswellasimproveemployees'satisfactionandsenseofsuccessinthefuture.ZhengXichuanandetc。(19)haveestablishedindexcontainingnat(yī)uralinformationofclinicalphysiciansandtheirpersonalquality,efficiency,workquality,economicbenefit,thesis&treatise,newtechnologyandbusinessassessmentbymeansof3—dimensionedframeworkaccordingtobasicindex,businessindex,researchandtrainingindex.Theyselected56itemsspecificindexintotalcoveringthree(cuò)kindsoffunction:oneistoappraiseperformanceofphysiciansinafaculty,quantitat(yī)ivelyspecifytheirperformanceandselectexcellenttalentsforthisfaculty;oneistoappraisebehavioroftheappraisalsubjectiscontrolledbymeansofappraisalontheactualperformancesoastoleadhim/hertoapproachthesetobjective;theotheristhatthemanagementdepartmentcantimelyanddynamicallycommandthecurrentsituat(yī)ion,notonlyseeclearlythesuperiorityandspecialtyoftalentsinthisorganizationasawhole,butalsofindouttheexistingproblemsanddi
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