第四章運輸方式

第四章運輸方式第一節(jié)海洋運輸海上運輸MarineTransportationThereisawiderangeof\o"Sea"maritimecargohandledat\o"Port"seaportterminals.運輸方式1、班輪運輸（LinerTransport）Avesseloperatedaregularscheduled,serviceonafixedroutebetweendesignatedportsandcarriesmanydifferentgoods.（1）characteristichavearegularscheduleafixedroutebetweenthesameportsFreightratesunchanged班輪的港口裝卸由船方負責(zé)特別適合于一般件雜貨和集裝箱貨物的運輸。（3）計價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)a.

按貨物實際重量計收運費，即重量噸（W）b.

按體積/容積計收，“尺碼噸”（MeasurementTon,M）c.

按重量或體積計收，由船公司選擇其中收費較高者作為計費噸。（W/M）d.

按商品價格計收，即從價運費（Ad.Val，A.V）還有如W/Morad.Val及W/MplusA.V.e.

按件數(shù)f.

臨時議定，open2、租船運輸（CharterTransport）Charterawholevessel.It’scheaperthanthelinertransportation,anditcanchoosetherout.SoBulkcargoalwayschooseschartertransport.Types;定期租船：Atimecharteristhehiringofavesselforaspecificperiodoftime;theownerstillmanagesthevesselbutthechartererselectstheportsanddirectsthevesselwheretogo.Thechartererpaysforallfuelthevesselconsumes,portcharges,andadailyhiretotheownerofthevessel.定程租船：\o"Voyagecharter"Voyagecharter：Avoyagecharteristhehiringofavesselandcrewforavoyagebetweenaloadportandadischargeport.Thechartererpaysthevesselowneronaper-tonor\o"Lump-sum"lump-sumbasis.Theownerpaystheportcosts(excluding\o"Stevedoring"stevedoring),fuelcostsandcrewcosts.Thepaymentfortheuseofthevesselisknownas\o"Freightrate"freight.Avoyagecharterspecifiesaperiod,knownas\o"Laytime"laytime,forunloadingthecargo.Iflaytimeisexceeded超過,thecharterermustpay\o"Demurrage"demurrage逾期費.Iflaytimeissaved,thecharterpartymayrequiretheship-ownertopaydispatch派遣tothecharterer.[光船租船：Ademisecharter:Thechartererobtainspossessionandfullcontrolofthevesselalongwiththelegalandfinancialresponsibilityforit.Thechartererpaysforalloperatingexpenses,includingfuel,crew,portexpensesandP&Iand\o"Marineinsurance"hullinsurance.Demisecharterisaformofhire-purchasefromtheowners,whomaywellhavebeentheshipbuilders.裝運條款1.裝運時間TimeofShipment：e.g.writedownthedateofshipping;Shipmentwithin45daysafterreceiptofL/C;.2.裝運港portofshipment:目的港portofdestinatione.g.Portofshipment:Qingdao/Dalian/ShanghaiPortofshipment:Chinaports3.轉(zhuǎn)船Transshipment4.分批partialshipment:itwillbedeterminedinthecontract5.裝運通知：ShippingAdviceDeclarationofShipment海運單據(jù)一、海運提單billoflading，B/LTheBillofLadingisaninstrumentissuedbyanoceancarriertoashipper.Threefunctions:itisareceipt,i.e.anacknowledgementthatthegoodshavebeenloaded;itcontainsorevidencesthetermsofthecontractofcarriage;Itisadocumentoftitletothegoods.(i.e.ifyouhavetheBillofLading,youowntheconcerninggoods).二．海運提單的種類清潔提單（cleanB/L）：Whenthegoodsareloadedonboard,thesurfaceofthegoodsisgood.不清潔提單（uncleanB/LorfoulB/L）Theoceancarrierindicatesthatthereissomethingwrongbetweenthegoodsloadedandthegoodslistedonbill.如“被雨淋濕”、“三箱破損”、“四件沾污”等類似批注。ThesellershouldsubmitthecleanB/Ltothebuyer.已裝船提單（onboardB/L,shippedB/L）WhentheonboardB/Lissigned,thegoodshavebeenloaded.TheonboardB/Lshouldindicatethenameoftheship,andthedateofsigningisthedateofloading.備運提單（receivedforshipmentB/L）WhenthereceivingforshipmentB/Lissigned,thegoodsarenotloaded.ThesellershouldsubmittheonboardB/Ltothebuyer.按提單收貨人的抬頭不同記名提單（straightB/L）指提單上的收貨人（consignee）,thenameoftheconsignee.不記名提單（bearerB/L），來人抬頭提單“貨交提單持有人”(tobearer)，orwritenothing指示提單（orderB/L）“憑指示（toorder）”或“憑某某指示（totheorderof….）”。根據(jù)不同的運輸方式直達提單directB/L轉(zhuǎn)船提單transshipmentB/L轉(zhuǎn)船提單上一般注有“在某港”轉(zhuǎn)船字樣，有的還注明二程船或三程船的船名。聯(lián)運提單throughB/L根據(jù)提單使用效力正本提單originalB/L正本提單上必須要標(biāo)明“正本”（original）字樣。一般簽發(fā)一式兩份或三份，憑其中的任何一份提貨后，其余的即作廢。為防止他人冒領(lǐng)貨物，買方與銀行通常要求賣方提供船公司簽發(fā)的全部正本提單，即所謂“全套”（fullset）提單。副本提單copyB/L提單上沒有承運人、船長或其代理人簽字蓋章，而僅供參考之用。五.海上貨運單seawaybill,oceanwaybillTocertificatethecontractofcarriageandthegoodsaregavetotheoceancarrier,andtheoceancarrierensurestogivethegoodstotheconsignee.Itcannotbe流通Itcanhelptheimportersavebothtimeandmoney,andreducetheriskofcheatbythebogusdocuments.第二節(jié)國際鐵路運輸國際鐵路貨物聯(lián)運itusestherailroadtofreightthecargofromonecountrytoanother.使用一份統(tǒng)一的國際聯(lián)運單據(jù)，由鐵路部門經(jīng)過兩國或兩個以上國家鐵路的全程運輸，并由一國鐵路向另一國鐵路移交貨物時不需發(fā)、收貨人參加的運輸方式。國際鐵路貨物聯(lián)運組織第三節(jié)集裝箱運輸主要規(guī)格國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織為統(tǒng)一集裝箱的規(guī)格，推薦三個系列13種規(guī)格。而在國際航運中使用的主要為：1A型8’*8’*40’，1C型8’*8’*20’又分別稱作40英尺和20英尺集裝箱1、characteristics:a.

cargocanbeloadedandunloadedmorefasterb.

protectingcargoc.

reducingthecostoffreightd.

theprocedureismoreeasier2、裝箱方式按裝箱方式可分為整箱貨（FCL，F(xiàn)ullContainerLoad）和拼箱貨（LCL,LessthanContainerLoad）FCL指由貨方負責(zé)裝拆箱的貨物。在工廠或倉庫裝箱，直接運交堆場。LCL指由承運人負責(zé)裝箱的貨物，可以是任何數(shù)量。在貨運站CFS裝箱，然后運到堆場CY。二、集裝箱交接方式通用的集裝箱貨物運輸交接方式可以分為下列三個基本種類：①門到門(DOORTODOOR)，由發(fā)貨人貨倉或工廠倉庫至收貨人的貨倉或工廠倉庫，這種方式通常適用于整箱貨的運輸；②場到場(CYTOCY)，由起運地或裝箱港的堆場至目的地或卸箱港的堆場(CONTAINERYARD，即CY)，一般也為整箱貨的運輸；③站到站(CFSTOCFS)，由起運地或裝箱港的集裝箱貨運站(CONTAINERFREIGHTSTATION，即CFS)至目的地或卸箱港的集裝箱貨運站，這種方式通常用于拼箱貨的運輸。集裝箱貨物運輸運費構(gòu)成集裝箱運輸?shù)馁M用構(gòu)成和計算方式與傳統(tǒng)的運輸方式不同。以海運為例，它包括內(nèi)陸或裝運港市運輸費、拼箱服務(wù)費、堆場服務(wù)費、海運運費、集裝箱及其設(shè)備使用費等。計費方法主要有兩種：1、

按件雜貨基本費率加附加費。2、

包箱費率（boxrate），以每個集裝箱為計費單位。包箱費率有三種規(guī)定方式：1、

FAK包箱費率（freightforallkinds），thefeeofonecontainer.